Ububiko bw’amabateri bw’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo bufata amashanyarazi akomoka ku bikoresho nk’izuba n’umuyaga, bukayabika mu buryo bw’imiti mu bihimba vy’amabateri, maze bukayarekura akagaruka ku ruzitiro iyo ubukene burengeye ubusabe. Uwo murongo ukoresha porogarama z’ubwenge kugira ngo ugenzure uko uruja n’uruza rw’amazi rumeze no gutuma amashanyarazi agenda neza no gutuma amashanyarazi agenda neza bishingiye ku bici- ro vy’inguvu, ingene abantu basaba, n’ukuntu amashanyarazi ashobora gusubirwamwo ariho.
Ibice nyamukuru vy'uburyo bwo kubika amabateri
Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z'amabateri y'urugero rw'ubuhinga-bugizwe n'ibice bitandatu bifatanye bikorana kugira ngo bicunge uruja n'uruza rw'inguvu.
Ivyo bihimba vy’amabateri ni vyo bigize umutima w’ivyo bikoresho. Ivyo bice birimwo ibihumbi vy’ingingo z’umuntu ku giti ciwe-mu bisanzwe ari ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (LFP) canke ivy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (NMC)-bitunganijwe mu bibanza. Igitereko kimwekimwe cose gishobora gufata ibice biri hagati ya 50 na 100 bivanye n’ingene gikozwe. Ivyo bice bibika inguvu z’umuyagankuba nk’ubushobozi bw’imiti, ama elegitoroni akagenda hagati ya anode na cathode biciye ku gikoresho citwa electrolyte mu gihe c’ingendo zo gushaja no gukuraho.
Uburyo bwo gucunga amabateri burakurikirana ubuzima n’umutekano w’igice cose mu gihe nyaco. Ikurikirana ibipimo harimwo umuriro, umuriro, ubushuhe, n'ingene umuriro uri mu bihumbi vy'ingero. Iyo ibintu bitari vyo bibonetse-nk'ugutera imbere kw'ubushuhe canke ukudahuza kw'umuriro-sisitemu ishobora gutandukanya ibice vyafashwe mu masegonda makeyi kugira ngo ntihagire ukunanirwa kw'umuriro.
Uburyo bwo guhindura amashanyarazi burakora ihinduka hagati y’amashanyarazi ya DC n’aya AC. Amasoko ashobora gusubirwamwo nk’amatara y’izuba atanga inguvu za DC, mu gihe uruzitiro rukoresha AC. Inverters muri izo systems zihindura DC zikaba AC iyo zisohoka ku ruzitiro, na rectifiers zihindura AC zikaba DC iyo zisohoka zivuye ku nguvu z’uruzitiro canke ku bikoresho vy’umuyaga. Inverters za none zikora ku rugero rw’ubushobozi rurenga 98%, zigabanya ugutakaza inguvu mu gihe co guhindura.
Uburyo bwo gucunga ubushuhe buratuma ubushuhe buri hagati ya degre 15 na degre 35 . Ivyo bateri ikora biragabanuka ningoga hanze y’ivyo bipimo, kandi ubushuhe bukaze buratuma umuntu yihuta gukura. Ubuhinga bukoresha amazi akonjesha, ibikoresho bikoresha umuyaga, canke ibikoresho bihindura inzira kugira ngo bitunganye ubushuhe, bifata hafi 2-5% vy’inguvu zose zikoreshwa.
Porogaramu yo gucunga inguvu ihuza ibice vyose kandi ifata ingingo z'igihe nyaco-ku bijanye no gutanga ingufu. Ikoresheje ubuhinga n’amakuru y’isoko, igena igihe co kwishura (mu bisanzwe mu bihe vy’ugusaba guto-, ibihe vy’igiciro gito-n’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo zirengeje urugero) n’igihe co gusohora (mu gihe c’ugusaba gukomeye n’ibiciro vyinshi). Uburyo buteye imbere bukoresha inyigisho y’imashini kugira ngo bumenye imbere y’igihe ingene ivyo bisabwa bizogenda be n’ingene ubuhinga bushobora gusubirwamwo buzoba bumeze, bigatuma inyungu zigenda neza mu gihe bigumya ugushikama kw’uruja n’uruza.
Uruzitiro rw'umubiri-rwaba ari igikoresho co gutwara ibintu, inyubakwa yubatswe ku ntumbero-, canke inyubakwa yasubiwemwo-irinda ibikoresho ibihe kandi ihuye n'ingingo ngenderwako zo gukingira umuriro. Izo nzitiro zigereranywa n’ubushuhe bukaze, ubukonje be n’ibikorwa vy’imitingito bivanye n’aho ziri.
Uko Inguvu Zica muri Sisitemu
Ivyo gucapura bitangura iyo amashanyarazi ashobora gusubirwamwo arenze ivyo umuntu asaba vuba canke iyo ibiciro vy’amashanyarazi y’uruzitiro bigabanutse bikaja munsi y’agaciro k’imbere. Amatara y’izuba atanga umusaruro mwinshi cane mu masaha yo mu gicugu igihe amashanyarazi yoshobora kuba ari make, ivyo bikaba bituma haba inguvu zirenga. Ivyo bikoresho bihindura iyo nguvu y’izuba DC bikaba DC kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu gushaja amabateri mu bibanza bimwe bimwe, bikaba birinda intambwe imwe yo guhindura kandi bikaba bituma ubushobozi bukora neza gushika ku 96-98%.
Mu gihe co gucapura, iyoni za litiyumu ziva muri cathode zica muri electrolyte zija muri anode, zigabika inguvu nk’ubushobozi bw’imiti. Uburyo bw’amabateri y’amashanyarazi 60 MW bufise ubushobozi bw’amasaha 4 (240 MWh) bukoreshwa n’ububasha bwose bwobika amashanyarazi ahagije kugira ngo akoreshe amazu agera ku 24.000 amasaha ane, naho nyene ibikorwa vy’ukuri bitandukanye bivanye n’ivyo uruzitiro rukeneye.
Inzira yo gusohora irahindura iyo nzira. Iyo ubukene bushitse ku rwego rwo hejuru-kenshi mu masaha y’umugoroba iyo izuba rigabanuka ariko ingo zigakoresha amashanyarazi menshi-bateri irekura inguvu zibitswe. Ivyo bita lithium ions bisubira inyuma biva kuri anode bikaja kuri cathode, bikazana umuyagankuba aba inverter bahindura umuyagankuba wa AC uhuye n’ibisobanuro vy’uruzitiro. Igihe co gusubiza kuva ku gihe co gutegerezwa gushika ku gihe co gukuraho ubushobozi bwose gifata amamilisegonda 4 gushika kuri 20, ugereranyije n’iminota 10-20 ku bikoresho bikoresha gaze kavukire.
Uburebure bw'amazi asohoka buragira ico bukoze ku buzima bwa bateri cane. Gukoresha bateri iri hagati ya 20% na 80% y’ubushobozi aho gukoresha 0% gushika kuri 100% birashobora gukubita kabiri ubuzima bwayo kuva ku 4.000 gushika ku 8.000. Ivyo bituma habaho ubudandaji bw’ubutunzi-: gutwara amagare mu gitutu bizigama bateri igihe kirekire ariko bikagabanya inyungu iva mu gucungera inguvu.
Ubushobozi bwo gukora urugendo rw'uruziga-igipimo c'inguvu zigarurwa n'inguvu zibitswe-ni 85-95% ku mirongo ya litiyumu-ion y'ubu. Uburyo bubika 100 MWh bushobora gutanga 90 MWh bugasubira ku ruzitiro, n’itandukaniro rya 10 MWh rikabura kubera ukudakora neza kw’uguhindura, ukwisohora, n’ibisabwa vyo gukonjesha. Ubwo bushobozi burahindagurika bivanye n’ibipimo vy’ugushaja/gusohoka, n’ibipimo bigenda buhoro muri rusangi bishika ku bushobozi bwinshi.
Inzego zitatu-agaciro k'inzego
Ububiko bwa bateri butanga agaciro mu nzego zitatu zitandukanye z’ibikorwa, imwe yose itanga ivyipfuzo bitandukanye vy’uruzitiro kandi itanga inyungu zitandukanye.
Inyishu zihitagukora ku bihe vy’amamilisegonda gushika ku minota. Itegeko ry’incuro rituma uruzitiro rudahinduka mu gutera canke gufata ubushobozi ubwo nyene kugira ngo incuro za AC zigume kuri 60 Hz (50 Hz mu bihugu bimwebimwe). Iyo umuyagankuba munini ugenda utari ku murongo, incuro z’uruzitiro ziragabanuka; amabateri ashobora kwishura mu masegonda atarenga 200 kugira ngo ahagarike ukugabanuka kw’incuro. Iyi serivisi yategetse ibiciro vy’agaciro kanini mu mateka-amabateri yafashe 55% vy’isoko ry’ugucungera incuro muri Australiya mu mezi makeyi inyuma y’aho Hornsdale Power Reserve itanguye mu 2017-naho ibiciro vyagabanutse kuva ico gihe uko ububiko bwinshi bwinjira mw’isoko.
Ubushobozi n'ibikorwa vy'ukwizigirwagukora ku nzira z’amasaha gushika ku musi. Ubukemurampaka bw'inguvu bukoresha itandukaniro ry'ibiciro hagati y'ibihe vy'ugusaba bike n'ibihe vy'ugusaba vyinshi-. Muri California, ibiciro vy’amashanyarazi y’ingero nyinshi bihora bihinduka biva ku bitari vyiza mu gihe c’izuba ryinshi mu mpera z’umwaka (igihe amashanyarazi y’izuba asesa isoko) bikaja ku madolari arenga 100/MWh mu gihe c’isonga ry’umugoroba. Bateri ibika inguvu z’izuba zidahenda cane zo mu gicugu, ikazigurisha isaha zibiri z’ijoro, irashobora gutuma umuntu aronka inyungu nyinshi. Ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho-ubushobozi bw'uruzitiro bwo gushitsa ivyifuzo vy'isonga-bugereranya irindi soko ry'amahera. Abakoresha uruja n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi bariha amahera y’ubushobozi ku bikoresho vyemeza ko biboneka mu masaha 100-200 y’ugusaba cane ku mwaka.
Gutuma ibikorwa remezo bigenda nezagutanga agaciro ku bihe vy'imyaka myinshi-. Gusubiramwo ivy’ugusubiramwo ivy’ugutanga amakuru bitera intege ishoramari rizimvye ry’ibikorwa remezo mu gushitsa ivyifuzo bigenda birakura bikoresheje inguvu zibitswe aho kwubaka imirongo mishasha y’amashanyarazi. Mu bibanza aho guhindura uruja n’uruza rw’amazi vyotwara amadolari 50-100 miliyoni, gushiramwo amadolari 20-30 miliyoni mu kubika amabateri bica bikwegera ubutunzi. Infashanyo y’ubufatanye bushobora gusubirwamwo igabanya ugugabanya ubushobozi bw’umuyaga n’izuba vyari kurenga ubushobozi bw’uruzitiro. Texas yagabanyije ibice birenga 5% vy’umuyaga ushobora gukoreshwa mu myaka iheze; ububiko bushizwe mu buryo bubereye burashobora gufata izo nguvu zishobora gutakazwa ubusa.
Uwo murongo w’ibice usigura igituma imigambi y’amabateri idakunda kwizigira umugezi umwe w’amahera. Imigambi iroraniwe iteranya ivyifuzo vyinshi vy’agaciro-ugucuruza ubukemurampaka bw’inguvu, ugutunganya incuro, n’ibikorwa vy’ubushobozi icarimwe-kugira ngo umuntu ashike ku nyungu yemewe ku vyo yashoye.
Ukwigenga vs. Co-Imitunganyirize iri
Uko amabateri atunganijwe mu buryo bw’umubiri bijanye n’ubuhinga bushobora gusubirwamwo, bituma habaho uburyo bubiri butandukanye bwo gukora bufise ibiranga ubuhinga n’ubutunzi bitandukanye.
Uburyo bw’amabateri bwigenga bufatanya n’uruzitiro ku bibanza vy’ugutanga canke vy’ugukwiragiza, bitandukanye n’inkomoko iyo ari yo yose y’umuyagankuba. Baca bafata amahera bava mu ruvange rw'uruzitiro-rushobora kubamwo amakara y'ibisigazwa, ivy'imishwarara, n'ibindi bishobora gusubirwamwo-hanyuma bagasubira gusohoka kugira ngo bakoreshe ivy'uruzitiro vyose bikenewe. Izo sisitemu zitanga ubushobozi bwo guhindura ibikorwa kubera ko zitaboshe ku vyo uruganda rushobora gusubira gusohora. Texas ni yo irongoye Amerika mu gukoresha ubuhinga bwigenga bufise ubushobozi burenga 5 GW, bukoreshwa cane cane mu gutegeka incuro n’ubushobozi bwo hejuru.
Intambamyi y'imirongo yigenga ni uko isaba urutonde rw'uguhindura AC-DC-AC. Inguvu za AC z’uruzitiro zihinduka DC kugira ngo zishaje bateri, hanyuma zigasubira guhinduka AC kugira ngo zishiremwo umuriro. Intambwe yose yo guhindura itakaza nk'ibice 2-3% vy'ubushobozi, bikavamwo ubushobozi bwo gusubira inyuma-bw'urugendo rwa 85-90%. Ikindi, uburyo bwigenga ntibushobora guhabwa inkunga z’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo nk’imigambi iri kumwe.
Co-uburyo bushiraho amabateri hafi cane y'amatongo y'izuba ashobora gusubirwamwo-akenshi. Ivyo bihimba biza mu buryo bubiri. DC-coupled systems zihuza amabateri ataco zihinduye ku bikoresho vy’izuba imbere y’inverter, bikaba bituma inguvu z’izuba DC zishobora gushaja amabateri ata guhindura AC. Ubu buryo bwo guhindura bumwe-bushika ku 96-98% y'urugendo rw'urugendo-. Uburyo bufatanye n’umuyagankuba bufatanya amabateri inyuma y’umuhinduzi w’izuba biciye ku bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none bitandukanye, bikaba bituma vyoroha gusubira gukoreshwa mu bikoresho vy’izuba vyariho ariko bisaba intambwe imwe y’inyongera yo guhindura.
Co-sisitemu ziri ahantu hamwe zituma uruvyaro rushobora gusubirwamwo rugenda neza mu buryo bwinshi. Bituma habaho uguhinduka kw’ibisohoka bitewe n’ibicu bica, bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi. Bahindura ubuhinga bushobora gusubirwamwo buja ku masaha y'agaciro kanini-, bagatorera umuti ingorane y'"duck curve" aho ubuhinga bw'izuba bushika ku rwego rwo hejuru ku muhingamo ariko ubukene bushika ku rwego rwo hejuru ku mugoroba. Bafata uruvyaro rushobora gusubirwamwo rwoba rwagabanutse mu bihe vy’uruja n’uruza rwinshi. Umugambi w’ububiko bw’izuba bwa Gemini Solar Plus bufise ubushobozi bwa 690 MW muri Nevada ufise ubushobozi bwa 380 MW/1.416 MWh bw’amabateri, bikaba bituma ushobora gutanga ubushobozi bukomeye ku ruzitiro rw’amashanyarazi n’inyuma y’aho izuba rirenze.
Igihagararo ca mbere c'imirongo iri hamwe ni ukugabanya uguhinduranya inkomoko z'ugushaja n'igihe. Uburyo bwo kubika izuba-plus-mu kirere co mu buraruko bushobora kwicara ataco bukora mu gihe c’imbeho ku mugoroba igihe izuba rikora ari rito cane, ridashobora gutanga ibikorwa bateri yigenga yoshobora gutanga mu kuyishaja ivuye ku ruzitiro.
Amakuru y'Ibikorwa vy'Isi vy'ukuri-
Ikigo c'ububiko bw'inguvu ca Moss Landing muri California gitanga ibipimo vy'ibikorwa vy'ukuri bitanga umuco ku kuntu ububiko bw'urugero runini-bukora mu bikorwa. Ico kibanza gifise ubushobozi bw’inguvu 750 MW n’ububiko bw’inguvu 3.000 MWh, kikaba ari kimwe mu bibanza binini kuruta ibindi vyose kw’isi bizoshiramwo amabateri kuva mu mwaka w’2025.
Ico kibanza gifise ubuhinga bubiri bufatanye-Ubuhinga bwa Vistra bufise ubushobozi bwa 750 MW bukoresha ibikoresho vy’amabateri vya LG Energy Solution TR1300 mu nzu yahinduwe ikoreshwamwo gaze kavukire, n’ubuhinga bwa PG&E bufise ubushobozi bwa 182,5 MW Tesla Megapack. Izo nzira zompi zigira uruhara mu masoko y’amashanyarazi y’i California, ahanini zitanga ubukemurampaka bw’inguvu n’ibikorwa vy’inyongera.
Mu gihe c’ibikorwa bisanzwe vyo mu ci, amabateri arashaja mu gihe c’izuba ryinshi ku muhingamo iyo ibiciro vy’ubudandaji bigabanutse bikaja ku madolari 20-40/MWh canke rimwe na rimwe bikaja mu bibazo. Ivyo gusohora amazi ku mugoroba bitangura nko ku isaha ya 4-5 z’ijoro uko ubushobozi bw’izuba bugabanuka ariko ubukene burabandanya kwiyongera, ibiciro vy’ubudandaji bishika ku madolari 80-150/MWh mu gihe c’ubushuhe. Uwo murongo w’ubukemurampaka utanga inyungu y’amadolari 20.000-100.000 kuri MW ku mwaka bivanye n’ingene isoko rimeze, naho nyene uguhinduka kw’ibiciro bituma ivyitezwe bidatomoye.
Ukwihutisha kw’inyishu kw’ico kigo kwagaragaye ko ari ikintu gihambaye cane mu gihe c’ubushuhe bwo muri Nzero 2022 igihe California yaririnze kuzimya. Uburyo bwo kubika amabateri mu gihugu cose, harimwo na Moss Landing, bwavuye hafi -zero gushika ku gusohoka kwuzuye mu minota itarenga 10, bitanga ubushobozi bwa 3.3 GW kugira ngo bushike ku gipimo c’isaha zitanu z’ijoro. Ivyo bimenyetso vyihuta -bidashoboka ku bikoresho vy'ubushuhe bisaba amasaha kugira ngo bitangure-vyabujije uruzitiro gusenyuka.
Ingorane zo gukora zaje kare. Muri Nzero 2021, ikintu cabaye c’ugushuha cane catumye ubuhinga bwose bw’amashanyarazi 300 MW Phase 1 buva ku murongo kugira ngo hakorwe itohoza. Muri Mukakaro 2025, umuriro wo muri ico kibanza cagutse wararononekaye ubushobozi bwinshi kandi uratuma habaho ivyiyumviro vy’umutekano, bituma habaho kwongereza ibisabwa vyo kuzimya umuriro mu mato yose y’amabateri yo muri California. Ivyo bintu vyatwaye Vistra amadolari 400 miliyoni n’imigambi yo kwagura, bikaba vyerekana ko ububiko bw’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga n’ivy’amahera bufise ingorane nyazo z’ubuhinga n’ivy’amahera naho bufise inyungu.
Ishirahamwe ry’ubuhinga bwa none ryitwa Hornsdale Power Reserve muri Australiya y’Epfo ritanga inyigisho itandukanye yibanze ku bikorwa vyo gutuma uruja n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi biguma bimeze neza aho kwibanda ku bijanye n’uguca imanza z’inguvu. Ubuhinga bwa 150 MW/193.5 MWh buratanga ubugenzuzi bw’incuro n’ibikorwa vy’inyongera mw’isoko ry’amateka ryari riganzwa n’amageneratore akorana n’ibindi. Mu mwaka wa mbere w’ibikorwa, iyo bateri yafashe 55% vy’isoko ry’ibikorwa vy’inyongera vyo kugenzura incuro mu kugabanya amageneratore ariho ku giciro n’umuvuduko.
Amakuru y’ubutunzi yo muri Hornsdale yerekana ko amafaranga yinjira mu gucungera incuro zigera ku madolari 15-25 miliyoni ku mwaka, n’inyungu z’inyongera zivuye mu gucungera inguvu zigera ku madolari 5-10 miliyoni. Iryo koraniro ryatwaye amadolari 90 y’Amerika kugira ngo ryubakwe (nk’amadolari 65 y’Amerika), ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko umuntu ashobora kwishura imyaka 4-6 imbere y’uko amafaranga y’itunga asubirwamwo. Ariko rero, ukugabanya ibiciro vy’ugucungera incuro uko amabateri menshi yinjira mw’isoko biratera ubwoba inyungu zo muri kazoza, bikaba vyerekana ingorane yo kugumana inyungu z’ubutunzi uko ububiko bugenda buragwira.
Ubutunzi: Igituma Ibiciro Biguma Bigabanuka
Ubutunzi bwo kubika amabateri bwahindutse cane mu myaka cumi iheze, bushingiye ku rugero rw’uguhingura mu bijanye n’imiduga y’amashanyarazi no guhindura ibikoresho nyamukuru.
Ibiciro vy’amabateri ya Lithium-ion vyagabanutse 82% hagati ya 2013 na 2023, kuva ku madolari 780/kWh gushika ku madolari 139/kWh nk’uko bigaragara mu makuru y’ishirahamwe ry’inguvu zisukuye ryo muri Amerika. Mu mwaka w’2024, ibiciro vyaragabanutse ibindi bice 20% kubera ukuntu ibintu vyinshi vyari bikenewe mu bikorwa vy’ubuhinga vy’Abashinwa be n’uguhiganwa gukomeye. BloombergNEF ivuga ko ibiciro vy’ibikoresho vy’amabateri bishobora kugwa munsi y’amadolari 100/kWh mu mwaka w’2030, abahinga bamwebamwe bavuga ko amadolari 75/kWh yoshobora gushikwako mu ntango z’imyaka ya 2030.
Ukwo kugabanya ibiciro birahindura cane ubutunzi bw’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo. Ku madolari 780/kWh, ubuhinga bwa bateri 100 MW/400 MWh bwatwaye amadolari 312 miliyoni, bisaba imyaka 15-20 y’amahera kugira ngo umuntu asubire kuronka amafaranga y’itunga-igihe kirekire cane kubera ukuntu amabateri yasenyutse. Ku madolari 139/kWh, iyo nzira nyene igura amadolari 56 miliyoni, bishobora gushikako mu myaka 6-10. Ku madolari 75/kWh, igiciro kigabanuka kikaja ku madolari 30 miliyoni, bikaba bituma ububiko bushobora guhangana n’ibigo bikora gaze mbere n’imbere y’uko umuntu yiyumvira igiciro c’ibidukikije.
Ibiciro vyo gushiramwo birenze amabateri ubwavyo vyongera hafi 30-50% ku giciro cose c'umugambi. Umugambi w’ubuhinga-ku rugero rw’amadolari 150/kWh ku bice bishobora gushika ku madolari 200-225/kWh igiciro cose gishizweho inyuma yo gushiramwo ama inverter, uburyo bwo gukonjesha, gutegura ahantu, guhuza uruzitiro, n’ubuhinga. Ivyo biguzi vy’uburinganire bw’imirongo bigabanuka buhoro cane kuruta ibiciro vy’ingingo, bikaba bituma habaho igorofa munsi y’aho ibiciro vyose bidashobora kugwa bitagoranye.
Ibiciro vyo gukoresha ububiko bwa bateri bigenda $5-15/kW-umwaka ku bijanye no kwitaho, ubwishingizi, n’amahera yo gufatanya n’uruzitiro, hamwe n’ibiciro vyo gusubirira ibice bishobora gusenyuka imbere y’uko ubuzima bwavyo buhera. Inverters mu bisanzwe zisaba gusubirwamwo inyuma y’imyaka 10-12, amafaranga yo kwongerera ubushobozi asubirira ubushobozi bwatakajwe n’ugusenyuka, kandi uburyo bwo gucunga ubushuhe burakeneye gukoreshwa mu bihe bitandukanye. Hashizwemwo ivyo biguzi, igiciro c’ububiko-gisa n’igiciro c’inguvu zo guhingura-kiva ku madolari 120-200/MWh ku bikorwa vy’ubukemurampaka bw’inguvu bivanye n’incuro n’uburebure bw’inguvu.
Ubushobozi bwo kwinjira buratandukanye cane bivanye n’aho umuntu ari be n’ingene akoreshwa. Amasoko afise uguhinduka kw’ibiciro hagati y’igihe c’isonga n’igihe c’isonga-isonga -California, Texas, intara zimwe zimwe zo mu buraruko bushira ubuseruko bwa Amerika-atanga amahirwe meza yo gukemura ibibazo. Amasoko afise ubushobozi bwo gusubira gukoreshwa cane arahura n’ingorane zo kugabanya ububiko bushobora gutorera umuti mu buryo bubereye. Amasoko afise ibikorwa remezo vy’uruja n’uruza bishaje aha agaciro ubushobozi bwo gusubiramwo ivyiza vyo gutanga amakuru. Igikoresho co gushiramwo amabateri mu ntara ya Texas kironka amadolari 25.000/MW ku mwaka gihura n’ubutunzi butandukanye cane n’ico mu bisagara vya California bifise ingorane zironka amadolari 75.000/MW ku mwaka.
Igiciro kigabanuka kiratuma habaho inguvu zishimishije: kurindira gukoresha ububiko bisigura igiciro gito ariko kandi bicereje gukusanya amafaranga kandi bituma abahiganwa bafata amahirwe y'agaciro kanini -. Imigambi ya mbere mu mwaka w’2015-2018 yarishe ibiciro vyinshi ariko ikaba yararonse amasezerano meza. Imigambi irungikwa ubu iriha amafaranga make ariko irahura n’uguhiganwa kwinshi n’ibiciro vy’isoko bigabanutse ku bikorwa vyayo.
Igihe: Amasaha ane-Igabane
Ubu uburyo bwo kubika amabateri bukoresha cane cane amasaha 2-4 y’ugusohoka, ivyo bikaba ari uburenganzira bushirwaho n’ubuhinga bwa shimi, ubutunzi, n’ivyo uruzitiro rukeneye.
Ico kigereranyo c’amasaha 4-cavuye mu gusuzuma imirongo y’umuzigo w’umunsi-uburyo bw’umuyagankuba bukenewe ku musi. Ama grid menshi agira amasaha menshi cane mu masaha 3-6 mu gihe c’inyuma y’umuhingamo no mu gicugu, agabanuka kugira ngo agabanye amasaha y’ijoro. Bateri y’amasaha 4 ishobora kubika izuba ryo mu gicugu no gusohoka biciye mu gihe c’isonga ry’umugoroba, igatorera umuti ukudahuza kw’umusi ku musi hagati y’ukuboneka kw’izuba n’ingene rikenewe.
Ico gihe kirafise insiguro mu vy’ubutunzi kubera ko igiciro gitandukanye ku nguvu (MW) n’inguvu (MWh). Inguvu-ibiciro bijanye-ibihindura, guhuza uruzitiro, gutegura urubuga{3}}biganza uburyo bumara igihe gito-. Inguvu-ibiciro bijanye-ibice vya bateri-biganza igihe kirekire. Ivyiza vy’ubutunzi ku litiyumu-ion ubu bica ku masaha 4-6 aho ibice vyose bibiri vy’igiciro biringaniye.
Inyuma y’amasaha 4, ubuhinga bundi burarushiriza guhangana. Ububiko bw’amashanyarazi bukoreshwa n’amapompa, bufise ubushobozi bwa 1.000-3.000 MW n’igihe c’amasaha 6-12, bugura amadolari 50-100/kWh ku gice c’ububiko-buke cane kuruta amabateri-naho bisaba ibibanza vyihariye (imisozi, amazi). Ububiko bw'inguvu z'umuyaga n'amabateri agendagenda bigamije amasaha 8-12. Ku bijanye n’ububiko bw’ibihe (imisi gushika ku mezi), uguhingura ihydrogène biciye mu gukoresha amashanyarazi biragaragara nk’umuti ushoboka, naho nyene ibiciro vy’ubu biguma ari vyinshi.
Ivyo bifise akamaro kubera ko abahinga bamwebamwe bavuga ko gushika ku rwego rwo hejuru cane rw’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo (80-90% vy’inguvu z’uruzitiro) bisaba ububiko bw’imisi myinshi kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gukuraho ibihe vy’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo zidakomeye. Inkubi y’umuyaga y’urushana y’indwi-ifise izuba ritoyi n’umuyaga ugabanutse yoshobora kubaho rimwe canke kabiri mu mwaka, ariko gutegura ivyo bisaba kwubaka cane ubushobozi bwo gusubiramwo, gucungera amakara y’ibisigazwa, canke kubika igihe kirekire. Ubutunzi bw’amabateri bwo muri iki gihe buragwana n’ibikorwa bisaba gusohoka incuro 10-50 gusa mu mwaka, kuko amafaranga y’itunga adashobora gusubirwamwo biciye mu gukoresha amagare make.
Ubushakashatsi ku buhinga bwa bateri bumara igihe kirekire- burabandanya. Bateri zigenda zitandukanya ububiko bw'inguvu (ubunini bw'itangi) n'ubushobozi bw'inguvu (ubunini bw'ikirundo), mu vyiyumviro bishoboza amasaha 100+ mu kwagura gusa ibidengeri. Amabateri y'icuma{4}}y'umuyaga asezerana gusohoka amasaha 100-ku giciro gitoyi kuruta litiyumu-ion, naho aguma ari imbere y'ubucuruzi. Ububiko bw'inguvu z'ubushuhe-ibikoresho vy'ubushuhe nk'umusenyi canke umunyu ushonze-bitanga iyindi nzira y'igihe kirekire, cane cane ku bikorwa vy'inganda.
Ugushiramwo uruzitiro: Ingorane z'ubuhinga n'imiti
Gufatanya amabateri manini manini n’uruzitiro rw’umuyagankuba birazana ingorane z’ubuhinga zirenze gusa gutera intsinga. Abakoresha uruja n’uruza bategerezwa gucungera ubushobozi bwihuta amabateri ashobora gutuma haba, gucungera umutekano mu gihe c’amakosa, no guhuza n’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga biriho.
Ububiko bwa bateri buhindura urugero rwa kera rw'uruzitiro. Amageneratore asanzwe afise inertia kavukire-inguvu z’inyigisho mu bikoresho bizunguruka zirwanya amahinduka y’incuro, zigatuma uruzitiro ruhagarara. Bateri zifise zero inertie y’akameremere; inverter yabo-ishingiye ku guhuza n'uruzitiro bishobora mu vy'ukuri gutuma incuro zidahungabana iyo zitagenzurwa neza. Abakoresha uruzitiro bamenyereye gutegura amasaha y’ugutanga umuriro imbere y’igihe bategerezwa kumenyera ibikoresho bishobora kuboneka canke bikabura mu masegonda makeyi.
Ibihindura bikora uruzitiro-bigereranya umuti umwe. Inverters zikurikira uruzitiro rwa kera-zikorana n’uruzitiro ruriho, bisaba ayandi mageneratore gushinga umuriro n’incuro. Inverters zikora uruzitiro-zishobora kwigenga gushinga no kubungabunga ibipimo vy'uruzitiro, zituma amabateri akora mu buryo bw'izinga canke mu buryo bw'uruzitiro bugoyagoya. Ishirahamwe ry’ububiko bwa 2 GW/4.2 GWh ryo muri Australiya ryemejwe mu 2022 ryasaba cane cane ubushobozi bwo guhingura uruzitiro- kugira ngo risubirire ibikorwa vy’ugushikama vyahora bitangwa n’amahinguriro y’amakara.
Ibisabwa vyo guhuza biratandukanye cane bivanye n'ububasha ariko mu bisanzwe birimwo ibisobanuro vy'uburyo bw'ububasha, ubushobozi bwo gutwara amakosa-biciye mu bushobozi, n'ubufasha bw'ububasha bushobora gusubiza. Uburyo bw’ububasha buratuma umuriro uva muri bateri uguma ufise umuriro n’incuro zidahinduka ata n’amajwi yoshobora kwonona ibikoresho bifise ubushobozi bwo gukora. Ikosa ride-through risaba amabateri kuguma ahuye mu gihe c'ibintu vy'umurongo muto-, bitanga ugushikama aho gutsitara ata murongo. Infashanyo y’ubushobozi bufasha kubungabunga umuriro mu mirongo y’ugutanga amakuru, cane cane bihambaye uko amageneratore akorana n’ibindi agenda araruhuka.
Umurongo w’uguhuza urema intambamyi zo gukoresha zitari zitezwe. Mu mwaka w’2024, umugambi usanzwe warindiriye amezi 50 kuva usaba gushika ku masezerano yo guhuza, hanyuma bisaba 3+ imyaka y’inyongera kugira ngo wubakwe. Iyi myaka 6{8}}8 kuva mu gutegura gushika mu bikorwa bisigura ko imigambi yatangujwe mu 2025 yerekana uko isoko ryifashe n'ubuhinga kuva mu 2017-2019. Ivy’uguhagarika uruhererekane rw’ugutanga ibikoresho muri iri dirisha vyatumye haba ingorane zo gukoresha amabanki-imigambi yemejwe hakurikijwe ivyiyumviro bitandukanye vy’igiciro yoshobora kutaronka inyungu yitezwe.
Ubushobozi bwo gutanga amakuru buragabanya aho ububiko bushobora gukoreshwa neza. Bateri y’amashanyarazi 500 MW mu karere gafise ubushobozi bwo gutanga amakuru 300 MW gusa ntishobora gutanga ubushobozi bwayo bwose iyo bikenewe, ivyo bikaba bigabanya agaciro kayo. Ku rundi ruhande, ububiko buri ku bibanza bifise uburenganzira bushobora gutanga agaciro kanini cane mu gukuraho umudugararo ataco bisaba guhindura ubuhinga bwo gutanga amakuru bizimvye.
Ingorane zo gutegekanya no gutegura urutonde zirakura uko ububiko bwinjira. Abakoresha uruja n’uruza rw’amazi bararinganiza ugutanga n’ugusaba biciye mu masoko y’umusi-imbere n’ay’igihe nyaco-, bisaba ko amasaha 24-36 imbere y’igihe. Bateri zongerako ikintu gishobora kugenzurwa coshobora kworohereza iyo nzira, ariko gusa iyo abazikoresha bashobora kumenya neza ubushobozi buriho, ingaruka z’ugusenyuka, n’igiciro c’akaryo ko gushaja n’ugukuraho.
Ikibazo c'umutekano: Ingaruka z'umuriro n'ukuzigabanya
Umuriro w'amabateri ya litiyumu-ion uracari ikibazo gikomeye ku bijanye no gukoresha ububiko, n'ibintu bikomeye-vyura ibibazo ku bijanye n'ubushobozi bw'ubuhinga.
Thermal runaway-inyishu y'imiti yikomeza aho ubushuhe buva burenze ubushuhe bugenda -bugereranya uburyo bwa mbere bwo kunanirwa. Iyo urugingo rushitse ku bushuhe buri hejuru ya degre 150-200 bivuye ku nzira ngufi zo mu mutima, ku nzitizi zo mu guhingura canke ku kwononekara hanze, ivyifuzo vy’ubushuhe biva hanze biranyaruka. Ubushuhe buva ku ngingo imwe idakora neza burashobora gukwiragira mu ngingo ngenderwako ziri hafi, bikaba bituma habaho ukunanirwa kw’ibice bimwebimwe bitera umuriro, kandi mu bihe bibi kuruta, bikaba bituma haba ibisasu.
Amakuru yerekeye ivyabaye kuva mu 2018-2023 yerekana ibiharuro vy’ukunanirwa vy’ibice nka 0.05-0.15% mu bikoresho vy’uruzitiro-bisobanura ivyago 1-3 ku mirongo y’ibikorwa 1.000. Koreya y’Epfo yarashikiwe n’ibibazo vyinshi mu mwaka w’2017-2019, mu gihe umuriro wa Moss Landing muri Mukakaro 2025 wononekaye amajana y’ubushobozi bwa megawatts. Ivyo bintu bihuriyeko: uburyo bwo gukonjesha butabereye, uburebure budahagije hagati y’ibice vy’amabateri, n’uguteba kumenya umuriro.
LFP chemistry itanga ubushuhe bwiza cane ugereranije na NMC. Bateri za LFP zica mu nzira y’ubushuhe ku 270 degrees ugereranije na 210 degrees ku NMC, bikaba bitanga umutekano munini. Oxygène iri mu mibumbe y’ikibiriti ya LFP irafatanya cane kuruta iyo NMC ifatanya, ivyo bikaba bigabanya ingorane zo kurekura oxygène itera umuriro. Ubu buhinga bwo gucungera umutekano bwatumye habaho uguhinduka kw'ububiko bwa LFP, aho LFP ishika ku 85% vy'umugabane w'isoko mu migambi mishasha y'ubuhinga -mu 2024.
Guzimya umuriro mu gushiramwo amabateri birahura n’ingorane zidasanzwe. Amazi arashobora gukorana n’ivyuma bita litiyumu, naho nyene mu migero ya none harimwo amazi yihariye akoresha amazi nk’umugabo mwiza kugira ngo akonje ata ngorane zitera. Ivyuma bikoresha gazi zidakora bikuraho umwuka w’ikirere bikora neza ku bibanza bitobito ariko biragorwa mu bibanza bininibinini. Hariho ubuhinga bumwe bumwe bukoresha ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro bikoreshwa n’umuriro w’amazi, naho ivyo vyongera amahera menshi.
Ibisabwa mu mategeko y’inyubako vyarateye imbere cane. Ivyo California yahinduye mu mwaka w’2025 bisaba ko habaho ikibanza gitoyi hagati y’ibikoresho vy’amabateri, ivyuho vy’impwemu kugira ngo ntihagire gazi yirundanira, n’inzitizi z’ubushuhe hagati y’ibice. Ivyuma bishasha bitegerezwa kwerekana igihe co kumenya umuriro no kuwuzimya kiri munsi y’amasegonda 30. Ivyo bisabwa vyongera 10-15% ku giciro co gushiramwo ariko bikagabanya cane ingorane.
Inyishu y'uruganda rw'ubwishingizi itanga isuzuma ry'ingaruka rishingiye ku isoko-. Ivyiza vy'imigambi yo kubika amabateri mu ntango vyashitse kuri 2-3% vy'agaciro k'umugambi ku mwaka-bizimvye cane ku bategura benshi. Uko uburyo bwo gucungera umutekano bwagenda buratera imbere kandi n’ibiharuro vy’ivyago vyagenda birahagarara, amafaranga y’impongano yaragabanutse ashika kuri 0,5-1% y’agaciro k’umugambi, agereranywa n’ibindi bibanza vy’inganda. Ariko rero, amashirahamwe y’ubwishingizi ubu asaba ko haba ugusubiramwo mu buryo burambuye kw’abahinga, gusuzuma ubudasiba amashusho y’ubushuhe, be n’ibimenyetso vyemewe vy’abahinguzi b’amabateri-intambamyi zikunda abakinyi bamaze gushinga imizi kuruta abashasha binjira.
Ivyo Bishika Iyo Amabateri Ashaje
Ugusenyuka kwa bateri ni kwo kugena ubuzima bw’ubutunzi bw’uburyo bwo kubika, n’uburyo bwinshi bufasha ubushobozi n’ububasha kuzimangana uko igihe kigenda kirarenga.
Ugukura kw’ikirangamisi kurabandanya, mbere n’aho ata n’ikinga. Buhoro buhoro iyon za litiyumu zica zifatwa n’umutego mu gice gikomeye-c’ibara ry’umuyagankuba gica ku ruhande rw’ibara ry’umuyagankuba. Ukwo gutakaza litiyumu kudasubira inyuma kugabanya ubushobozi buriho hafi 2-3% ku mwaka mu mirongo y’uburyo, bisobanura ko bateri ifise ubushobozi bwa 100 MWh iyo ari nshasha yoshobora gutanga 80 MWh gusa inyuma y’imyaka 10 naho yoba itazokwigera ikoreshwa. Ubushuhe bwinshi bwihuta cane gukura kw'ikirangamisi-bateri ibitswe ku bushuhe bwa degre 40 yihuta incuro zibiri kurusha imwe ku bushuhe bwa degre 25.
Inzinguzingu y'ugukura kuva ku charge-ibikorwa vy'ugusohoka bitera ingaruka z'ikirangamisi. Igihe cose iyo nzira itera umubabaro w’ubuhinga uko ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vyaguka kandi bikagabanuka, hamwe n’ugusenyuka kw’imiti y’amashanyarazi n’igitandukanya. Ivyiyumviro vyinshi vy’amashanyarazi vyihuta gukura mu gutuma haba ubushuhe bwinshi n’imibabaro. Ivyiyumviro vy’ugusohoka kw’amazi bikomeye (100% gushika kuri 0%) bitera ugusenyuka kw’ibintu nk’incuro 3 kurusha ivyifuzo vy’ugusohoka kw’amazi bikomeye (80% gushika kuri 20%), bikaba bituma haba ubudandaji bw’ubutunzi-bwavuzwe imbere.
Uguzimangana kw’ubushobozi n’uguzimangana kw’ububasha bigira ingaruka ku bukungu bwa sisitemu mu buryo butandukanye. Uguzimangana kw’ubushobozi kugabanya inguvu zose zishobora kubikwa-bateri y’ama MWh 100 yoshobora guzimangana ikagera kuri 80 MWh inyuma y’ingendo 4.000 ku 80% y’uburebure bw’ugusohoka. Guzimangana kw'inguvu kwongerera ubudahangarwa bwo mu mutima, bikagabanya ibipimo vy'ugushaja n'ugusohoka. Uburyo mu ntango bushobora gutanga 100 MW bwoshobora kugabanuka bukaja kuri 85 MW uko ubushobozi bwo kurwanya bugenda buragwira, bikagabanya amafaranga yinjira mu bikorwa bisaba gusubiza vuba.
Imiterere y'igarantiya igerageza kwimurira ingorane zo kwonona hagati y'abahinguzi n'abahinguzi b'amabateri. Ivyemezo bisanzwe bitanga icemezo c’uko ubushobozi buzogumaho 70-80% inyuma y’imyaka 10 canke inzinguzingu 4.000-7.000, ico ari co cose kizoza imbere. Iyo bateri yononekaye ningoga, uwuyikora arariha nyen’iyo bateri. Iyo igenda irasenyuka buhorobuhoro, nyen’iyo nzira aravyungukirako mu buzima buramba bw’ingirakamaro. Ibiciro vya garanti bigereranya 10-20% vy’ibiciro vy’amabateri, bikaba vyerekana ko abahinguzi bizigira ibintu vyabo.
Ukwongerekana-kwongera ubushobozi bushasha bwa bateri kugira ngo busubirire ubushobozi bwasenyutse-bituma ubuzima bwa sisitemu buramba ku rugero rwa 30-50% rw’igiciro ca mbere ku kWh kuko ibikorwa remezo biriho bigumaho. Umugambi woshobora gushiramwo amashanyarazi 100 MWh mu ntango, ukongerako 20 MWh inyuma y’imyaka 8 kugira ngo ubushobozi busubireho, hanyuma ukongerako ayandi 20 MWh inyuma y’imyaka 16, ugashika ku myaka 20 y’ubuzima bwo gukora. Ivyo vyoba bifise insiguro mu vy’ubutunzi bivana n’ingene amabateri mashasha agenda n’ingene imitungo isanzwe ikora.
Ibikorwa vya kabiri-ubuzima bw'amabateri y'ububiko bw'uruzitiro biguma ahanini ari ivy'imyiyumviro. Udakunze amabateri ya EV afata ikiruhuko c’izabukuru ku bushobozi bwa 70{3}}80% afise ubushobozi bwo gukoreshwa bike-bisaba guhagarara, amabateri y’uruzitiro akora gushika ku bushobozi bwa 60-70%, agasiga agaciro gatoyi k’amasigarira. Igiciro co gukuraho, kugerageza, gutoranya, gusubira gupfunyika no gutanga uburenganzira bwo gutanga utugingo ngengabuzima twakoreshejwe akenshi kirarenga igiciro c’utugingo ngengabuzima tushasha, canecane igihe ibiciro biguma bigabanuka. Gusubira gukoresha ibintu kugira ngo umuntu abone litiyumu, kobalt na nickel biraza nk’inzira y’iherezo ry’ubuzima ikwegera cane mu vy’ubutunzi.
Ibibazo bikunze kwibazwa
Bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gushaja ubuhinga bwo kubika amabateri?
Igihe co gucagura kivana n’inguvu za bateri zigereranywa n’ubushobozi bwayo bw’inguvu. Bateri y’amashanyarazi 60 MW ifise ubushobozi bwa 240 MWh (uburyo bw’amasaha 4) irashaja yose mu masaha 4 ku nguvu nyinshi, naho abayikoresha badakunda gucasha ku rugero rwo hejuru badahagarara. Ivyo bikoresho bisanzwe bifata amasaha arenga 6-8 mu bihe vy’ibiciro bito vy’amashanyarazi canke amashanyarazi arengeje urugero, ivyo bikaba bigabanya umubabaro kuri bateri kandi bikaba bituma ikora neza. Gucagura vyihuta ku nguvu nyinshi cane bitera ubushuhe bwinshi kandi vyihuta gusenyuka, ni co gituma gukoresha neza mu vy’ubutunzi akenshi bikoresha ibiciro vy’ugucagura bigenda buhoro kiretse ibimenyetso vy’igiciro bishigikiye cane gucagura vyihuta.
Mbega ububiko bwa bateri bwoba bushobora gukora mu bihe bikanye?
Bateri za litiyumu-ion zishobora kugabanya ubushobozi ziri munsi ya degre 0 kandi zishobora kwonona ubudasiba iyo zishizwe munsi ya degre -10 . Ivyuma bikoreshwa mu bihe vy’ubukonje-bisaba uburyo bukomeye bwo gushushanya kugira ngo ubushuhe bubeho, bikaba bifata 5-10% vy’inguvu zose zikoreshwa mu mezi y’imbeho. Hari ibikoresho bimwebimwe bishirwa mu bihugu vyo mu buraruko bwa Amerika no muri Kanada bibanza gushushanya amabateri bikoresheje ubushobozi bw’uruzitiro canke ubushuhe butari bwo imbere y’uko bishaja, ivyo bikaba bituma bikoreshwa bigorana kandi bikaba bitwara amahera menshi. Bateri zikoreshwa n’amazi be n’ibindi bikoresho bimwebimwe bishobora kwihanganira ubukonje kuruta litiyumu-ion, ivyo bikaba bituma zishobora gukwegwakwegwa n’abantu mu bihe vy’ikirere bikomeye cane naho nyene zigura amahera menshi mu ntango.
None ububiko bwa bateri bugenda gute iyo uruzitiro rwacitse?
Ivyinshi mu bikoresho vy'amabateri y'urugero -bica bica mu gihe uruzitiro rwazimye kugira ngo birinde abakozi basanura uruzitiro-ntibashobora kumenya nimba umurongo ufise umuriro kubera ko ufise inguvu canke kubera ko abakozi bo ku murongo bariho. Intumbero-imirongo mito mito canke izinga-ubushobozi bushobora kubungabunga amashanyarazi ku bibanza vyihariye mu gihe c'uguhagarara, ariko ivyo bisaba ubushobozi bwo gukora umurongo-wongereweko n'ubugenzuzi bw'izinga. Uburyo bw'amabateri yo mu nzu akenshi burimwo uburinzi bw'umuriro, guhindukira ata nkomanzi ku buryo bw'ubushobozi bwo gusubiza inyuma, ariko iyo mikorere mu bisanzwe ntiyinjira mu buryo bw'ubuhinga-bw'urugero bwibanda ku gutuma ubutunzi butera imbere aho kwibanda ku kwihangana.
Ni inguvu zingahe zishobora gusubirwamwo iyo nzira ishobora gukoresha ata kubika?
Isesengura ritandukanye hakurikijwe akarere, ariko inyigisho zivuga ko amabarabara ashobora gushiramwo 30-40% vy’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo (ku bijanye n’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo ku mwaka) ata kubika cane, hakoreshejwe ingufu zishobora guhinduka ziriho n’ugutanga kugira ngo zicunge uguhinduka. Inyuma y’ibice 50% vy’ugusubira kwinjira, ububiko canke ibindi bisubizo vyo guhinduranya bica birushiriza kuba ngombwa kugira ngo umuntu ntiyigabanye kandi akomeze kwizigirwa. Isesengura ry’Ubuhinde ryerekanye ko iyo nzira ishobora kwakira 22% vy’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo (160 GW) ata yindi nzira yo kubika, mu gihe California ikoresha inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo zikomeye zasaba ko habaho ububiko bwinshi kugira ngo irenge 60% vy’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo. Igitigiri kidasanzwe kivana n’uruvange rw’ibikoresho bishobora gusubirwamwo, uburyo bwo gusaba, ubuhinga bushobora guhinduka buhari, n’ubushobozi bwo gutanga amakuru.
Inzira y'imbere
Iterambere ry'ububiko bwa bateri rikurikira uburyo bushobora gutegekanirwa bushingiye ku bikenewe, ibiciro vy'ubuhinga, n'infashanyo y'amategeko. California na Texas ni zo zirongoye ugushirwaho kwa Amerika n’abashoferi batandukanye cane-California ivyuriwe umutima n’intumbero zikomeye zishobora gusubirwamwo n’ikiruhuko c’izabukuru c’ibikoresho vy’amazuku, Texas n’amasoko y’ubudandaji y’ingero n’ivy’ugusubiramwo ibintu bikenewe.
Mu mwaka w’2030, ibiharuro vyerekana ko ubushobozi bwo kubika amabateri kw’isi yose buzoshika kuri 1 TW/3 TWh, bikaba bigereranya iterambere ry’incuro hafi indwi-ugereranije n’ingero ziriho ubu. Ubushinwa bufise hafi 45% vy’ivyongeweko biteguwe biciye mu ngingo ngenderwako zifasha zisaba imigambi ishobora gusubirwamwo kugira ngo hagiremwo ububiko. Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ziteze ko zizotanga 98 GW mu mwaka w’2030 zishingiye ku mirongo y’imiyoboro y’imigambi iriho ubu. Intumbero y’Uburayi yo gushika ku 200 GW mu mwaka w’2030 isaba kwihutisha cane ugereranije n’ibipimo vy’ugukoresha ubu.
Uguhinduranya ikoranabuhanga bisa n’ibishoboka uko ibikenewe vy’igihe bitandukanye biza. Ivyo bikoresho vy’amasaha 2-4 vy’i lithium-ion bifasha mu gutorera umuti ibibazo vy’umusi ku musi n’ivy’ugushika ku rwego rwo hejuru bizobana n’ivyo bikoresho vy’amasaha 6-12 bikoresheje amabateri y’amazi canke umuyaga ufise ubushobozi bwo gukomera, hamwe n’ububiko bw’igihe kirekire bukoresheje amazi y’amazi canke amazi y’amazi. Ikibazo si ubuhinga buzotsinda, ahubwo ni ingene ubuhinga butandukanye bukora ibikorwa bitandukanye vy’uruzitiro ku giciro kibereye.
Ubushobozi bwo gukora bugereranya igihe co hafi-ikibazo. Ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu-ion cells kw’isi yose ku bikorwa vyose (ibinyabiziga, ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none, n’ububiko buhagaze) vyashitse hafi ku 1.400 GWh mu 2024. Ububiko buhagaze bwakoresheje hafi 200 GWh z’ubwo bushobozi, EVs zikaba zifata ibindi. Kugira ngo umuntu ashike kuri 1 TW/3 TWh y’ububiko mu mwaka w’2030 bisaba ko haba uguhingura incuro zitatu zijanye n’ibikorwa bihoraho, ivyo bikaba bishobora gushikako bitewe n’imigambi yo kwagura iriho ubu ariko bikaba bivana n’ishoramari riramvye.
Ibintu bihambaye cane bitazwi ni ivyo guhingura isoko n’uburyo bwo gutanga indishi. Uko ububiko bugenda buragwira, imiterere y’isoko iriho ubu ishobora kudasubiza neza ibikorwa vy’uruja n’uruza amabateri atanga. Amasoko y’amategeko agenga incuro amaze kubona ibiciro bigwa uko amabateri menshi ahiganwa ku bikorwa bimwe. Amasoko mashasha aha agaciro uguhinduranya, gukuraho umudugararo, no kwihangana arakeneye gutegurwa. Iyo ata nzira zitomoye kandi zidahinduka z’amahera yinjira, gufasha mu gutanga amahera yo gukoresha ububiko bwinshi biragora ataco bimaze mu bijanye n’ubuhinga.
Inkomoko z'amakuru
Ubuyobozi bw'amakuru y'inguvu muri Amerika - Imibare n'ibitekerezo vy'ububiko bwa bateri
Laboratwari y'Igihugu y'Inguvu Zisubirwamwo - Ububiko bw'Ivyigwa n'amakuru y'ubuhinga
BloombergNEF - Isesengura ry'isoko ry'ububiko bw'inguvu kw'isi yose
Ishirahamwe ry'abanyamerika ry'inguvu zisukuye - Igiciro ca bateri n'amakuru y'ugukoresha
Ibiti Mackenzie - Isesengura ry'iterambere ry'isoko ry'amabateri
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