Ubutunzi bw'amazu yo kubamwoEV gushajabivana n’ibintu bihinduka bikorana mu buryo abahinguzi badakunda gusigura. Ivyiyumviro vy'ibiciro vy'amashanyarazi, ugutakaza ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho vyo gushaja, ugushiraho ibintu bigoranye, n'ibiciro vy'ugushaja vy'imodoka-vyihariye vyose bihurikiye hamwe kugira ngo bivemwo ibiciro vy'ukuri bitandukanye -rimwe na rimwe cane-kuva ku vyo "gukubita kWh yawe}te n'ibitabu vyawe. Iyi nkuru ivuga kuri ivyo bihengeri n’amakuru yakuwe mu madosiye y’ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga, ingingo ngenderwako z’ubushobozi bwa DOE, n’ingero z’itongo zivuye mu bibanza vy’uburaro mu turere dutandukanye tw’ikirere.
Facture yawe y'umuyagankuba irakubesha (Sort Of)
Naramaze amezi abiri nkurikirana igiciro nyaco co kwishura imbere y’uko mbona ko umubare uri ku giciro canje c’amazi n’amashanyarazi wari hafi ata co umaze kugira ngo ntahure ico imodoka yanje yariko irampa.
Ehe ikibazo. Benshi mu bakiriya bo mu nzu muri Amerika bariha amafaranga y’ibice. kWh yawe ya mbere yoshobora gutwara amadolari 0.08. 500 zikurikira zigura amadolari 0,12. Ivyo vyose biri hejuru ya 1.000 kWh bitwara amadolari 0,18 canke arenga. None iyo umuntu abajije ati "amashanyarazi yawe ni angahe?" inyishu y'ukuri ni "bivana n'uko umugore wanje yakoresheje AC ejo."
Kwongera EV ku rugo rusanzwe ruri mu rwego rwa kabiri canke rwa gatatu bisigura ko kWh yose ushize muri iyo modoka iza kuku ruhandeigiciro-ikirengeye vyose uriko uriha. Uwo bakorana i San Diego yasanze amafaranga yiwe yo mu nzu "atari make" mu vy'ukuri yariko agura amadolari 0.42/kWh kubera ko igice co hejuru ca SDG&E ari ubunyamaswa kandi ipompo yiwe yo mu mazi yari yaramaze kumusunika ng'aho.
Igihe-c'-ikoreshwa (TOU) imigambi ihindura iyi mibare yose. Mu gihe ca TOU, uriha ibiciro bitandukanye bivanye n’igihe ukoresha umuyagankuba. Ibiciro vy’isonga (mu bisanzwe 4-9 z’ijoro) bishobora gushika ku madolari 0,35-0,55/kWh muri California. Igihe c’isonga (kenshi 11 PM gushika 6 AM) kigabanuka ku madolari 0.08-0.15. Akaryo ko gukemura ibibazo karagaragara: kwishura ijoro ryose, kwishura ica gatatu c’ivyo kwishura ku murango vyogutwara.
Ariko-kandi nta n'umwe avuga ibi-guhindukira ukaja kuri TOU bigira ico bikoze ku vyaweurugo rwose. Uwo muzigo w’impuzu ku isaha zitanu z’ijoro? Ubu rero birazimvye incuro zitatu. Ivyo kwoza ibikoresho inyuma y’ifunguro rya nijoro? Ni co kimwe. Nabonye imiryango ihindukira ikaja kuri TOU ku EV yabo igaheza ikarihaibindimuri rusangi kuko batahinduye izindi ngeso zabo.
Ico kintu gikora vy’ukuri: uronke igipimo gitandukanye co gushaja EV nimba ishirahamwe ryawe ritanga. Nk’akarorero, igipimo ca EV-B ca PG&E, gitanga umubare wihariye ku gipimo kimwe c’amadolari 0,22/kWh ataco bimaze igihe. Nta mikino, nta guhindura urutonde rwo gumesa, nta bitangaje. Gushiramwo bitwara amadolari 200-400 biciye ku nzira y’ubuhinga. Birabereye.
Ivyo 15% Nta n'umwe abivuga
Igishushanyo c’imodoka yawe kivuga ko wongeyeko 50 kWh. Igitigiri c’amashanyarazi yawe canditse 58 kWh. None izindi 8 kWh zagiye hehe?
Gutakaza amafaranga. Ni ivy’ukuri, ntibishobora kwirindwa, kandi ni binini kuruta uko abantu benshi biteze.
Ivy’ubuhinga bwa fizike: Inguvu za AC ziva ku ruhome rwawe zitegerezwa guhindurwa DC kugira ngo zibe zishaje bateri. Ukwo guhinduka gutuma haba ubushuhe. Bateri ubwayo iratanga ubushuhe mu gihe yemera guca. Uburyo bwo gucunga ubushuhe bw’iyo modoka burakoresha ama ventilateur n’amapompo kugira ngo bicunge ubwo bushuhe. Ivyo vyose bifata umuyagankuba utigera ushika kuri bateri yawe.
Igerageza rya Laboratwari y’Igihugu ya Idaho ryasanze ubushobozi bwo gushaja ku rugero rwa 2 buva kuri 85-94%, bivanye cane n’ubushuhe bwo mu karere. Igihe c’ubukonje ni co cica-ku 20℃F, gutakaza bishobora kurenga 20% kuko imodoka itegerezwa gushusha bateri kugira yemere neza charge. Ivyo nabimenye mu buryo bukomeye mu kwezi kwa kabiri muri Minnesota aho "full charge" yanje mw'ijoro yari 85% gusa kubera ko imodoka yamara isaha yose isusurutsa ipaki imbere y'uko yemera amashanyarazi.
Imodoka za Tesla zikunda gushika ku mpera y’ubushobozi bwo hejuru (90-94%) kubera uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga ubushuhe. Nissan Leafs za kera zifise ubukonje butagira ico bukora zica ku mpera y’inyuma. Ivyuma vyinshi vy’ubu bikorana hafi 88-90% mu bihe vy’ubushuhe.
Ivyo bisigura iki ku nkoko yawe: iyo umuyagankuba ugura amadolari 0,12/kWh kandi ubushobozi bw’imodoka yawe bukaba ari 88%,ngirakamaroigiciro ni amadolari 0,136/kWh. Ku bateri y’amashanyarazi 75 kWh, ivyo ni amadolari 1,20 y’inyongera igihe cose uyishaje. Mu mwaka umwe wo kwishura ubudasiba, turiko turavuga amadolari 150-200 y’ibihombo bitaboneka. Si ivyago, ariko si ubusa.
Igitigiri nyaco kivuye ku bashoferi nyabo
Nakoze ubushakashatsi ku bafise ama EV 47 mu mugwi w’abafise ama EV wo mu karere kanje. Ehe ivyo bariko bariha mu vy'ukuri:
Gushaja muhira (kuzima-isonga TOU):Amadolari 0,03-0,05 ku kilometero. Iherezo ryo hasi ni umunya Model 3 muri Nevada afise igipimo ciza cane c’inguvu za NV. Iherezo ry’imbere ni ryo risanzwe ku bikorwa vy’ubuhinga vyo muri California.
Gushaja muhira (igiciro kimwe):Amadolari 0,04-0,08 ku kilometero. Intara zo mu Burengero Bushira Uburengero zifise amashanyarazi atari make ni zo ziganzwa n’iherezo ry’inyuma. Amabarabara yo mu buraruko bushira ubuseruko n’ibikorwa remezo vyayo vy’iragi bisunika iherezo ry’imbere.
Ivyo kwishura ku kazi:$0.00-0.04 ku kilometero. Ego, hariho amahera yo kwishura ku buntu ku kazi. Biriko biragenda biragabanuka uko amashirahamwe abona igiciro c’amashanyarazi, ariko amashure y’ubuhinga n’abakoresha bamwebamwe biyumvira imbere baracariko barabitanga.
DC ya bose yihuta gushaja:Amadolari 0,12-0,25 ku kilometero. Aho ni ho bishika bizimvye. Ishirahamwe ry’amashanyarazi ryo muri Amerika risaba amadolari 0,43/kWh mu masoko menshi. Urugendo rw’inzira rushobora gutwara amahera menshi ku kilometero kuruta urugendo rw’ivyuma.
Ico kintu cantangaje: umwe mu bafise iyo nzu asaba gusa ku bibanza vya ChargePoint ku buntu ku iduka ryiwe ry’ibifungurwa. Afata igihe c’ingendo ziwe zo kugura kugira ngo kijane n’ugushaja, aronka kumbure ibilometero 15-20 vy’urugendo ku rugendo, kandi avuga ko amaze amezi umunani atarishe umuyagankuba wo mu modoka yiwe. Ukwo ni ukwiyemeza kwizigama ntashobora guhura navyo.
Ibiciro vyo gushiramwo: Aho imibare ihinduka mbi
Ico gikoresho co gucapura ubwaco kirahenda cane. Igikoresho gikomeye c’ama-amp 40 co ku rugero rwa 2 kigura amadolari 400-600. Ivyo gushiramwo? Aho ni ho ibintu bica bigorana.
Navuganye n'abahinga mu vy'amashanyarazi bane imbere y'uko mbona uwutashaka kunsaba amadolari 1.800 y'amafaranga yo gushiramwo "standard". Ico giciro catsinze caje ku madolari 650, kivuye ku muhungu yari yarakoze 200+ EV charger installs kandi yari azi neza ivyo ariko arakora. Ivyo bihembo vyari vyatakaje vyari bivuye ku bahinga b’amashanyarazi muri rusangi bariko barashiramwo ibintu bitari vyo.
Ibintu mu vy'ukuri bigena igiciro:
- Ubushobozi bw’ibipande.Iyi ni yo nini. Igikoresho c’amashanyarazi c’ama-amp 100 gisanzwe gikoresha AC yo hagati, igikoresho co kwumisha amashanyarazi, n’ibindi bikoresho bikeyi vy’ama-amp 240 bishobora kutagira umwanya wo gushiramwo umurongo w’amashanyarazi w’ama-amp 40. Ivyo guhindura amapaneli gushika ku 200 amps bitwara amadolari 2.000-4.500 bivanye n’ivyo ishirahamwe ryawe risaba be n’ibiciro vy’abakozi bo mu karere. Narumvise inkuru ziteye ubwoba z’amadolari 6,000+ mu nzu za kera aho ubwinjiriro bwose bw’igikorwa bwari bukeneye gusubirwamwo.
- Urugendo kuva ku rupapuro gushika ku gicapo.Ikirenge cose c’urutsinga congera ku giciro. Ivyo nariko ndiruka vy’amafuti 25 vyatwaye amadolari nka 150 y’ibikoresho. Ukwiruka amafuti 100 uja mu garage yigenga? Gatatu ivyo, wongereko igikorwa co gutera umugende canke gukoresha umuyoboro.
- Ibisabwa kugira uruhusha.Hari intara zisaba uruhusha n’ugusuzuma imirongo mishasha y’amashanyarazi ya 240V. Abandi ntibabigira. Uruhusha ubwarwo akenshi ni amadolari 50-150, ariko urutonde rwo gusuzuma rushobora kwongera amayinga ku rutonde rwawe rw’igihe.
- Ivyubatswe biriho.Ufise 240V hafi y'aho uhagaze -kumbure y'umusudi canke igikarabiro ca kera gishushe? Ushobora gusa gushiramwo EVSE y’iminwe maze ugasimbuka hardwired install yose. Nzi umuntu akoresha Connector ya Tesla Mobile ku gikoresho co kwumisha cahinduwe. Ikora neza.
Uburyo bumwe budasanzwe bwarokoye umubanyi wanje amadolari 800: we ubwiwe yashizeho chargeur (ni ugushiramwo gusa agasandugu no gufatanya amawaya atatu) maze asaba umuhinga mu vy’amashanyarazi gukora gusa igikorwa c’ibarabara no gukoresha umugozi. Abahinga mu vy'amashanyarazi basaba amahera y'imbere ku "full install" naho gumanika EVSE bifata iminota cumi.
Igihe co kwishura: Ibara umuntu wese akora nabi
Nabonye ababuranira EV bavuga ko igikoresho co mu nzu "kiyihebera mu mezi atandatu." Nabonye abakekeranya bavuga ko "ntivyigera bigira ico bivuze mu vy'amahera." Bompi bariko barakora nabi ibiharuro.
Igereranyo ryiza si "ugushaja mu nzu n'amavuta ya peteroli." Ni "guca muhira n'ivyo woba uriko urakora vyose." Niba uriko urashaja ku buntu ku kazi charger uko biri kwose, charger yo muhira ni amafaranga gusa. Niba ukoresha amadolari 0.43/kWh ku bikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vya Amerika, igikoresho co gucapura mu nzu kirakwishura hafi ubwo nyene.
Ibara ryanje bwite, kuko abantu bama babaza ngo:
Igiciro c'ivyo gushaja: $500 (Grizzl-E, ifise umugozi ukomeye)
Gushiramwo: $650 (naronse igiciro ciza)
Ivyo vyose vyashizwemwo: $1.150
Ugutwara imodoka mu mwaka: ~12.000 miles. Igikoresho c’imodoka: 3,5 miles/kWh. Ivyo ni 3.430 kWh/umwaka.
Igiciro co kwishura muhira: $0.11/kWh × 3,430=$377/umwaka
Uburyo bwo kwishura abantu bose: $0.35/kWh × 3,430=$1.200/umwaka
Ivyo uzigama ku mwaka: $823. Ivyo kwishura: imyaka 1,4.
None rero gereranya n’amavuta ya peteroli. Imodoka yanje ya kera yaronse 32 mpg. Ku madolari 3,50/galoni, ibilometero 12.000 bigura amadolari 1.312. EV ku biciro vyo muhira igura amadolari 377. Ivyo ni $935/umwaka mu kuzigama amavuta-ariko "ugusubiza" bica bitangaje kuko uriko uragereranya mu kugura imodoka, atari gusa inyishu zo kwishura.
Inyishu y’ukuri: iyo utwara imodoka ibilometero bihagije kandi ufise ibiciro vy’amashanyarazi bibereye, kwishura mu nzu biragira insiguro nyinshi cane mu vy’amahera ugereranije n’ubundi buryo bwose. Iyo utwara imodoka ibilometero 5.000 ku mwaka kandi ukaba ushobora gushaja ku buntu ahandi, gutegura inzu vyoshobora kutazokwigera bigusubiza.
Uguhinduka kw'ibihe n'ibindi bibabaza
Nta n’umwe yambwiye ko amafaranga y’umuyagankuba yo mu rushana azosimbuka 40% naho nariko ntwara imodoka nk’iyo nyene.
Ibintu bitatu birahuriza hamwe mu bihe vy’ubukonje. Ica mbere, ubushobozi bwa bateri buragabanuka-lithium-ion chemistry gusa ntibukora neza nk’uko bigenda munsi ya degre 40 F. Ubushobozi bwanje bwo mu ci bwa 4.0 mi/kWh buca buba 2.8 mi/kWh muri Mukakaro. Ubwa kabiri, ugushushanya mu nzu mu modoka y’umuyagankuba ni umuzigo w’umuyagankuba, si ubushuhe buva kuri moteri. Gukoresha igikoresho co gushushanya ku rwego rwo hejuru birashobora kugabanya urugero rwa 25-35%. Ica gatatu, ugutakaza ivy’ugushaja birarushirizaho kubera ko imodoka itegerezwa gushusha bateri imbere y’uko yemera gushaja.
Igitigiri mu bikorwa: amashanyarazi yanje yo muri Myandagaro y’imodoka yari nk’amadolari 28. Mukakaro yari amadolari 52. Ibarabara rimwe, uburyo bwo gutwara bumwe, imodoka imwe. Fizike gusa ikora kurwanya jewe.
Ici gifise igihano caco mu bihe vy’ubushuhe. AC load ni ubunyamaswa buke kuruta ugushusha, ariko si ubuntu. Kandi iyo uriko urahagarara izuba ryinshi, ubuhinga bwo gucungera ubushuhe bwa bateri burakora mbere n’igihe imodoka yicaye, buhoro buhoro bukagukurako umuriro (kandi bukagutwara amahera uzobwirizwa kuyasubirira).
Gutegura imbere y’igihe birafasha. Ivyuma vyinshi vy’amashanyarazi bituma ushobora gushusha canke gukonjesha imodoka ukiri mu muyagankuba, rero inguvu ziva ku ruzitiro aho kuva kuri bateri. Ivyo bizigama urugendo rwo gutwara imodoka. Naciye ngira akamenyero ko gutera ivyo nkoresheje app iminota 15 imbere y’uko ngenda mu gitondo gikanye.
Ivyo nobwira umugenzi
Hari umuntu ku kazi aherutse kugura imodoka ya Hyundai Ioniq 6 aca ansaba impanuro zo gushaja. Ehe ivyo navuze:
Ntukihutire gushiramwo chargeur yo mu nzu. Baho n’ivyo bikoresho vy’amazi vy’amazi 120V ukwezi kumwe. Raba ingene uburyo bwawe bwo gutwara imodoka nyabwo bukora. Ushobora gusanga ijoro ryose Level 1 charger mu vy'ukuri bihagije kuvyo ukeneye-abantu benshi batwara 30-40 miles ku musi barabikora neza, kandi warazigamye $1,000+.
Niba ukeneye Urugero rwa 2, ronka amajambo atatu n’imiburiburi. Ubutandukane bw’ibiciro vy’abakozi b’amashanyarazi ni ubujuju. Baza kandi utility yawe ku bijanye n'ibisubizo vyose-benshi batanga $500-1,000 ku bijanye no gushiramwo EVSE abantu basiga ku meza kuko batazi gusaba.
Raba mu mahitamwo y'igiciro c'umuyagankuba waweimbereutangura gucagura ubudasiba. Itandukaniro hagati y'igiciro c'uburaro gisanzwe n'igiciro ca TOU gisanzwe ca EV-rishobora kuba $50/ukwezi. Ariko ugomba gusaba ko igiciro gihinduka-ibikoresho ntibizoguhindura ubwavyo.
Siga kuri WiFi-ikoreshwa kiretse ukeneye vy'ukuri gushaja ku biciro vya TOU. Ivyo bimenyetso "vy'ubwenge" ahanini ni amayeri. Igikoresho co gucapura c'amadolari 400 kiva kuri Grizzl-E canke Lectron kizogufasha hamwe n'igikoresho gifatanye c'amadolari 800 ku bikorwa vyinshi.
Kandi mu nyuma: ntuhagarike umutima ku bijanye no gutuma amafaranga yose ya nyuma agenda neza. Ego, gucakira isaha cumi n’imwe z’ijoro aho kwishura isaha umunani z’ijoro birazigama amahera ku biciro vya TOU. Ariko iyo wibagiwe rimwe na rimwe ugaca utanga amahera ku rwego rwo hejuru, ntuba uriko uragwa mu gihombo. Ubutunzi muri rusangi bwo gushaja EV buraryoshe cane ugereranije n’amavuta ya peteroli ku buryo gukora ibintu ata gatotsi bisabwa. Charge igihe bibereye. Rimwe na rimwe ushobora kwishura gatoyi. Ni vyiza.
Iciyumviro nyamukuru, kuko nzi ko arivyo uriko urarondera:benshi mu bafise EV bafise charger yo mu nzu bariha $0.03-0.06 ku kilometero mu muyagankuba. Ivyo ni ica gatatu canke ica kane c’ivyo amavuta ya peteroli agura. Gushiramwo n’ibikoresho bitwara amadolari 800-2.500 bivanye n’ingene amashanyarazi yawe ameze. Payback ifata imyaka 1-3 ku bashoferi basanzwe. Inyuma y’ivyo, uba uriko urazigama amahera gusa buri kilometero.
Ivyo biharuro birakora. Nta n’aho biri hafi, mu vy’ukuri. Ivyo bigoranye biri mu ndondoro-umugambi w’igiciro uwuhe, uwuhe chargeur, uwuhe installer-ariko ubutunzi bw’ishimikiro burashigikira charger ya EV yo mu nzu n’urugero runini ku muntu wese atwara imodoka irenga nk’ibilometero 8.000 ku mwaka.
Mbega ni ikintu gihenda nk’uko ababuranira bamwebamwe babivuga? Oya, umaze guharura ibihombo vy’ubushobozi n’imiterere y’ibiciro vy’ukuri. None vyoba bizimvye kuruta uko abakekeranya babivuga? Kandi oya. Ukuri ni ugusanzwe: birahenda cane kuruta amavuta ya peteroli, birahenda cane kuruta amahera ya bose, kandi ishoramari ry’imbere rirabereye. Uwo si umwanzuro w’igitsina, ariko ni wo ubereye.