Gushavura amashanyarazi bigabanya igiciro c’amashanyarazi mu kugabanya igiciro c’amashanyarazi gikenewe cane mu bihe vy’ugutanga amafaranga, ivyo amashirahamwe y’amashanyarazi akoresha mu kubara amafaranga y’amashanyarazi asabwa. Ivyumba vy’ubudandaji n’ivy’inganda bikoresha iyo nzira biciye mu kubika amabateri, mu gukora amabateri, canke mu gucunga umuzigo kugira ngo ntihagire amahera menshi aboshe ku gukoresha cane.
Ibiciro vy’ugusaba mu bisanzwe bigereranya 30% gushika kuri 70% vy’amafaranga y’amashanyarazi y’ukwezi ku bucuruzi bukeneye cane inguvu. Ivyo bihembo biharurwa bishingiye ku kiringo kinini cane c’iminota 15 y’ugukoresha amashanyarazi mu gihe c’ugutanga amafaranga, ata kuraba ingene iyo nkuru iba mu gihe gito. Uruganda rukoresha amashanyarazi 4.500 kW mu minota 30 gusa rushobora gutuma umuntu asaba amahera arenga amadolari 225.000 ku mwaka, ugereranyije n’amadolari 200.000 iyo umuntu ahora afise amashanyarazi 4.000 kW. Gushavura umuzigo w’isonga birabuza izo nkoko zizimvye.
Ingaruka z'Ivy'Imari z'Ibisabwa vy'Isonga
Ubutunzi buri inyuma y’ibiciro vy’ugusaba buva ku kuntu amashanyarazi ategurwa kandi akoreshwa. Amashirahamwe y’ubuhinga ategerezwa kwubaka ibikorwa remezo bishobora gushitsa ivyifuzo vyinshi igihe cose, nk’imirongo y’amabarabara manini manini yubatswe kubera amasaha y’uruja n’uruza aho gukoresha amasaha ane y’ijoro. Abakoresha uruja n’uruza rw’amazi bararungika ivyo bihembo vy’ubushobozi ku bakiriya barema imizigo myinshi cane y’aho nyene.
Mu bikorwa, amafaranga y’ugusaba akora mu buryo butandukanye n’amafaranga y’ugukoresha. Mu gihe amafaranga y’ugukoresha atanga amafaranga y’inguvu zose zikoreshwa (zipimwa mu kilowatt-amasaha), amafaranga y’ugusaba atanga amafaranga y’inguvu zikenewe (zipimwa mu kilowatt). Iryo tandukaniro rirahambaye cane: ibikorwa bibiri bikoresha inguvu zisa n’izo ku kwezi birashobora kugira amafaranga atandukanye cane iyo kimwe gifise ivyifuzo vyinshi mu gihe ikindi kiguma gikoresha inguvu zidahinduka.
Amakuru y'isi nyayo-yerekana iyo ngaruka. Ishirahamwe ry’abahinguzi ba simenti ryo muri Tayiwani-rashizeho uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri zifise ubushobozi bwa 3.06 MWh maze rishobora kuzigama amadolari 344.000 ku mwaka biciye mu gucapura umuzigo w’isonga no gukoresha neza igihe-co-koresha. Ubuhinga bwari buca mu masaha y’ijoro y’igiciro gito-bugasohoka mu bihe vy’umurango vy’agaciro kanini, bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo kwishura n’amahera y’ugusaba cane ata guhungabanya ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga.
Na vyo nyene, ikigo kimwe gikora ibikoresho gihanganye n’amahera y’ukwezi arenga amadolari 50.000, carashizeho ubuhinga bw’amabateri y’amashanyarazi 5 MW / 10 MWh. Ico kigo caragabanyije amafaranga y’ugusaba n’ibice 35%, bikaba vyahinduye amadolari arenga 500.000 y’amahera azigamiwe ku mwaka n’igihe co kwishura c’imyaka ine-. Izo si ingero zitandukanye. Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bushira mu ngiro ugushavura kw’umuzigo w’isonga mu bisanzwe bugabanya igiciro c’inguvu z’isonga n’ibice 15% gushika ku 30%, aho ibikorwa bimwebimwe bishobora kuzigama cane biciye mu nzira zihuriweko.
Uko abakoresha uruzitiro baharura ivyo bihembo
Gutahura uburyo bwo gutanga amafaranga birerekana igituma gushavura umuzigo w’isonga bitanga agaciro kanini gutyo. Ivyuma vyinshi bipima ivyifuzo mu minota 15-mu kiringo cose co gutanga amafaranga. Amametero y’ubwenge aguma akurikirana ingene umuyagankuba ukoreshwa, akabara umuzigo usanzwe ku idirisha ryose ry’isaha ine. Igitigiri c’abantu benshi cane ni co gica kiba ishimikiro ry’amahera y’ugusaba muri ukwo kwezi.
Iri dirisha ry'ingero ry'iminota 15-rituma haba ingorane n'akaryo. Igitero kimwe c’abasaba kimara iminota mikeyi gusa gishobora gushinga amahera y’ingendo yose yo gutanga amafaranga. Mu mice imwimwe y’ibiciro, iyo nkuru mbere iragira ico ikoze ku giciro c’amezi akurikira canke umwaka wose. Nk’akarorero, amategeko y’Ubudage akoresha ingero z’ivyo umuntu asaba cane kugira ngo amenye amahera y’uruja n’uruza rw’amazi ku mwaka hakurikijwe itegeko ry’amasaha 7.000 ku nganda zikoresha inguvu nyinshi.
Iryo tegeko ry’ugutanga amafaranga rigwiza ivyipfuzo vy’isonga (mu kW) n’igipimo c’ivyifuzo vy’ishirahamwe ry’amazi ($/kW). Ibiciro biratandukanye cane bivanye n’aho umuntu ari be n’umugwi w’abaguzi, kuva ku madolari 9 gushika ku madolari 15 ku kW mu turere twinshi, amasoko amwe amwe akarenga amadolari 20 ku kW. Igikoresho gifise 900 kW zikenewe cane kandi gifise igiciro c’amadolari 10/kW gihanganye n’amadolari 9.000 y’amahera y’ugusaba ku kwezi gusa, atandukanye n’amahera nyayo yo gukoresha ingufu.
Uburyo bwo kubishira mu ngiro
Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu za bateri bugereranya umuti ushobora guhinduka cane wo gushavura umuzigo w’isonga. Izo sisitemu zica amafaranga mu masaha y'ijoro igihe ibiciro vy'amashanyarazi biri hasi cane kandi ivyifuzo vy'uruja n'uruza bikaba bike cane. Mu bihe vy’isonga, amabateri arasohoka kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bw’uruzitiro, ivyo bikaba bigabanya ubushobozi bwinshi iyo nyubakwa ishobora gukoresha. Uburyo bwo gucunga inguvu bwo muri iki gihe buratuma iyo nzira ikora, hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwo kumenya imbere y’igihe ivyipfuzo bizokwiyongera no gukoresha inguvu zibitswe mu buryo bubereye.
Ivyerekeye ubuhinga birahambaye. Uburyo bw’amabateri bufise ubunini bubereye butegerezwa gutanga ubushobozi buhagije bw’inguvu (bupimwa mu MW) kugira ngo bushobore gupfuka ukugabanuka kw’isonga ryitezwe mu gihe bubika inguvu zihagije (bupimwa mu MWh) kugira ngo bukomeze iyo nzira mu kiringo gikenewe. Inganda zikunda gukoresha ubuhinga buva kuri 125 kW / 250 kWh ku bikorwa bitobito gushika kuri 5 MW / 10 MWh ku bikorwa bininibinini.
Ku -urubuga rutanga ubundi buryo. Ivyuma bikoreshwa n’izuba bitanga umuyagankuba mu gihe c’imisi mikuru, ivyo bikaba akenshi bihuye n’ivyo abantu basaba cane be n’ibiciro vyinshi vy’amazi. Ivyuma bifatanye vy’ububiko bw’izuba-plus-bitanga ibikorwa vyiza, bikabika ivyimburwa vy’izuba birenze urugero kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu bihe vy’isonga vy’umugoroba canke mu bihe vy’ibicu igihe umusaruro w’izuba ugabanuka ariko ivyifuzo vy’ibikorwa biguma ari vyinshi.
Uburongozi bw'uruhande rw'ibisabwa- bwibanda ku guhindura ibikorwa aho kwongerako ubuhinga canke ububiko. Uburyo bwo gucunga inguvu burashobora guca bugabanya ingufu zihabwa ibikoresho vyihariye mu bihe vy’isonga. Mu bikorwa vyo gushaja imodoka zikoresha umuyagankuba, ubuhinga bw'ubwenge burahindura ibiciro vyo gushaja kugira ngo ntihagire amashanyarazi yuzuye-akoreshwa icarimwe ku bibanza vyinshi. Ibikorwa vy'ubuhinga bishobora gukurikiranya ibikoresho kugira ngo ntihagire umuriro ugenda uraduga.
Ingamba nziza cane akenshi zihuza uburyo bwinshi. Uruganda rushobora gukoresha amabateri kugira ngo rushobore kwishura ningoga ku bibazo bitari bitezwe, amatara y’izuba kugira ngo rushobore gukuraho imizigo y’intango yo ku murango, n’ugucungera imizigo kugira ngo ibikoresho bitari -ivy’ingenzi ntibikore mu gihe c’amadirisho y’isonga rikomeye.
Inganda-Ibikorwa vyihariye
Ivyicaro bitandukanye birahura n’ingorane zitandukanye z’ugusaba kw’isonga, bituma ugushavura kw’isonga bishobora gukoreshwa mu bikorwa bitandukanye. Ivyumba vy’amakuru birashikirwa n’uguhinduka kw’ububasha biva ku bikorwa bikomeye vy’ubuhinga bwa none bikorwa icarimwe. Ivyo bibanza vyishura ibiciro vy’agaciro igihe nyene bikeneye ubushobozi bwinshi. Gushira mu ngiro ama supercapacitors canke ama battery bituma ivyo bihinduka bigenda neza, bikagabanya umuzigo w’ishimikiro kandi bikagabanya amafaranga y’ukwezi n’ibice 20% gushika ku bice 30% mu bikoresho vy’inyandiko.
Inganda zikora amagare y'amamashini aremereye ziserukira abahiganwa bo gushavura umuzigo w'isonga. Gutangura ibikoresho bikuramwo ububasha bwinshi mu bihe bigufi, bikaba bituma habaho ivyifuzo vyinshi bituma ibiciro vy’umwaka biduga naho bishika kenshi. Uruganda rwa simenti rukoresha amafuru n’insyo zikomeza ruhura n’ivyo umuntu asaba vyinshi cane hamwe n’ibindi bikoresho bifasha. Ingamba zo gukoresha amabateri zijanye n’isonga gusa, atari umuzigo w’intango, zitanga ubuzigama budahuye n’igiciro ca sisitemu.
Ibikorwa remezo vyo gushaja imodoka zikoresha umuyagankuba ni vyo bituma kumbure habaho ugusaba gukomeye kuruta ibindi vyose. Ivyuma bitandatu vyihuta vy’umuriro w’amashanyarazi 150 kW DC bikora icarimwe bituma habaho ugushaka kw’amashanyarazi 900 kW. Naho ikoreshwa ry’ukuri ryoba ari iminota 11 gusa ku musi ku chargeur, ico kiringo gitoyi c’ikoreshwa rimwe gishinga amafaranga y’ukwezi. Gukuraho umuzigo w’isonga biciye ku rutonde rwo gushaja canke ibikoresho vyo gushaja bishobora kugabanya ivyo bishaja n’amadolari 24.000 ku mwaka ku bijanye no gushiramwo ivyuma bitandatu-shaja, twiyumvira ko igipimo co gushaja gikenewe ari amadolari 80/kW.
Inyubakwa z’ubudandaji zifise imizigo myinshi y’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba (HVAC) zirashikirwa n’ugusaba cane mu gihe ubushuhe burengeje urugero. Ivyuma bikoreshwa mu gutuma umuyaga ugera mu nzu bikoresha ubushobozi bwinshi ku muhingamo ushushe cane, igihe nyene ivyifuzo vy’uruja n’uruza vy’amazi bishika ku rwego rwo hejuru kandi ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga bihanganye n’ingorane nyinshi z’ubushobozi. Imbere y'-inyubakwa zikonjesha zikoresheje inguvu zibitswe canke zikoresha ibikoresho bishobora gutuma izo nzira zisabwa zigenda neza cane.
Ibitaro n’ibikorwa remezo bihambaye bisaba ububasha bwo kwizigirwa buhoraho, bikaba bituma ugugabanya ibikorwa bidashoboka. Ivyo bibanza bivana n’ugukuraho umuzigo w’isonga biciye mu kubika canke mu guhingura aho gucunga umuzigo. Inyungu zibiri aha ni ugugabanya amafaranga y’ugusaba mu gihe c’ibikorwa bisanzwe hamwe n’ubushobozi bwo gufasha mu gihe c’uguhungabana kw’uruja n’uruza.
Inyungu z'urugero rw'uruzitiro-
Naho ibikorwa vy’umuntu ku giti ciwe bikurikirana ugukuraho umuzigo w’isonga kugira ngo bizigame amahera, iyo ngabire itanga inyungu zagutse zo gushikama kw’uruja n’uruza. Abakoresha uruja n’uruza bategerezwa kuguma bafise ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi n’ibikorwa remezo vyo gutanga amashanyarazi bifise ubunini bujanye n’ivyo abantu basaba cane, atari umuzigo usanzwe. Iyo abakiriya bakuru b’ubudandaji bagabanyije ivyo bakoresha, amashirahamwe y’amazi arashobora gusubiramwo ivy’ugusubiramwo ibikorwa remezo bizimvye.
Abakoresha urubuga rwo gukwiragiza cane cane baraha agaciro ugushavura umuzigo w’isonga mu turere twabo tw’ibikorwa. Gutanga amashanyarazi n’ugukoresha amashanyarazi bihuye ni co kintu ciza cane co gutuma uruzitiro rukora neza, bisaba gushiramwo umuringa mutoyi mu mirongo y’amashanyarazi n’ibibanza bikeyi vyo gutanga amashanyarazi. Ivyo birahambaye cane uko ubushobozi buhinduka buva ku muyaga n’izuba bwongera uguhinduka ku bijanye n’ugucungera ivy’ugutanga-.
Ugushikama kw’uruzitiro kuratera imbere iyo ivyifuzo vy’agaciro bigabanutse. Ivyuma vyinshi bikoreshwa icarimwe bitera umubabaro ama transformateur, imirongo y’ugutanga amakuru, n’ibikoresho bitanga umuriro. Uguhinduka kw’umuriro kurarushiriza kugaragara, kandi ingorane zo gusenyuka kw’umuriro zirarushirizaho mu gihe c’isonga ryinshi cane. Gusangira umuzigo w’isonga ku bakiriya benshi bakuru bikora neza nk’inyishu y’ivyo bisabwa, bikagabanya ivyo bintu bitera umubabaro ataco bisaba kugabanya ku nguvu canke guhagarika umuyagankuba.
Igitigiri c’ibidukikije kirarenga ugushikama kw’uruzitiro. Amashirahamwe y’amazi akenshi yizigira amahinguriro akora gaze canke mbere amakara ya kera kugira ngo ashobore gushitsa ivyo abantu bakeneye cane. Izo mageneratore zikora ku bushobozi buke kandi zitanga imyuka myinshi ku kWh kuruta amageneratore akoresha umuzigo w’ishimikiro. Kugabanya ivyipfuzo vy’isonga biciye mu kubika no gucunga bigabanya ivyipfuzo vy’ivyo bikoresho vy’isonga vy’ibidukikije vyinshi-. Ivyigwa vyerekana ko gukoresha ubuhinga bwo gushavura bishobora kugabanya imyuka itera ibidukikije n’amatoni arenga miliyoni 100 ku mwaka.
Isesengura ry'ubutunzi n'ibihe vyo kwishura
Gushiramwo amahera mu buhinga bwo gucapura umuzigo w’isonga bisaba gusuzuma neza ivy’amahera. Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri ni bwo bugereranya amahera y’intango, n’ibiciro bitandukanye bivanye n’ubuhinga, ubushobozi, n’uburemere bw’ugushiraho. Ibiciro vy’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion biriho ubu biratuma ubudandaji bushobora gukorwa mu masoko afise amafaranga y’ugusaba amadolari 15/kW canke arenga, bikaba birimwo amamiliyoni y’abaguzi b’ubudandaji mu bihugu vyinshi.
Ivyiyumviro vy'ugusubiza bivana n'ibintu vyinshi: ibiciro vy'amafaranga y'ibisabwa biriho, igipimo c'ibisabwa vy'agaciro -ku -, igiciro ca sisitemu ya bateri, n'ibindi bishobora gushika. Igikoresho kiriha amadolari 15/kW y’ibiciro vy’ugusaba n’isonga ry’agahomerabunwa rikunda gushika ku myaka ibiri- gushika ku myaka itatu-y’ugusubira inyuma. Ibikorwa bifise isonga ry'agaciro canke amafaranga make yo gusaba bishobora kubona imyaka ine- gushika ku myaka itandatu-y'ibihe vyo kwishura.
Igiciro cose c’ubutunzi kirarenga ishoramari ry’intango. Ubuhinga bwa bateri busaba gukomeza kwitaho, gusubirizwa, n'uruhusha rwo gucunga mudasobwa. Ariko rero, ukugabanya ibiciro vy’amabateri biratuma ubutunzi butera imbere uko umwaka utashe. Hagati y’umwaka wa 2015 n’uwa 2024, ibiciro vy’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion vyagabanutse n’ibice birenga 80%, bituma imigambi ishobora gukora neza mu vy’ubutunzi yari kunanirwa isesengura ry’ivy’ubutunzi imyaka cumi imbere y’aho.
Ivyumba vyinshi birabona ko gushavura umuzigo w’isonga bitanga inyungu zirenze gusa kugabanya amafaranga y’ugusaba. Uburyo bwa bateri buratanga ubushobozi bwo gusubiza inyuma mu gihe c’uguhagarara, bigatuma umuntu ashobora gukora neza. Bituma umuntu ashobora kugira uruhara mu migambi yo gusubiza ibisabwa, akazana inyungu z’inyongera mu gutanga amazi ku ruzitiro mu gihe c’ibintu vyihutirwa. Amasoko amwe amwe atanga amahera y'ubushobozi canke inyungu y'amategeko agenga incuro inyuma ya-ububiko bwa-metero, guteranya imigende myinshi y'agaciro ku kintu kimwe.
Uburyo bwo gutanga amahera bwarateye imbere kugira ngo hagabanuke intambamyi ziri imbere y’igihe. Ivyitegererezo vy’inguvu-nk-a-ivyitegererezo vy’ibikorwa vyemerera ibikorwa gushiramwo uburyo bw’amabateri ata n’amahera akoreshwa, aho kwishura biciye ku mafaranga y’ukwezi aboshe ku kuzigama kwizewe. Ubwo buryo buhindura ingorane z’ibikorwa ku bafise ubuhinga bwihariye mu gihe umukiriya abona inyungu ubwo nyene mu kugabanya amafaranga asabwa.
Ivyiyumviro vy'ubuhinga
Gushirwa mu ngiro kw’ugushavura kw’umuzigo w’isonga bisaba ibirenze gushiramwo amabateri gusa. Uburyo bwo gucunga inguvu ni bwo bukora igice c'ubwenge, buguma bukurikirana igihe nyaco-ikoreshwa ry'inguvu no kumenya igihe isonga rizoshika. Izo sisitemu zifatanya amakuru ava mu bibanza vyinshi: ibipimo vy'ubwenge vy'ubuhinga, ubuhinga bwo gukora ku kibanza, ubuhanuzi bw'ikirere, n'imirongo y'umuzigo w'amateka.
Ubuhinga buteye imbere buratuma urutonde rwo gushaja no gusohora rugenda neza. Uburyo bushobora kwiga ko umusaruro ushobora gutera imbere isaha zibiri z'ijoro mu misi y'indwi, imbere-gukuraho amabateri gatoyi imbere y'ico gipimo. Ivyitegererezo vy’ukwiga kw’imashini biragaragaza uburyo budasanzwe bwerekana ko ibikoresho bikora nabi canke ko hariho amahinduka y’imikorere asaba guhindura urutonde.
Ivyo gushiramwo ibintu vy’umubiri birerekana ivyiyumviro birenze ubunini bw’urutonde. Gushiramwo bateri biragira ico bikoze ku mikorere no ku mutekano. Ivyo gushiramwo ibintu mu nzu bisaba ko haba umwuka mwiza be n’ubushuhe bubereye, kuko ubushobozi bwa bateri buragabanuka iyo hari ubushuhe bukaze. Ubuhinga bwo gukonjesha bukoresheje amazi, bugenda burakoreshwa cane mu bikorwa vy’inganda, buratuma ubushuhe buguma bwiza mu gihe butanga inyungu zo kuzimya umuriro. Ivyo birahambaye canecane mu bibanza vy’ubuhinga bifise ibindi bibazo vy’umuriro.
Ivyuma vy’amashanyarazi-ibihindura n’ibihindura bihuza amabateri n’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi-bitegerezwa kwishura ningoga ku guhinduka kw’ivyo bisabwa. Igihe c’inyishu gipimwa mu milisegonda gishobora gutuma uburyo bwo gushavura bw’umuzigo w’isonga bugira ico bukoze imbere y’uko iminota 15-ibisabwa vyiyongera cane. Iyi nyishu yihuta itandukanya inyishu z’amabateri n’izindi zisubiza buhoro nk’amageneratore ya dizeli.
Gufatanya n’ibikorwa remezo vy’ibikorwa biriho bisaba ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi bwitondewe. Ubuhinga bwa bateri butegerezwa gufatanya ku rugero rw’umuriro rukwiye, akenshi bisaba guhindurwa. Ivyuma vyo kwikingira biratuma umuntu ashobora guca mu nzira mu gihe c’amakosa. Uburyo bwo kugenzura ntibukurikirana gusa ivyo ibikorwa bisaba ariko burakurikirana n’ingene amabateri akora, igitigiri c’amazi asohoka, n’ibimenyetso vy’ubuzima bw’ivyo bikoresho.
Amategeko n'Imigenderanire y'Isoko
Ibidukikije vy’amategeko biragira ico bikoze cane ku bukungu bwo gushavura no kwemera. Ivyuma vy’amazi mu bihugu bitandukanye bisaba amafaranga mu buryo butandukanye, bikaba bigira ico bikoze ku bikoresho vyungukira cane ku gukuraho umuzigo w’isonga. Hari uturere dushira mu ngiro igihe-ibiciro vy’ugusaba bitandukanye, bigashiraho ibiciro vyinshi mu ci ku muhingamo canke mu gitondo c’urushana igihe isonga ry’uruzitiro rw’akarere rishika. Ivyo bihe-vy'-ikoreshwa ry'ibiciro vy'ibisabwa birongereza ubushobozi bwo kuzigama ku bibanza bishobora gushimikira ku bihe vy'igiciro kinini-.
Amategeko y’ugupima urusenga akorana n’ingene ingamba zo gukuraho umuzigo w’isonga, cane cane ku bibanza bikoresha izuba. Naho ubuhinga bwo gupima uruzitiro bushobora kugurisha umusaruro w’izuba urenze urugero ugasubira ku ruzitiro, izo ngurane zikoreshwa gusa ku mahera y’ugukoresha, atari ku mahera y’ugusaba. Ivyo bituma uburyo bwo kubika izuba-plus-bufatanye bugira agaciro kuruta izuba ryonyene ku bakiriya bahanganye n’amahera menshi y’ugusaba.
Ingamba ziherutse gushirwaho zitera imbere canecane ugushavura kw’umuzigo w’isonga. Massachusetts yashizeho Itegeko ry’Isonga ry’Isuku risaba ko imizigo y’isonga ishobora gushitswako n’inguvu zisukuye zigenda zirushirizaho, harimwo n’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo zibitswe. Porogarama y’Iterambere ry’Ukwigira -ya California itanga inyungu nyinshi ku buryo bwo kubika amabateri, harimwo n’ugugabanya amafaranga y’ugusaba mu bisaba bibereye. Aya mabwirizwa yemera inyungu zibiri z’ugushavura umuzigo w’isonga: kuzigama kw’abaguzi n’ugushikama kw’uruzitiro.
Ivyo bitera ubwoba ababuranira abaguzi bamwebamwe, bavuga ko amashirahamwe y’amazi ahindura ibiciro biva ku gukoresha bikaja ku bisaba nk’inyishu ku kugurisha inguvu z’izuba zigabanywa. Yaba bivuye ku mahera yatakaye canke ivugurura ry’ugusangira amafaranga ryemewe, amafaranga menshi asaba atuma gucapura umuzigo w’isonga bigenda birushiriza kuba ngirakamaro mu gucunga amafaranga.
Ku rundi ruhande, ukugabanya ibiciro vy’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo n’amabateri biratuma ubutunzi butera imbere mu bijanye no gushavura umuzigo w’isonga buri mwaka. Isoko ry’isi yose ry’ububiko bw’inguvu z’amabateri ku bikorwa vyo gushavura ryari rifise agaciro k’amadolari 1.2 miliyaridi mu 2024 kandi ryiteganya kwiyongera gushika ku madolari 2.2 miliyaridi mu 2031, bikaba vyerekana ko 8.9% vy’iterambere ry’umwaka. Ukwo kwaguka kwerekana ugukura kw’ukwemera kw’agaciro k’ugushavura kw’umuzigo w’isonga.
Intambwe zo gushirwa mu ngiro
Ivyumba vyiyumvira gushavura umuzigo w’isonga bikwiye gutangura n’isesengura ry’imiterere y’umuzigo mu buryo burambuye. Amakuru yerekeye ivyipfuzo vy’amateka yerekana igihe isonga rishika, ingene rishika kenshi, n’ubunini bwaryo ugereranije n’ugukoresha kwa mwayeni. Amakuru y’ibipimo vy’ubwenge ku bihe vy’iminota 15 atanga uburemere bukenewe. Kumenya nimba isonga riva ku mice y’ibikorwa ishobora gutegekanirwa canke ku nzira y’ibikoresho vy’imburakimazi ni vyo bigena inyishu zibereye.
Intambwe ikurikira ni iyo kubara amahera yoshobora kuzigama. Gukubita isonga ry’ubu n’igipimo c’amahera y’ibisabwa, hanyuma ugereranije igabanuka ry’isonga rishoboka. Igikoresho gifise 1.000 kW zikenewe cane kandi gifise amadolari 12/kW ubu kiriha amadolari 12.000 ku kwezi mu gikenewe. Kugabanya ivyipfuzo vy’inguvu nyinshi kugera kuri 850 kW biciye ku nzira y’amabateri y’inguvu 150 kW vyoshobora kuzigama amadolari 1.800 ku kwezi, canke amadolari 21.600 ku mwaka. Ivyo biharuro bishinga ishoramari ryinshi rishobora gushingira intahe n’uguzigama kw’amahera y’ugusaba gusa.
Gupima ubunini bwa sisitemu bisaba guhuza ibintu vyinshi. Ubushobozi bw’inguvu (kW rating) butegerezwa kurenga igipimo c’isonga ry’intumbero. Ubushobozi bw’inguvu (kWh rating) butegerezwa kubika umuyagankuba uhagije kugira ngo ushobore gukomeza iyo nzira mu kiringo c’isonga ryitezwe. Igikoresho gifise amasaha abiri y’ugusaba cane gikeneye ububiko bw’inguvu bwinshi cane kuruta ikigo gifise isonga ry’iminota 30, naho vyose vyoba bigamije kugabanya kW imwe.
Guhitamwo abaguzi ntibikubiyemwo gusuzuma gusa ibijanye n’ibikoresho, ariko kandi n’ubushobozi bwa porogarama, amasezerano y’igarantiya, ibisabwa kugira ngo umuntu abibungabunge be n’ivyo akora. Uburyo bwo gucunga inguvu buratandukanye cane mu buryo buteye igomwe. Bamwebamwe barakura gusa amabateri iyo ububasha burengeye urugero rwategekanijwe. Ubuhinga buteye imbere bukoresha ubuhinga bwo guhanura, ubuhanuzi bw'ikirere, n'ukwiga kw'imashini kugira ngo bukomeze gukora neza.
Gushiramwo no gukoresha birimwo ibikorwa vy’amashanyarazi, uruhusha, amasezerano yo guhuza amashanyarazi, n’ugupima. Intara nyinshi zisaba abahinga mu vy’amashanyarazi kugira ngo bashobore gushiramwo amabateri. Amashirahamwe y’amazi akenshi asaba ko hakorwa inyigisho z’uguhuza amashanyarazi kugira ngo asuzume ko iyo sisitemu itazotuma haba ibibazo vy’amashanyarazi canke ingorane z’umutekano ku nzira yabo yo gukwiragiza.
Gukomeza gutuma ibintu bigenda neza birerekana ko ari ngirakamaro kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gukora neza. Porogarama y’intango yoshobora gusaba ko umuntu ahindura uko ibikorwa vy’ivyo bibanza bihinduka canke uko ibihe bigenda birahinduka. Gucungera amabateri ubudasiba birabuza ko yononekara. Uburyo bwo kugenzura buramenyesha abakoresha ibintu bitari vyo bisaba gukora itohoza. Ivyumba bifata umuzigo w'isonga nk'ugushiraho "ugushiraho no kwibagirwa" mu bisanzwe bishika ku kuzigama guke kuruta ivyo bigumya uburongozi bukora.
Ibibazo bikunze kwibazwa
Ni gute ubuhinga bwo gushavura bushobora kwihuta kwishura ku vyo umuntu asaba?
Ivyuma vy’amabateri vyo muri iki gihe birasubiza mu masegonda makeyi iyo amashanyarazi ahindutse, ivyo bikaba bituma bishobora kubuza ko ivyo bisabwa vyiyongera imbere y’uko vyiyandikisha mu minota 15 yo gutanga amafaranga. Porogarama y’ugucungera inguvu iguma ikurikirana inguvu zikoreshwa kandi igatuma ingufu zisohoka imbere y’uko inguvu zikoreshwa zijabuka urugero ruhambaye. Ico gihe co gusubiza kiranyaruka cane kuruta amageneratore ya dizeli, asaba amasegonda 10-30 kugira ngo ashike ku ntumbero yuzuye.
Mbega ibibanza bifise amatara y’izuba vyoshobora kwungukira ku gushavura kw’umuzigo w’isonga?
Ivyuma bikoreshwa n'izuba-akenshi bironkera cane mu kwongerako ububiko bwa bateri kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gushavura. Izuba ryonyene ntirishobora kugabanya amafaranga y’ivyo umuntu asaba kubera ko umusaruro udahora uhuye n’ibihe vy’ugukoresha cane. Bateri zibika ivyimburwa vy’izuba birenze urugero vyo mu gicugu kugira ngo zisohoke mu gihe c’isonga ry’umugoroba canke imisi y’ibicu, bikaba bituma agaciro kanini kava ku vyo ishoramari ry’izuba ririho. Uburyo buhuriweko bushobora gutuma umuntu azigama amafaranga menshi ku rugero rwa 60% gushika ku 80% kuruta izuba ryonyene.
None amabateri agenda gute iyo amashanyarazi azimye?
Ivyuma vyinshi vy’ubudandaji vy’amabateri birashobora guca biva ku ruzitiro mu gihe c’uguhagarara kw’amashanyarazi n’imitwaro y’ibikorwa bihambaye, bikaba bitanga ingufu zo gusubiza inyuma uretse no gukuraho umuzigo w’isonga. Igihe c'ubushobozi bwo gusubiza inyuma kivana n'ubushobozi bwa bateri n'umuzigo w'ibikorwa. Ubuhinga bwa 250 kWh butanga ubushobozi bwa 50 kW bw’imitwaro ihambaye butanga amasaha atanu yo gusubiza inyuma. Ariko rero, amabateri akoreshwa canecane mu gushavura umuzigo w’isonga yoshobora gusohoka igice iyo habayeho ukuzimira, bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo gusubiza inyuma. Sisitemu zishobora gutegurwa kugira ngo zigumye zifise amafaranga makeyi cane cane ku ntumbero zo gusubiza inyuma.
Ivyo bikoresho vyo kubika amabateri bimara igihe kingana iki?
Bateri za litiyumu-ion zikoreshwa mu bikorwa vyo gushavura zimara imyaka 10 gushika kuri 15 iyo zikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe. Ubuzima nyabwo buvana n'ingene bukoreshwa, uburebure bw'ikinga, ubushuhe bucungiwe, n'ubuhinga bwa bateri. Ivyuka vyihuta vyo gucapura no gusohora amazi bikomeye vyihuta gusenyuka, mu gihe gucapura bitari kure cane bituma umuntu amara igihe kirekire. Uburyo bwinshi bw’ubudandaji burimwo ivyemezo vy’imyaka 10 canke umubare w’ingendo z’ugusohora-, kenshi ingendo 5.000 gushika ku 10.000. Inyuma yo gushika ku mpera y’ubuzima bwo gushavura, amabateri akenshi agumana ubushobozi bwa 70% gushika kuri 80%, bikaba bituma ashobora gukoreshwa mu bikorwa bitari vyinshi.
Peak load shaving igereranya ubuhinga bwo gukoresha amahera ku kigo cose gihanganye n’amahera menshi y’ugusaba. Ubwo buryo buva ku nyubakwa ntoyi z’ubudandaji gushika ku nyubakwa nini z’inganda, hakaba hariho igihe co kwishura c’imyaka ibiri gushika ku myaka itandatu mu bikorwa bitandukanye. Uko amasoko y’amashanyarazi atera imbere aja ku mibumbe y’ibiciro iteye imbere cane kandi ibiciro vy’amabateri bikabandanya kugabanuka, uguhinduka kw’umuzigo w’isonga kuva ku rugero rw’ubushobozi budasanzwe gushika ku gice nyamukuru co gucunga inguvu z’ubudandaji. Uguhuza inkurikizi z’ubutunzi, ugukura kw’ubuhinga, n’ugushigikira amategeko bishira iyo nzira nk’umugenzo usanzwe ku bakoresha ibikorwa vy’ubutunzi mu myaka cumi iri imbere.