Uguhuza n’uruzitiro rw’ububiko bw’inguvu ni ukubaza nimba izo nzira z’amabateri zishobora gukorana n’ibikorwa remezo vy’amashanyarazi twubatse ubu hakaba haciye imyaka 50-70 ata vyose bigenda ku ruhande. Iryo joro ry’amashanyarazi ryari rigenewe inzira imwe - amashanyarazi ava mu bigo vy’amashanyarazi akaja mu nzu yawe. Iherezo ry’inkuru. Ubu turiko turagerageza gutuma ikora n’amabateri ashobora gushaja, gukuraho, no guhinduranya hagati y’ivyo bibiri mu masegonda makeyi.
Insobanuro y’ubuhinga yinjira mu mirongo y’umuriro, inyishu y’incuro, n’amaharmonike. Ariko ico kimanuka ni uko uburyo bwo kubika bukina neza n’ibindi vyose bifatanye n’uruzitiro. Mbega yoba ishobora kwishura ku bimenyetso biva ku mukoresha w’uruzitiro? Mbega vyoba bituma haba urusaku rw’amashanyarazi rushobora gutuma ibindi bikoresho bihungabana? Mbega izoguma ihagaze igihe ivy’uruzitiro bizohinduka?
Kubera iki umuvuduko uhambaye kuruta ubushobozi
Abantu benshi bitwararika ingene bateri ishobora kubika inguvu nyinshi. Ivyo ni megawati -amasaha (MWh). Ariko ku bijanye n’uguhuza n’uruzitiro, ubushobozi buri muri megawatts (MW) n’ingene bushobora kwihuta gusubiza birahambaye cane.
Ishirahamwe ry’ubuhinga bwa none ryitwa Hornsdale Power Reserve muri Australiya y’Epfo ryerekanye ikintu gihambaye - ko amabateri yabo ya Tesla afise ubushobozi bwa 100 MW/129 MWh yoshobora kuva kuri zero gushika ku nguvu zose mu masegonda 140. Ivyuma vya kera bikoresha gaze bikeneye iminota 10-15 kugira ngo bitangure gukora kandi bishike ku ntumbero yuzuye. Iryo tandukaniro ni rinini cane iyo uriko uragerageza kuguma ufise incuro z’uruzitiro zidahinduka. Incuro zitegerezwa kuguma hagati ya 49.9 na 50.1 Hz muri Australiya (canke 59.9-60.1 Hz muri Amerika y’Uburaruko), kandi ukunyuranya hanze y’ico kigero birashobora kwonona ibikoresho canke bikazana ukunanirwa kw’ibikoresho. Amakuru yava kuri teslamag.de yerekanye ko iyi bateri yishura ku rugendo rw’uruganda rw’amakara muri Australiya y’Epfo vyihuta kuruta ibindi bikoresho vyose biri ku rubuga.
Ikibazo c'incuro Nta n'umwe yateguye
Ivyuma bikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi ahindukahinduka, azunguruka incuro zimwe zimwe. Muri Amerika y’Uburaruko ni 60 Hz, mu bindi bibanza vyinshi ni 50 Hz. Iyo uruvyaro n’umuzigo biri ku rugero rumwe, incuro ziguma zidahinduka. Iyo habaye ugutakaza bukwi na bukwi kw'umuyagankuba - uruganda rw'amashanyarazi rugenda rutari ku murongo - incuro zigabanuka. Amabarabara ya kera yarakora ivyo akoresheje ibikoresho vy’ububiko, ahanini amahinguriro y’amashanyarazi akora munsi y’ubushobozi bwayo ashobora gutera imbere ningoga.
Amabateri yarahinduye iyo nkuru. Zishobora gutera ububasha hafi mu kanya nk’ako gukubita, mugabo kandi zirashobora gusohoka ningoga nk’uko nyene iyo zitagenzurwa neza. Ivyo bituma haba ingorane nshasha zo guhuza kubera ko uburyo bwo kugenzura uruzitiro bwakozwe bushingiye ku biranga inyishu zigenda buhoro z’uruvyaro rusanzwe.
Ivyiyumviro Bidashobora Gukomeza
IEEE 1547 ni co kigereranyo nyamukuru muri Amerika co guhuza ubutunzi bw’inguvu busanzwe. Ivugurura ryo mu 2018 ryari rikwiye gutorera umuti ibibazo vyari muri verisiyo yo mu 2003, yanditswe imbere y'uko ububiko bwa bateri buhambaye-bubaho. Ariko mbere n’itegeko ryo mu 2018 ntirivuga vyose ubuhinga bwo kubika bukeneye gukora.
California yashitse ku bushobozi bwa 10.000 MW bw’amabateri yashizweho mu ntango z’umwaka w’2024 nk’uko bigaragara mu makuru y’umukoresha w’amabateri yigenga muri California aboneka ku rubuga rwa caiso.com. Vyinshi muri ivyo bikoresho ni ivyuma vy’ivyuma (LiFePO4) bifise uburemere bw’inguvu ziri hagati ya 90-120 Wh/kg. 150-200 Wh/kg ubona n’amabateri ya NMC, ariko irashikama cane ku bushuhe bwinshi kandi ubuzima bwiza bw’ingendo ku bikorwa vy’uruzitiro.
Ikibazo ni uko buri kigo cose congereyeko ivyo gisaba hejuru ya IEEE 1547. Hawaiian Electric ifise amategeko amwe. PG&E ifise izindi zitandukanye. Ivyo bikora ku bijanye no gushiramwo amabateri muri Californie vyoshobora kutaba bihuye n’ibisabwa muri Texas canke New York. Nta n’urugero nyarwo ruriho, ivyo bikaba bituma kwongerera ububiko bizimvye kuruta uko bikwiye kuba.
Inverters Nizo Nzira Icupa Nyaryo
Inverter niho ubushobozi bwa bateri ya DC buhinduka ubushobozi bwa AC grid. Ni n’ivyo guhuza n’ibindi. Inverters za none ziboshe n'uruzitiro zikeneye gukora ivy'ugutunganya umuriro, gufasha ubushobozi bwo gusubiza, gusubiza incuro, no kuvugana n'abakoresha uruzitiro bakoresheje amategeko nka DNP3 canke Modbus. Hari aba inverter bashobora gukora neza ivyo vyose. Abandi ntibashobora.
Iyo ufise uburyo bwinshi bwo kubika ibintu ku nzira imwe yo gukwiragiza, ama inverter yabo arashobora kurwana. Uburyo bumwe buragerageza kuduza umuriro, ubundi bukagerageza kubugabanya. Ivyo bituma habaho uguhungabana gushobora kwonona ibikoresho canke gutera amarelay y’uburinzi. Guhuza ama inverter menshi bisaba uburyo bwo kugenzura buteye imbere cane amashirahamwe menshi y’amazi ataragira.
Imigambi nyayo, ingorane nyazo
Ico kigo c’ububiko bw’inguvu ca Moss Landing muri California ubu ni kimwe mu bibanza binini cane bikoresha amabateri kw’isi yose - 3,000 MW hakurikijwe inyandiko za Pacific Gas & Electric kuri pge.com. Ishobora kuva ku charge yuzuye ikaja ku charge yuzuye mu gihe c’isegonda imwe, ivyo bikaba biyigira agaciro mu gutegeka incuro no gucunga ivyipfuzo vy’isonga.
Ariko guhuza ntivyari vyihuta. PG&E yategerezwa guhindura neza ama transformateur n’ibikoresho vyo kwikingira ku kibanza co guhuriramwo. Bakeneye uburyo bushasha bwo kugenzura iyo bateri n’ibindi bikoresho vyo guhingura. Uwo mugambi watwaye imyaka itatu kuva wemerewe gushika utanguye gukora, kandi igice kinini c’uwo mwanya carakoreshejwe mu nyigisho zo gushiramwo uruja n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi no guhindura ibikorwa remezo.
Ububiko buto bushirwaho burahura n'ingorane zitandukanye. Uburyo bwo kubamwo n’ubw’ubudandaji burakeneye gukurikiza ingingo ngenderwako z’umutekano za UL 9540 na UL 1973. Bategerezwa kwubahiriza amategeko agenga amashanyarazi yo mu karere atandukanye cane hagati y’intara. Hari ahantu bisaba ubushobozi bwo gufunga vyihuse. Abandi basaba ama switch yihariye canke uburyo bwo kuzimya umuriro.
Igiciro co guhuza
Gushitsa ibisabwa vyo guhuza ibintu vyongera 15-20% ku giciro cashizweho c’uburyo bwo kubika. Ivyo birimwo ibikoresho vy’uburinzi vyihariye, ibikoresho vyo guhanahana amakuru, inyigisho z’uburyo bw’amashanyarazi, n’amahera yo gufatanya amashanyarazi. Ku migambi mito mito, ivyo bihembo birashobora kwica ubutunzi bwose. Uburyo bwo kubika amakuru y’ubudandaji bufise ubushobozi bwa 500 kWh bwoshobora kuba bufise insiguro ku bijanye no kugabanya amafaranga y’ugusaba, ariko si ko biri iyo ubwirizwa gukoresha amadolari 50.000 y’inyongera ku bisabwa vyo gukorana.
Ubudage bufise ingingo zitandukanye biciye muri VDE zidahuye n’ibisabwa na IEEE. Ivyombo vyagenewe isoko ryo muri Amerika y’Uburaruko akenshi birakenera guhindura ibikoresho kugira ngo bikore mu Buraya. Ivyo bica ibice isoko kandi bikabuza ubwoko bw’ubutunzi bw’ibikorwa vyinshi bwatumye ibiciro vy’amatara y’izuba bigabanuka.
Ivyo Bishika Iyo Amabateri Ashaje
Bateri za litiyumu zirasenyuka. Ubushobozi burazimangana, ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imbere buragwira, kandi ubushobozi buragabanuka uko igihe kigenda kirarenga. Uburyo bwa bateri bwahuye n’ibisabwa vyose vy’uruzitiro igihe bushasha bwoshobora kugorwa inyuma y’imyaka 5-7 y’ugutwara amagare menshi.
Amakode y’uruzitiro ntaco avuga vy’ukuri ku bijanye n’ukwo kwononekara. Ubuhinga burakeneye kuguma bwubahiriza amategeko mu myaka yose 10-15 y’ubuzima bwabwo bwitezwe. Uburyo bwo kugenzura butegerezwa guhinduka uko ibiranga bateri bihinduka. Ivyuma bimwe bimwe vy’ububiko bwa kera biriko birashikirwa n’ingorane aho amabateri yasenyutse adashobora gutanga ibihe vy’inyishu canke urugero rw’ububasha yasezeraniye abakoresha uruja n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi.
Nta buryo busanzwe bwo gutorera umuti ivyo. Bamwe mu bategura imigambi bararenga urugero ubuhinga bwabo mu ntango, bagategura ko buzosenyuka. Abandi bakoresha uburyo buteye imbere bwo gucunga amabateri buhindura imirongo ngenderwako y’imikorere uko amabateri agenda arakura. Ariko ivyo birongereza ugusobanuka n’igiciro kitari mu bigereranyo vy’imigambi ya mbere.
Ingorane y'Ukwinjira mu Bindi Bishobora Gusubirwamwo
Ivyinjira vyinshi bishobora gusubirwamwo bituma haba amabarabara ateye igomwe ububiko bukeneye gukora. Iyo ibikorwa vy’izuba bicitse ku mugoroba, amabateri arasohoka kugira ngo yuzuze ico kinogo. Iyo umuyaga uteye bukwi na bukwi mw’ijoro, amabateri arashaja kugira ngo anywe umuyagankuba urenze urugero.
Guhuza ivyo mu bihumbi vy’ububiko bw’ibintu ni ingorane y’ubugenzuzi amabarabara atarigeze ahura na yo. Ukeneye gukurikirana igihe nyaco-, guhanahana amakuru vyihuta, n'ubuhinga bushobora gutuma ubutumwa bugenda neza mu bikoresho vyose. Hari uturere turiko turakora ubwo bushobozi. Abandi baracariko barakoresha ubuhinga bwo kugenzura buva mu myaka ya 1980 bushobora gukorana n’ubuhinga busanzwe, reka tuvuge amabateri ibihumbi n’ibihumbi ashobora guhindura umusaruro wayo mu masegonda makeyi.
Ibikorwa remezo Nta n'umwe ashaka kubitanga
Ababuranira ububiko bavuga ivyerekeye amabateri ashoboza inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo. Ivyo ni ukuri gusa iyo ibikorwa remezo vy’uruzitiro bishobora gukorana n’uruja n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi rwo mu nzira zibiri. Mu bibanza vyinshi, ntibishobora. Ivyuma bihindura amashanyarazi vyari vyagenewe gukoresha inzira imwe-y'ugutembera kw'inguvu. Ivyiyumviro vyo gukingira vyiyumvira ko umuriro w’amakosa uva ku nzira y’ugutanga amakuru, atari ku mabati ari ku rubuga rwo gukwiragiza.
Gutera imbere ivyo bikorwa remezo bitwara amamiliyaridi. Amashirahamwe y’amazi n’amazi aratinya gukoresha amahera mu guhindura ibintu bishobora kutazovamwo inyungu mu myaka mirongo. Abajejwe gucungera amategeko baragorwa no kwemeza ko ibiciro vy’ibikorwa remezo vyiyongera abakiriya batabona ata guca ku ruhande. Rero imipaka y’uguhuza iracariho kubera ko umushinge utariho wo gushigikira ivyo uburyo bwo kubika bushobora gukora.
Aho ibintu bihagaze
Australiya na California vyize vyinshi ku bijanye n'ububiko bw'urugero rw'uruzitiro-kuruta ahandi hose. Ivyo bashizeho vyinshi vyashize ahabona ingorane zitaboneka mu migambi y’igerageza. Bashizeho ingingo mfatirwako nziza, uburyo bwo kugenzura neza, n’abakozi bamenyerejwe batahura ingene bakoresha amabarabara afise ubushobozi bwo kubika ibintu vyinshi.
Ariko nta gitabu c’imikino c’isi yose kiriho. Ivyo bikora muri Australiya yo mu Bumanuko n’uruzitiro rwayo rwitandukanije vyoshobora kutakora muri Texas n’uruzitiro rwayo runini rwo guhuza. Uburyo California ikoresha mu gucunga ibikoresho vyo kubika ntibuhindura ataco buvuze mu turere dufise imiterere y’isoko itandukanye canke inzego zitandukanye.
Uguhuza n'uruzitiro rw'ububiko bw'inguvu biracari igikorwa kiriko kirakorwa. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga birahari. Ivyiyumviro biriko biratera imbere. Ubumenyi buriko burarundanywa. Ariko gutuma amabateri akora neza n’amashanyarazi atagenewe yo, bisaba umwanya, amahera be n’inyigisho z’inzego zidashobora kwihutishwa. Hari uturere tuzobimenya ningoga kuruta ibindi, kandi utwo tutabimenya tuzotanga amahera menshi ku nzira zidashobora kwizigirwa kuruta uko zari gushobora kuronka.