Abakoresha amashanyarazi bamaze imyaka batera amahera ku ngorane y’ububiko, kandi ivyo bivamwo biri hose. Amasoko amwe amwe abona ivy’ugushiraho ibintu bigenda birakura cane kuruta uko umuntu wese yari yarabivuze, mu gihe ayandi adashobora kuronka imigambi biciye mu gutanga uruhusha naho bikenewe bigaragara.
Uguhuza hagati y’uruvyaro n’umuzigo si ikintu gishasha. Izuba ntaco ritanga mw’ijoro, umuyaga urapfa mu bihe vy’amahoro, kandi umuntu ategerezwa kuguma acana amatara ataco yitayeho. Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu ku rugero runini buraguma bushirwa ahabona nk’umuti, ariko uburyo bwo kuzikoresha bugaragaza ko ibisabwa mu vy’ubutunzi no mu vy’ubuhinga bitandukanye cane bivanye n’ivyo mu karere.
Ni kuki twokoresha uburyo bwinshi bwo kubika inguvu?
Nta n’inyishu imwe iriho. Itegeko ry’incuro rikeneye ibihe vy’inyishu vy’imilisegonda. Ugukemura ibibazo vy’inguvu bisaba amasaha menshi. Peak shaving bisaba uburyo butandukanye bwo gutwara amagare kuruta ubushobozi bwo gusubiza inyuma. Abakoresha amashanyarazi barakeneye ibikoresho bishobora gukora ibisabwa vyinshi, kandi amahinguriro y’amashanyarazi ya kera yaratanga ivyo biciye ku biranga amabateri ategerezwa kwisubiriza biciye ku maporogarama n’ivyo akoresha.
Ubushinwa bwashizeho amashanyarazi arenga 16 GW y'ububiko bushasha bw'uruzitiro-mu 2023 gusa. Uwo mubare urarengeye uwo Uburayi na Amerika y’Uburaruko vyose hamwe vyashoboye gukoresha. Ico kinogo kigaragaza inyungu z’ubuhinga, ugushigikira politike bikomeye, n’intambamyi nkeyi z’amategeko ku bijanye no guhuza uruja n’uruza rw’amazi. Nimba izindi ntara zishobora gufunga iyo nzira, biracari ikibazo kubera ingene izo nyungu zashinze imizi.
Ishirahamwe rya Tesla ry’i Hornsdale muri Australiya y’Epfo ryatanguye gukora mu mwaka w’2017 rifise ubushobozi bwa 100 MW / 129 MWh, ryarihevye mu myaka nka itatu bishingiye kuri raporo z’abakoresha bavuye kuri https://arena.gov.au. Ariko uwo mugambi warangukiye ku mibereho yihariye y’isoko muri Australiya y’Epfo idahari hose - uguhinduka kw’igiciro c’ibintu vyinshi, ugukura kw’ibikoresho bifatanya, n’ibisabwa vyo gutegeka incuro vyaha agaciro ibihe vy’inyishu vyihuta kuruta igihe bimara.
Igihe n'uburemere bw'ubudandaji-ibihembo
Bateri za litiyumu-ion ziguha amasaha 2-4 yo gusohoka ku bushobozi bugereranywa. Inguvu zikomeye zica hafi 250-340 Wh/kg ku buhinga bwa shimi bwo muri iki gihe. Ivyo bimenyetso bikora neza ku bijanye n’ugutwara amagare ku musi ku musi be n’ibikorwa vy’incuro ariko biragabanuka iyo ukeneye ububiko bw’ibihe canke ubushobozi bwo gucungera imisi myinshi.
Ubushobozi bw'urugendo rw'urugendo rwa 85-95% buvuga neza gushika ushizeko igiharuro c'ugusenyuka kw'imyaka 15-20 y'ubuzima bw'umugambi. Uguzimangana kw’ubushobozi si umurongo, imizigo y’inyongera irya inguvu ziriho, kandi uburongozi bw’ubushuhe burarya inguvu zitagaragara mu mibare y’ubushobozi bw’umutwe.
Amazi akoreshwa n’amazi aguma ari hejuru ya 90% y’ubushobozi bwo kubika kw’isi yose kandi azomara imyaka mirongo. Ivyo bikoresho bikora imyaka 50+ ataco bihungabanya, bishobora gusohora amasaha 6-20 bivanye n’ubunini bw’ibiziga, kandi bifise ibiranga ibikorwa bishobora gutegekanirwa. Igihugu kiragabanya aho ahantu heza hashobora gutegurwa, kandi kwemerera bifata imyaka iyo ivyerekeye ibidukikije bivuzwe.
Ibiciro ntivyoroshe
Ibiciro vy’amabateri vyagabanutse biva ku madolari 1.100/kWh mu 2010 bishika munsi y’amadolari 140/kWh mu 2023 hakurikijwe ukurikirana kwa Bloomberg kuri https://bnef.com - iyo nzira yahinduye ubutunzi bw’imigambi mu masoko menshi. Ariko ibiciro vy’ibikoresho biratuma habaho ibiciro vyo hasi ivyo urugero rw’uguhingura rwonyene rudashobora gutsinda.
Ibiciro vya litiyumu vyaradutse cane muri 2022 imbere y’uko bisubira inyuma gatoyi. Ivyuma bitanga nickel na cobalt birafise ingorane zavyo bwite. Iciyumviro c’uko ibiciro bizoguma bigabanuka ku rugero rwa kera ntikigira ico gikoze igihe ukuboneka kw’ibikoresho vya mbere bizoba ari vyo bigora aho kuba ubushobozi bwo gukora.
Amasoko amwe amwe ubu abona ububiko buriko burahiganwa n’abafise amasoko menshi ku bukungu butagira agasembwa ata nkunga. Abandi baracari bakeneye kwishurwa ubushobozi canke ubundi buryo bwo gufunga ibihengeri vy’amahera. Ugukwiragizwa hagati y’ivyo biva ku biciro vy’amashanyarazi yo mu karere, ingero z’ugushobora gusubirwamwo, ingorane zo gutanga amashanyarazi, n’uruvange rw’amashanyarazi ruriho mu buryo butagabanuka ku mirongo yoroshe.
Amakode y’uruzitiro ntiyagenewe gukoresha amabateri y’amashanyarazi 300 MW ashobora guhindura 600 MW kuri sisitemu mu masegonda makeyi mu guhindura kuva ku gushaja gushika ku gukuraho. Abakoresha ubuhinga bwo gutanga amakuru bategerezwa gusubira kwandika imigambi yo kubakingira n’ingene bakora. Hari uturere twamenye ningoga. Abandi bararemye ibicupa vyatuma imigambi iteba imyaka myinshi naho ubutunzi bwari bushoboka.
Porogaramu irahambaye kurusha uko abantu babibona
Uburyo bwo kugenzura bukora canke buca imigambi y'ububiko bw'urugero rw'ubuhinga-. Gutuma inzira z’ugushaja/gusohoka zigenda neza, gucungera ugusenyuka, kugira uruhara mu bikorwa vyinshi vy’isoko icarimwe, guhuza n’abakoresha amashanyarazi - ubuhinga bw’izo nzira ni bwo bugaragaza nimba imigambi ihuye n’ivyo amafaranga yiteze. Ivyuma vyinshi vyashizweho mbere ntivyakoze neza kubera ko ingamba zo kubigenzura zitari zihagije kubera ingorane zari zifise.
Guteranya amafaranga yinjira bivuga bigororotse gushika uhuye n’amategeko y’isoko abuza guharura ubushobozi bumwe incuro nyinshi canke kugira uruhara mu masoko menshi icarimwe. Uburyo bushobora gutanga ibikorwa vyinshi mu buryo bw’umubiri bushobora kuba bushingiye ku masezerano canke ku mategeko bwo gutanga amahera kuri kimwe canke bibiri gusa. Ivyo bigoranye biratandukanye cane hagati y’ububasha n’ihinduka uko abagenzuzi bamenya ingene bofata ibikoresho vyo kubika bidahuye n’ivyigwa vya kera canke ivyicaro vy’umuzigo.
Ubuhinga bundi buguma bugorwa no gukwegwakwegwa
Bateri zigenda, ububiko bw’umuyaga, ububiko bw’inguvu z’umuyaga ufise amazi - izo nzira zihora ziganirwako nk’imiti y’igihe kirekire kugiciro gitoyi ku MWh. Igitigiri c’abarungikwa kiguma ari gito naho.
Highview Power yashinze uruganda rw’umuyaga w’amazi rw’amashanyarazi 50 MW / 250 MWh mu Bwongereza mu mwaka w’2022 nk’uko vyanditswe kuri https://highviewpower.com, bikaba ari kimwe mu bikoresho bikeyi vy’ubudandaji-bishobora gukoreshwa birenze litiyumu -ion n’amazi akoreshwa n’ipompa. Ivyo vyoba vyerekana ko vyemewe cane canke ko biguma ari ugukoreshwa kw’agaciro bivana n’inzira z’ibiciro zitarashika.
Hariho ukutumvikana kw'ishimikiro ku bijanye n'igihe bisabwa. Ni amasaha angahe 8+ y'ububiko uruzitiro rukeneye ugereranije n'uburyo bumara igihe gito - hamwe n'ibikoresho vy'inyongera? Ivyigwa bivuye mu mashirahamwe atandukanye bishika ku nsozero zivuguruzanya ku bijanye n’ibisabwa vyo kubika ku bijanye n’ibintu bishobora gusubirwamwo vyinshi, n’ugukwiragira kwerekana ivyiyumviro ku bijanye n’uguhinduranya ivyifuzo, ukwaguka kw’ugutanga amakuru, n’ubushobozi bubandanya bw’amakara y’ibisigazwa kuruta isesengura ry’ubuhinga.
Amabanki ariko araruhukira mu migambi yo kubika uko amakuru y’ibikorwa agenda arakura, naho nyene amasezerano y’amahera atandukanye cane. Amasoko amwamwe arafise amasezerano agezweho kandi ashiraho ivy’imbere y’aho. Abandi bafata umugambi wose nk’isuzuma ry’ingaruka ridasanzwe risaba ko umuntu akora ivyo akora. Ibiciro vy’ubwishingizi ku bijanye n’ingorane z’umuriro w’amabateri vyagabanutse uko uburyo bwo kwirinda bwagenda buratera imbere ariko biguma ari ikintu gifise ingaruka ku biharuro vy’ubushobozi bwo kubaho.
Ivyo bikoresho vyerekana ko ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwa MW biriko birarushiriza kuba binini - 500 vyari gusa n’ibidashoboka mu myaka cumi iheze, ubu ni ibisanzwe, kandi imigambi y’urugero rwa 1 GW-iri mu nzira yo gutegura. Ukwo gupima kuzana ugugabanya igiciro ku-MW biciye mu guhuza n’ibikorwa remezo bihurikiyeko mu gihe vyibanda ku kaga k’ukwizigirwa kw’uruzitiro mu ntumbero imwe imwe. Uko ivyo bicuruzwa-bifise insiguro bivana n'ukuntu ubona ukwizigirwa kw'ubuhinga n'ibisabwa vyo gukoresha uruzitiro.
Intambamyi zo guhingura zirarya cane kurusha uko vyitezwe
Ubushobozi bw’uruganda bw’ibihimba n’imirongo bwarateye imbere cane ariko uruhererekane rw’ugutanga ruraguma rurambuye mu gihe ivyipfuzo vyiyongera. Igihe co gukora ibice bihambaye kigera ku mezi 12-18. Ubukene bw’ibikoresho bwatumye umugambi ucererwa ataco wari ufitaniye n’ukwitegura kw’ubuhinga canke ukuronka amahera.
Ubushinwa bukora ibice birenga 75% vy’ibiva mu bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu-ion kw’isi yose. Ukwo kwibanda gutuma habaho inyungu z’ibiciro biciye ku rugero be n’ubugoyagoye bw’uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho bivanye n’ivyo politike y’isi ibona. Ibindi bice biriko birasuka umutungo mu bikorwa vyo mu gihugu, ariko gukurikirana bifata igihe igihe ubumenyi bwo guhingura buhambaye nk’ishoramari ry’umutungo.
Ivyiyumviro vyo kwihanganira imihindagurikire y’ikirere birafasha mu gukoresha ububiko birenze inyungu z’ugushiramwo ibintu bishobora gusubirwamwo. Igihuhusi co mu rushana co muri Texas co muri 2021 cerekanye ingene uruvyaro rusanzwe rushobora kutaboneka igihe nyaco rukenewe cane. Ububiko buratanga ubushobozi bwo gusubiza inyuma bigoye kugereranywa mu bipimo vya kera vy’ukwizigirwa ariko bikaba birushiriza guhabwa agaciro n’abagenzuzi n’abakozi bajejwe ivy’ukwiyongera kw’incuro z’ikirere.
Iterambere ry'ubuhinga rirengeye ukumenyera inzego z'amategeko. Ivyo vyari bifise insiguro ku bijanye n’ugutegura uruja n’uruza rw’amazi mu myaka itanu iheze ntivyerekana ubushobozi canke ibiciro biriho ubu. Ico kinogo kiratuma habaho amahirwe y’imigambi ishobora gutera imbere ningoga mu gihe amashirahamwe y’ubuhinga bwa none akora biciye mu nzira ndende zo gutegura no kwemeza ibintu bitagenewe kubika ibikoresho.
Inzira y’urwo rwego yerekana ko iterambere ryihuta rizobandanya, naho nyene ugusangira mu turere n’ugukoresha biguma bitaringaniye. Ubushobozi bw’ubuhinga bwashitse ahanini ku bisabwa - ubutunzi n’imirongo ngenderwako ubu ni vyo bigena igitigiri c’abakoresha kuruta ukwitegura kw’ubuhinga.
Ukwitabira isoko biragora ningoga
Amasoko atandukanye y’amashanyarazi y’ingero afise amategeko atandukanye yerekeye ingene ububiko bushobora kugira uruhara n’ibikorwa biharurwa ku bijanye n’inshingano z’ubushobozi. PJM ifata ububiko mu buryo butandukanye na CAISO, ikoresha imiterere itandukanye na ERCOT. Imigambi ikeneye gutahura ingene isoko ryo mu karere riteguwe imbere yo gusozera ivyerekeye ubuhinga kuko ivyo bikora mw’isoko rimwe bishobora kuba bitari vyiza ahandi.
Amasoko y’ibikorwa vy’inyongera atanga inyungu nyinshi mu turere tumwetumwe ariko mu tundi ntabwo ariho. Agaciro k’itegeko ry’incuro karahindagurika bivanye n’ibiranga uruzitiro, igitigiri c’amageneratore ariho, n’ingero z’ugusubira gukoreshwa. Umugambi ufise insiguro mu guhuza kumwe ushobora kugorwa no gucapura ibilometero 200 kure munsi y’umukoresha w’uruzitiro atandukanye afise amategeko atandukanye y’isoko.
Imirongo y’uguhuza yuzuye imigambi y’ububiko irindiriye inyigisho z’ingaruka z’uruja n’uruza n’ugusubiramwo amafaranga. Igihe co kurindira kirashika mu myaka ku turere tumwetumwe. Hagati aho ubuhinga buguma butera imbere kandi ibiciro biguma bigabanuka, ivyo bisigura ko imigambi yinjiye mu mirongo mu myaka ibiri iheze ishobora gukenera gusubirwamwo kugira ngo ishiremwo ibikoresho bishasha kandi bihendutse igihe izoronka uburenganzira bwo gukorana.
Infashanyo y'amategeko iratandukanye cane
Ivyiyumviro vy’imisoro y’ishoramari vyahinduye ubutunzi bw’imigambi mu bihugu bimwebimwe. Ayandi matara yizigira amasoko y’ubushobozi canke amategeko y’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo atera intege mu buryo butaziguye ububiko. Ibibanza bikeyi ntaco vyakoze mu vy'amategeko-ariko biracabona ugushirwaho kubera ko ivy'ishimikiro vy'isoko bikora ata nkunga.
Ugukomera kw’infashanyo y’ingingo mfatirwako ni ikintu gihambaye nk’uko nyene ubuntu bwayo buhambaye. Abashoramari barakeneye kwizigira ko inzego zitazohinduka cane hagati mu myaka 20 y’ubuzima bw’umugambi. Impinduka z’amategeko zisubira inyuma mu masoko amwe amwe y’i Buraya zateye ubwoba abahinguzi b’ibintu kandi zigabanya ugukoresha mu myaka n’inyuma y’aho amaherezo inzego zikomeye zishizwe mu ngiro.
Amategeko yo mu rwego rwa Leta- muri Amerika arema urutonde rw'ibisabwa n'ivyo gutera intege bituma ingamba z'iterambere ry'igihugu-zigora. Ivyagezwe vy’ububiko vy’ububiko vya California vyatumye bikoreshwa hakiri kare ariko vyatumye habaho ingorane mu bijanye n’ugutanga ibikoresho kuko abahinguzi bariko barahiganwa ku bushobozi buke bwo gukora. Ibindi bihugu vyagenda buhoro buhoro kandi vyungukira ku vyigwa vyigishijwe no ku gutuma ubuhinga buboneka neza.
Inzira zo gutegura ivy’ugutanga amakuru zikeneye guhindurwa kugira ngo zibone ubushobozi bwo kubika. Itegeko ry’imigenzo ryari rifata ko ubutunzi bw’uruvyaro buguma ahantu hahoraho, ariko amabateri ashobora gukoreshwa hafi aho hose hariho uruja n’uruza rw’uruzitiro. Ukwo guhinduranya bituma habaho agaciro abategura ivy'ugutanga amakuru batamenye neza ingene boshira mu bigereranyo vyabo no kuronka inyungu-isesengura ry'ibiciro.
Inyuma-i-meter n'imbere-y'-metero ingingo zijanye n'imigwi itandukanye y'abafatanyabikorwa, imiterere y'amahera, n'ubugenzuzi bw'amategeko. Hariho ibikorwa bimwe bimwe bigaragara ko biri mu rutonde rumwe, ariko vyinshi vyoshobora kuja mu nzira iyo ari yo yose bivanye n’ingero z’ubutunzi n’ingene inyungu zigenda neza. Ugucapura hagati y’ubu buryo bwo gukoresha birahinduka uko amasoko atera imbere n’amategeko agahinduka.
Ibisabwa vyo gukingira umuriro biguma bisubirwamwo uko ubumenyi bwo gukora bugenda buragwira. Ivyo bikoresho vya kera vyakoresha uburyo bworoshe bwo gucunga ubushuhe bwagaragaye ko butabereye mu gihe hari uburyo bumwebumwe bwo kunanirwa. Imigambi mishasha ishiramwo uburyo bwinshi bwo gukingira umutekano bwongera igiciro ariko bugabanura amafaranga y’ubwishingizi n’ugusuzuma amategeko. Uburinganire hagati y’amahera akoreshwa mu gukingira umutekano n’ingorane zemewe buraguma buhinduka uko iyo nganda ikura.