Guhingura no gukora amabateri ya litiyumu-iyoni

Ishingiro ry'imiterere y'amabateri ya litiyumu

Amahame y'ishimikiro y'umugambi

Igishushanyo ca bateri kigomba gushingiye ku bikenewe vyihariye vy’igikoresho c’umuyagankuba be n’ibiranga igikoresho c’umuyagankuba .akumaubwavyo. Ica mbere, ibipimo vy’ubuhinga vy’igihimba kimwekimwe cose, harimwo n’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi, ivyuma vy’amashanyarazi, igitandukanya n’igipfukisho, bitegerezwa gusobanurwamwo neza. Ikindi kandi, ibipimo vy’uburyo bwo gukora bikwiye guhindurwa neza kugira ngo bateri y’iherezo ihure n’ivyo vyategekanijwe imbere y’igihe be n’ibimenyetso vy’ubushobozi (nk’umuriro, ubushobozi n’uburemere). Igishushanyo gibereye kandi gikora neza ni ikintu gihambaye cane kugira ngo bateri ikore neza mu gihe ikoreshwa vy’ukuri; rero, gukurikirana umuti mwiza mu gihe cose c’uguhingura ni ikintu gihambaye cane.

Ibisabwa mu guhingura

Mu guhingura amabateri, ni ngombwa gutahura neza ibisabwa vyihariye vy’igikoresho kigenewe ku bijanye n’imirongo y’ubushobozi bwa bateri be n’aho ikorera. Muri rusangi, ibintu nyamukuru bikurikira ni vyo bikwiye kurimburwa:

Bateri za litiyumu-ion zikoreshwa cane kubera ubushobozi bwazo bwiza cane. Ariko rero, mu bikorwa bimwebimwe, bitegerezwa gushitsa urutonde rw’ibindi bisabwa, nk’uguhangana n’uguhungabana n’uguhungabana, kumenyera ubushuhe bukaze, no gukora mu bidukikije bifise umuvuduko muto-. Igihe umuntu akora izo bateri, uretse no kwihweza ivyo bimenyetso vy’ishimikiro, birakenewe ko umuntu yiyumvira neza ibintu nk’uguhitamwo ibikoresho vya mbere, ibintu nyamukuru bigena ibiranga amabateri, ubushobozi muri rusangi, uburyo bwo kuyakora, igiciro{4}}isesengura ry’inyungu, n’ubushuhe bwo gukoresha.

Ibimenyetso nyamukuru vyo gusuzuma ubushobozi bw'amabateri

1) Ubushobozi

Ubushobozi bwa bateri buvuga umuyagankuba wose bateri ishobora gutanga mu gihe hari ibintu vyihariye biva mu muyagankuba. Ico ciyumviro gisanzwe kigaragazwa nk’umusaruro w’amashanyarazi n’igihe, kandi muri rusangi gipimwa mu masaha y’ampere- (Ah). Iyi parametere iragira ico ikoze ku nguvu nyinshi cane za bateri n’igihe ibandanya ikora.

2) Ibirango vy'Isohoka n'Uguhangana kw'Imbere

Ibirango vy’ugusohoka kwa bateri vyerekana ugushikama kw’inguvu zayo zisohoka, urugero rw’inguvu, n’ubushobozi bwayo bwo gusohoka kw’inguvu nyinshi-mu bihe vyihariye. Ivyo ni ibimenyetso bihambaye vyo gupima ubushobozi bwa bateri. Ikindi kandi, hari ubwoko bubiri bw’uburemere bw’imbere muri bateri: uburemere bw’imbere bw’ ohmic n’uburemere bw’imbere bw’ polarization. Ubwo bwoko bubiri bw’uburemere bw’imbere buragira ingaruka zikomeye cane ku bikorwa vy’ugusohoka muri rusangi mu gihe c’ugusohoka kw’amashanyarazi menshi-.

3) Ubushuhe bwo gukoresha

Kugira ngo ibikoresho vy’umuyagankuba bikore neza mu bihe bitandukanye, amabateri ategerezwa kuguma akora neza mu rugero runaka rw’ubushuhe.

4) Ibikorwa vy'ububiko
Inyuma y’igihe kanaka c’ububiko, ubushobozi bwa bateri burashobora guhinduka kubera ibintu bitandukanye, bikajana mu kwisohoka kw’amazi, gusohoka kw’amazi, gusohoka kw’amashanyarazi, n’ibindi, gutyo bikagira ico bikoze ku bushobozi bwayo.

5) Ibikorwa vy'ingendo
Ibikorwa vy'ingendo vyerekeye umubare w'ingendo z'ugushaja-ugukuraho umuriro bateri ya kabiri ishobora kwihanganira hakurikijwe amategeko yihariye y'ugushaja-gukuraho umuriro gushika ubushobozi bwayo bugabanutse ku rugero rwategekanijwe. Ni kimwe mu bimenyetso bihambaye vyo gusuzuma ko bateri ishobora kwizigirwa mu kiringo kirekire-.

6) Ibiranga umutekano
Umutekano wa bateri ugaragazwa cane cane mu rugero rw’umutekano wayo mu gihe ikoreshwa mu buryo budasanzwe. Ivyo bimenyetso bidasanzwe vyo gukoresha birimwo gucapura cane, gucapura, kugerageza kwinjira mu musumari, kugerageza gumenagura, gushirwa ahabona kw’agasanduku gashushe, gutera ibintu bikomeye, n’uguhungabana. Ubushobozi bwa bateri bwo kwihanganira ivyo bihe bikomeye cane ni kimwe mu bintu nyamukuru bifasha kumenya ko ibereye gukoreshwa mu bikorwa vyinshi-.

Ibikoresho vyo gutegura no gusobanura ibikoresho vy'amashanyarazi vyiza n'ibibi

gutegura

gutegura

Ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vyiza n’ibibi ni ibihimba nyamukuru vy’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion, nk’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vyiza nka LFePO4 canke LiCoO2, n’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi bibi nka graphite canke silicon/carbon. Ibikoresho bitandukanye bisaba uburyo butandukanye bwo kubitegura. Iki gice gikoresha ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi y’ubuhinga bwa none nk’akarorero kugira ngo haboneke ibikoresho bikenewe mu bijanye no gutegura.

Ibirango

Ibikoresho nyamukuru vy’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion, nk’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vyiza n’ibibi, vyose ni ibikoresho bikora neza vy’amashanyarazi bigira ico bikoze cane ku bikorwa vy’amashanyarazi vy’amabateri ya litiyumu{1}}ion. Hariho ibimenyetso vyinshi vy’ubuhinga vyo kwitwararika mu gihe co guhingura no gutegura ibikoresho, hamwe n’uguhingura no gukoresha amabateri, ariko ahanini bica mu mice itatu: igice ca mbere ni imiterere y’ikibiriti n’imiterere y’ibikoresho bitobito; urutonde rwa kabiri ni ibimenyetso vy’ubuhinga bw’ibintu, harimwo n’ugusangira ubunini bw’ibice, uburebure bw’uburebure bwihariye, uburemere bw’ibinogo, n’ibintu birimwo (harimwo n’ibihumanye); kandi urutonde rwa gatatu ni ibiranga ubushobozi bw’ico kintu mu buryo bw’umuyagankuba, nk’ubushobozi, ubushobozi bwo gukora neza mu ntango, n’ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’umuyagankuba. Kumenya no gutanga ibiranga ibimenyetso bitandukanye vy’ibikoresho nyamukuru vy’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion birahambaye cane ku bushakashatsi no gutegura ibikoresho, kugenzura ibikorwa, no kumenya neza ko ari vyiza.

Ibikoresho vyo gukora amabateri ya litiyumu -ion

Igice c’ifeza, kizwi kandi nk’igice c’ubuto canke igice-ce, mu bisanzwe gikoresha icuma ca litiyumu nk’igice c’umuyagankuba c’umuyagankuba n’igikoresho c’umuyagankuba c’umuyagankuba ciza nk’igice c’umuyagankuba c’umuyagankuba ciza; canke icuma ca litiyumu nk’igikoresho c’umuyagankuba ciza n’ikintu c’umuyagankuba kibi nk’igikoresho c’umuyagankuba kibi. Ubunini bwayo buto, ibikoresho bike bikoreshwa mu guhingura ama electrode, n’uguhinduranya cane bituma iba igikoresho gihambaye mu gutegura no kugerageza ibikoresho bikora vy’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion.

Mu rwego rwo gukora ama electrode, ibikoresho n’ibikoresho bisabwa birimwo ibikoresho vy’ama electrode vyiza n’ibibi, ibintu bijana umuriro, ibintu bifatanya umuriro, n’ibikoresho bifatanya umuriro. Ica mbere, ibikoresho bikora neza n’ibibi vy’amashanyarazi, ibikoresho bijana umuyagankuba be n’ibifatanya bivangwa mu buryo bumwe mu rugero runaka hakoreshejwe ugusya n’amaboko canke ugutuma ibintu bimera kimwe. Hanyuma, iyo nkoko ivuyemwo irashirwa ku gikoresho gikoranya amashanyarazi gihuye. Mu gupfuka mu laboratwari, uburyo bwo gupfuka bugenwa bishingiye ku rugero rw’umunyu. Ku bikoko bininibinini, hakoreshwa imashini ntoyi yo gupfuka (Ishusho (a)); ku bikoko bitobito, igikoresho co guhingura filime-gikoreshwa mu gupfuka n’amaboko (Ishusho (b)). Ico gikoresho gica kiyumishwa mu furi y’ukwumisha, kigaca gifatanywa n’ugukanda kw’uruzitiro. Gucapura ni uburyo bwo gucapura neza neza ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba mu bipande vy’uruziga. Muri rusangi, iyo electrode ipfutse n’uruzitiro-ifatwa hagati y’impapuro zo gupima maze igashirwa ku mashine yo gutera ibipfunsi kugira ngo ipfutse ningoga utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto. Igitigiri c’ibipande bitobito vy’amashanyarazi gishobora guhindurwa n’ubunini bw’igiti co gutera ibipfunsi c’imashini yo gutera ibipfunsi.