Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri burafata inguvu z’umuyagankuba bukazibika mu bihimba vy’umuyagankuba biciye ku bikorwa vy’ubuhinga bw’umuyagankuba, hanyuma bukazirekura iyo zikenewe. Uwo murongo uhindura umuriro uhinduka (AC) uva ku ruzitiro canke mu bikoresho bishobora gusubirwamwo ukawugira umuriro utaziguye (DC) kugira ngo ubikwe, hanyuma ukawuhindura ugasubira mu muriro w’amashanyarazi (AC) kugira ngo ushikirizwe.
Ivyo bishika biciye ku bice bine nyamukuru bikora mu guhuza: ibice vy’amabateri bifata inguvu z’imiti, ama inverter acungera uguhindura AC/DC, uburyo bwo kugenzura butuma inzira zo gucagura no gukuraho umuriro zigenda neza, n’uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushuhe butuma ubushuhe bwo gukoresha buguma butekanye. Ivyuma vy'ubuhinga bwa none birashobora kwishura ku bisabwa n'uruzitiro mu gihe c'isegonda imwe, bikaba bituma ari vyo vyihuta-bisubiza isoko y'amashanyarazi yoherezwa.
Ishirahamwe ry'ubuhinga bw'umuyagankuba: Ingene uburyo bwo kubika inguvu za bateri bubika inguvu
Gutahura ingene ubuhinga bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bukora bitangura n’ingingo z’umuyagankuba ziri mu mutima wayo. Mu ma bateri ya litiyumu-ion-agizwe n’ibice 98% vy’ibikoresho vy’uruzitiro -kuva mu 2024-ububiko bw’inguvu bushika biciye mu nzira y’iyon ya litiyumu hagati y’ibikoresho bibiri vy’amashanyarazi.
Mu gihe c’ugushaja, iyoni za litiyumu ziva kuri katode (electrode nziza) zica mu nzira y’umuyagankuba zija kuri anode (electrode mbi), mu bisanzwe zikozwe muri graphite. Ico gihe nyene, ama elegitoroni araca mu nzira y’inyuma mu nzira imwe, atwarwa n’umuriro w’ugushaja. Ivyo bikoresho bibika inguvu mu gutuma habaho itandukaniro ry’ubushobozi bw’imiti hagati y’ivyo bikoresho, hakaba hariho ivyuma vy’i litiyumu bishizwe mu miterere y’ivyo bikoresho.
Iyo bateri ipfuye, ivyo birahinduka. Iyon za litiyumu zica ziva mu rwego rw’ubufatanye bugoyagoya-mu anode ya graphite zigasubira mu rwego rw’ubufatanye bukomeye-mu cathode, zikarekura inguvu zishika 320 kJ/mol muri iyo nzira. Ivyo bishika kubera ko litiyumu igumaho cane mu buryo bw’ubushuhe mu bikoresho vya katode-ingingo ngenderwako y’ishimikiro itwara ibikorwa vyose vya bateri ya litiyumu-ion.
Ivyo bihimba bibiri bihambaye mu kubika ibintu vyerekana ibiranga bitandukanye. Bateri za Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), zari zifise 88,6% vy’isoko mu 2024, zitanga ubushuhe bwiza cane n’ubuzima buramba, mu bisanzwe zirenga 6.000. Bateri za Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) zitanga inguvu nyinshi-zikenewe aho umwanya ugoye-ariko zisaba uburyo buhambaye bwo gucunga ubushuhe kubera ubushuhe bwinshi bwo gukoresha.
Ubwubatsi bwa sisitemu: Inyuma y'utugingo ngengabuzima twa bateri
Kugira ngo umuntu atahure neza ingene uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bukora, gushiramwo ibintu vyose birarenga kure cane utugingo ngengabuzima tw’amabateri twirundanijwe mu bikoresho. Ubwubatsi bwa sisitemu bushiramwo sisitemu nyinshi zikora mu milisegonda-huje neza.
Uburyo bwo guhindura amashanyarazi (PCS) bukora nk’inzira hagati y’ububiko bwa bateri y’amashanyarazi n’ibisabwa vy’uruzitiro rwa AC. Ivyuma vya PCS vy’ubu birashika ku bushobozi bwo guhindura burenze 98%, bikagabanya ukubura kw’inguvu mu gihe c’ingendo y’ugushaja-ugusohoka. Izo inverters ntizihindura gusa umuriro-zicungera neza uburyo bw'amashanyarazi, ugutunganya umuriro, n'inyishu y'incuro abakoresha uruzitiro basaba.
Ivyuma bikoreshwa mu gucunga amabateri (BMS) bikora nk’umubiri w’ubwenge. Izo nzira zigenzura ibihumbi vy’ibiharuro ku segonda: amashanyarazi y’ingingo ngenderwako imwe imwe, ubushuhe, ukuntu umuriro ukora be n’ingene ubuzima bumeze. BMS irabuza gushaja cane canke gusohoka cane bishobora gutuma bateri idakora neza kandi igatuma ingingo zigira uburinganire kugira ngo zibe zisaza mu buryo bumwe muri bateri yose. Mu gushiramwo ibintu vyinshi-, ubuhinga bwa BMS bugenzura ingingo z'umuntu ku giti ciwe, ibice, ibitereko, n'ubwa nyuma urugero rwa sisitemu rwose.
Uburyo bwo gucunga ubushuhe bwavuye mu gukonjesha umuyaga udakora gushika ku buryo bukomeye bwo gukonjesha amazi mu bikoresho bikora cane-. Ubushuhe butandukanye mu gitereko c’amabateri buragira ico bukoze ku bushobozi no ku mutekano. Uburyo bwo muri iki gihe buratuma ubushuhe buguma buri munsi ya degre 5 mu bihumbi vy’ingingo ngenderwako, ivyo bikaba ari ngirakamaro kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kubaho igihe kirekire no kugira ngo ashobore gukingira ibintu biva ku bushuhe.
Uburyo bwo gucunga inguvu (EMS) bukora ku rugero rw’ingene amashanyarazi akora, bugatuma ibikorwa bigenda neza bishingiye ku bimenyetso vy’igiciro c’amashanyarazi, ivyo uruja n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi rusaba, n’ivyo amasezerano ategerezwa gukora. Mu masoko nka Texas ERCOT, ubuhinga bwa EMS burabandanya gusuzuma nimba bwo kwishura mu bihe vy'igiciro gito-, gusohora mu gihe c'igiciro c'isonga, canke gutanga ibikorwa vy'inyongera nk'amategeko agenga incuro. Izo ngingo zica zihita, hariho ubuhinga bumwebumwe bukora ibihumbi vy’imibare y’ugutuma ibintu bigenda neza kw’isaha.
Ivy'ukuri-Imigenderanire y'Isi
Kugira ngo umuntu atahure ingene ubuhinga bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bukora bisaba gusuzuma ingene bukoreshwa vy’ukuri aho gusuzuma ubushobozi bw’ivyiyumviro. Mu gisata ca CAISO co muri California, ubuhinga bwa bateri bwarerekanye ubuhinga bwabwo bwo gukora mu mwaka w’ibikorwa wa 2024.
Mu gihe c'ingendo zisanzwe z'umusi, amabateri arashaja mu masaha yo mu gicugu igihe izuba rikoreshwa cane kandi ibiciro vy'amashanyarazi y'ingero bigabanuka-rimwe na rimwe bikaja hafi ya zero. Uko izuba rirenga kandi n’ivyo abantu bakeneye bikaba vyiyongera, amabateri arasohora inguvu zayo zibitswe, agakuraho ivyo vyari gusaba amahinguriro akoresha gaze kavukire. Iyi nzira yo gukuraho umuriro-isubiramwo buri musi, amabateri aheza inzira 250-300 zuzuye ku mwaka muri ivyo bikoresho.
Isoko rya Texas ERCOT ryerekana uburyo butandukanye. Uburyo bwo gukoresha amabateri ng’aho bwibanda cane ku bikorwa vy’inyongera no ku guca imanza z’ibiciro. Iyo ubushuhe bwo mu ci butuma abantu bashaka ibikoresho vyo gukoresha mu gutuma umuyaga ugera mu nzu, ibiciro vy’ivyo bikoresho bikaba bishika ku madolari 3.000 ku MWh canke birenze, amabateri arasohoka cane. GW z’ubushobozi bwa bateri zashizwe muri Texas mu mpera z’umwaka wa 2024 zatumye habaho zero y’imburi zo kubungabunga ibidukikije mu ci-ugereranyije n’imburi 11 nk’izo mu 2023-mu gihe nyene zagabanyije ibiciro vy’isonga vyo muri Myandagaro 2024 n’amadolari 160 ku MWh ugereranyije n’umwaka uheze.
Uguhinduranya ibikorwa birashika no ku nyishu z'igice ca kabiri. Iyo uruganda runini rw’amashanyarazi ruvuye ku murongo rutari rwiteze, incuro z’uruzitiro zitangura kugabanuka ubwo nyene. Uburyo bwa bateri buramenya iyo nzira y’ugukevya kw’incuro mu masegonda 100 kandi burashobora gutera ubushobozi mu masegonda 400-vyihuta cane kuruta igihe igikoresho cose gikoresha ubushuhe gisubiza. Ubwo bushobozi bwagaragaye ko ari ngirakamaro cane mu bihe vyinshi vyabaye mu 2024 aho ubuhinga bwa bateri bwabujije gusenyuka.
Igihe co kubika n'ubushobozi bwo gupima ubucuruzi-uguhagarika
Imigambi ihanganye n’ingingo y’ishimikiro y’uguhingura hagati y’ubushobozi bw’inguvu (bupimwa mu MW) n’ubushobozi bw’inguvu (bupimwa mu MWh). Ico kigereranyo kigena igihe urutonde rushobora kumara rufise igipimo c’ugusohoka kw’amazi.
Sisitemu zakozwe n'igihe c'amasaha 1-2 zishira imbere ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi ku bijanye n'ugutunganya incuro n'ugushigikira uruzitiro rw'igihe gito. Ivyo bikoresho birasaba kandi bikabisohora incuro nyinshi ku musi, bikaronka amahera ahanini ava mu masoko y’ibikorwa vy’inyongera. Igihe c’umugambi muri Texas gikora amasaha 1,7, kikaba kigaragaza imiterere y’indishi y’isoko kubera ubushobozi bwo gusubiza vyihuse.
Uburyo bumara igihe kirekire bw’amasaha 4-6 bushingiye ku guhindura inguvu no guhindura ubushobozi. Imigambi yo muri California imara amasaha hafi 4, igenewe gufata izuba ry’inyuma y’umuhingamo no kurisohora mu gihe c’ijoro ry’izuba ryinshi. Ubutunzi burahinduka uko igihe kigenda kirushiriza: amabateri aba igice kinini c’igiciro mu gihe igiciro c’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none n’ibindi bikoresho kiguma ari kimwe, bikaba bituma habaho imibare itandukanye yo gutuma ibintu bigenda neza.
Ivyuma binini cane ubu birarenga ubushobozi bw'isaha imwe -gigawatt-. Ico kigo ca Edwards & Sanborn muri California gikora ku nguvu 875 MW n’ububiko bwa MWh 3.287-bituma amasaha hafi 4 aguma asohoka ku nguvu zose. Imigambi y’urugero nk’urwo isaba uguhuza neza hagati y’ibihumbi vy’ibice vy’amabateri, hakaba hariho uburyo buteye imbere bwo kugenzura bituma bikora neza.
Igihe umugambi umara kw'isi yose kigaragaza uguhinduka kw'akarere kwerekana imiterere y'isoko. Ivyuma vy’i Buraya vyashizweho amasaha arenga 2 ku ncuro ya mbere mu 2024, bivuye ku masaha 1,4 mu 2023, uko amasoko atera imbere uburyo bwo gutanga indishi y’igihe kirekire-. Imigambi yo muri Amerika Latini yerekana mbere n’igihe kirekire kuruta c’amasaha 4,2, bishingiye ku biranga uruzitiro bitandukanye n’ivyo gusubiramwo.
Uburyo bwo kwirinda n'iterambere rishasha mu kubika inguvu za bateri
Ivyerekeye umutekano wo kubika inguvu za bateri vyashikirijwe n'abantu bose inyuma y'ibintu vyinshi vyabaye hagati ya 2017-2021. Ariko rero, iyo nganda yarateye imbere cane mu bijanye n’umutekano biciye ku gutera imbere mu vy’ubuhinga no mu kwiga ingene ikora.
Igitigiri c’ibintu bishika ku gigawatt{0}}isaha ikoreshwa caragabanutse cane mu 2024, hariho ibintu bitanu gusa bihambaye vy’umutekano kw’isi yose-vyagabanutse biva kuri 15 mu 2023. Ivyo biva ku bice vyinshi vy’umutekano bikomeza ubu bikoreshwa mu buryo bw’ubudandaji.
Umutekano w'urugero rw'ingingo-utangura n'uguhitamwo ubuhinga bwa shimi. Ihinduka ry’ubuhinga bwa LFP rifise inyungu z’umutekano zisanzwe kuruta NMC. Ubushuhe bwo guhunga bw’ubushuhe bwa LFP burarenga degre 270 ugereranyije n’ubushuhe bwa NMC bwa degre 200, bikaba bitanga urugero runini rwo gukora imbere y’uko bihungabana bikomeye. Ikindi, LFP ntirekura umwuka w’ikirere mu gihe c’ukubora kw’ubushuhe, igakuraho ikintu nyamukuru gitera umuriro kwihuta kiri mu bindi bihimba vy’umubiri.
Module na rack-level umutekano ushiramwo inzitizi z'umubiri hagati y'ingingo kugira ngo ntihagire ukunanirwa kw'ibice. Ivyuma vy’ubu birimwo ibitandukanya bishobora guhangana n’umuriro-, inzitizi z’ubushuhe hagati y’ibice, n’uburyo bwo gusohora umwuka bujana imyuka iyo ari yo yose kure y’ibice biri hafi. Abahinguzi bamwebamwe ubu baratanga icemezo c’uko ata bushuhe buzokwiragira hagati y’ibice biciye ku buhinga bw’ibikoresho.
Uburyo bwo kuzimya umuriro bwarateye imbere birenze uburyo bwa kera. Naho uburyo bushingiye ku mazi-buguma ari ubw’agaciro, uburyo bwihariye bukoresha amazi yinjira hagati y’ingingo zerekana ubushobozi bwinshi ku muriro wa litiyumu-iyoni. Uburyo bwo kumenya bugenzura ibimenyetso vy’imburi mbere y’igihe-ukudatunganye kw’umuriro, ukuduga kw’ubushuhe, canke imyuka isohoka-bitanga imburi iminota 15-30 imbere y’uko ubushuhe buhunga.
UL 9540 na UL 9540A, zasubiwemwo mu 2025, ubu zisaba ko habaho igerageza ryose ry’ugukwiragira kw’ubushuhe ku rugero rwa sisitemu, atari ku rugero rw’ingingo gusa. Ukwo guhinduka kw’amategeko gutuma abahinguzi bashika ku mutekano ugaragara aho guharura mu buryo bw’ivyiyumviro.
Ukwifatanya n'inkomoko z'inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo
Ububiko bwa bateri burashoboza cane cane ugushiramwo inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo ku rugero mbere rudashoboka. Ivyiyumviro vy’izuba n’umuyaga ntibihuye n’ivy’ugukoresha-izuba rishika ku mpera z’umuhingamo mu gihe ivyifuzo bishika ku mugoroba, umuyaga akenshi utanga cane mw’ijoro igihe ivyipfuzo biri hasi cane.
Mu miterere y'ububiko bw'izuba-plus-, amabateri afatanya n'izuba imbere y'uko ahuzwa n'uruzitiro. Iyi DC-ifatanye n'imiterere irakuraho intambwe imwe yo guhindura, igatuma urugendo rwo gusubira inyuma -rugenda neza na 2-4%. Ivyo bikoresho vy’izuba bica bishaja amabateri ataco bimaze mu bihe vy’uguhingura, kandi ibikoresho vyo gufatanya bigabanya igiciro cose c’umugambi n’ibice 15-25% ugereranyije n’ibikoresho bitandukanye.
Amakuru y’ibikorwa ava mu mugambi wa Gemini muri Nevada-ufatanya izuba 690 MW n’ububiko bwa bateri 380 MW/1.416 MWh-yerekana inyungu zo gukorana. Ico kigo gitanga inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo zishobora gukoreshwa mu masezerano yo kugura amashanyarazi y’imyaka 25-, bikaba vyemeza ko amashanyarazi azotangwa mu gihe c’izuba ryinshi ku mugoroba ataco izuba rimeze. Ukwo kwizigirwa guhindura izuba ry’ibihe bimwe bimwe mu nguvu z’uburemere bw’umuzigo w’ishimikiro bivuye ku mbonerahamwe y’umukoresha w’uruzitiro.
Abakoresha uruzitiro batanga raporo y'ibiranga ibikorwa bitandukanye kuva ku bateri zihuriweko n'izihagaze. Uburyo bw’imigwi bukora neza ku bijanye n’ugucungera inguvu, gushaja mu gihe c’uguhingura izuba no gusohora mu gihe c’igiciro c’isonga. Bateri zihagaze zitanga ibikorwa bishobora guhinduka, zigira uruhara mu migenderanire myinshi y’inyungu harimwo n’ugutunganya incuro, ibisigazwa vy’uguhinduranya, n’ibikorwa vyo gufasha umuriro-bisaba guhindura vyihuse ivy’ugushaja bidahuye n’imiterere y’ugushaja kw’izuba-.
Ukwo gukorana gushika no ku nguvu z’umuyaga, naho nyene zidasanzwe nk’iz’izuba. Umuyaga wo muri Texas akenshi ushika ku rwego rwo hejuru mw’ijoro rimwe igihe ibiciro vy’amashanyarazi biri hasi cane. Amabateri arashaja muri ivyo bihe kandi agasohoka mu masaha y’inyuma y’umuhingamo, igihe-kihindura inguvu z’umuyaga amasaha 12-18. Iyi nzira irema ibisabwa bitandukanye vyo gutwara amagare ugereranyije n’ibikorwa vy’izuba.
Iterambere ry'isoko n'imikorere y'ubutunzi
Ikoreshwa ry'ububiko bw'inguvu za bateri ryarateye imbere cane mu 2024, ryongera 69 GW kw'isi yose-ukwiyongera kwa 53% ku rwego rwa 2023. Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zonyene zongeyeko amashanyarazi arenga 10 GW, zirenga izuba nk'iyigira kabiri -yongeyeko ubushobozi bwinshi inyuma y'izuba ry'urugero rw'ubuhinga-.
Inzira z’ibiciro ni zo zatumye ivyo vyihuta. Ibiciro vy’amabateri vyagabanutse 20% mu 2024 bishika ku madolari 115 ku kWh, bishika ku gice c’ivyo mu 2023. Ibiciro vy’uburyo bwose-harimwo uburinganire bw’uburyo, ugushiraho, n’uguhuza uruzitiro-vyagabanutse bishika ku madolari 66 ku kWh mu masoko y’Ubushinwa afise amahiganwa. Naho ibiciro vy’ibihugu vy’Uburengero biguma ari vyinshi, abahinga mu vy’ubuhinga bw’ivy’ubuhinga buzogwa munsi y’amadolari 100 ku kWh mu 2030 mbere no mu masoko y’ivy’ubutunzi.
Ivyitegererezo vy’inyungu biratandukanye cane bivanye n’imiterere y’isoko. Mu isoko rya ERCOT ry’inguvu-gusa, amabateri aronka cane cane biciye mu gucungera inguvu, agura make akagurisha menshi. Ibiciro vy’umusi ku musi vy’amadolari 50-200 kuri MWh bituma habaho amahirwe y’ubukemurampaka adahinduka, ibintu bikomeye cane rimwe na rimwe bikaba bituma haba ugukwiragira kurenga amadolari 2.500 kuri MWh. Imigambi ikunda gutegura imyaka 8-12 yo kwishura ku rugero rw’igiciro rwa 2024.
Isoko ry’ubushobozi ry’i California ritanga ubutunzi butandukanye. Uburyo bwa bateri buraronka amahera y’ubushobozi kubera ukuboneka mu bihe vy’isonga, bitanga ugushikama kw’inyungu ariko ubushobozi bwo gutera imbere bugabanutse kuruta ubukemurampaka bw’inguvu zitagira agasembwa. Amasoko y’ibikorwa vy’inyongera atanga inyungu z’inyongera, n’amategeko agenga incuro mu mateka atanga 20-30% vy’inyungu z’imigambi, naho nyene uguhiganwa kwiyongera kwatumye ivyo bipimo bigabanywa.
Ivy’amahera y’umugambi vyarateye imbere uko umugwi w’itunga wagenda urakura. Imigambi ya mbere yasaba uburinganire 30-40% kubera ukudakeka kw’ibikorwa. Mu mwaka w’2024, abahinguzi n’abakoresha bashinzwe bazoronka amahera y’imyenda arenga 70% y’amahera y’imigambi, inyungu zikaba ziri hejuru y’imigambi y’ubuhinga bushobora gusubirwamwo igereranijwe. Ukwo gutera imbere kw’amahera kuragabanya ata guca ku ruhande igiciro c’amashanyarazi ku baguzi.
Uburyo bwo kugenzura n'ibikorwa vy'uruzitiro ku buryo bwo kubika inguvu za bateri
Igihe umuntu ariko aratohoza ingene uburyo bwo kubika inguvu za bateri bukora mu bikorwa vy’uruzitiro, ibikoresho vyo muri iki gihe biratanga ibikorwa birenze cane kubika inguvu vyoroshe. Abakoresha amashanyarazi bararushiriza kwizigira amabateri ku bikorwa vya kera bikorwa n’amahinguriro asanzwe.
Itegeko ry'incuro risaba sub-inyishu ya kabiri ku gukevya kw'incuro z'uruzitiro. Iyo incuro zigabanutse zishika munsi ya 60 Hz (vyerekana ko hariho ukubura kw’inguvu), amabateri aca ahita atanga inguvu. Iyo incuro ziduze zirengeye 60 Hz (ugutanga ubushobozi burenze urugero), amabateri aranywa ubushobozi. Iryo nyishu ry’ubwigenge ribaho ubudasiba, n’uburyo bwo kugenzura buhindura umusaruro incuro amajana ku munota bishingiye ku bipimo vy’incuro z’uruzitiro.
Infashanyo y’umuriro yerekana ibisabwa bitandukanye vy’ubuhinga. Bateri zitegerezwa gutera canke gufata inguvu zikora-zitandukanye n'inguvu nyazo zigenda mu bikorwa vy'inguvu. Inverters zo muri iki gihe zikora ivyo bikorwa vyose icarimwe, zitanga ubushobozi nyabwo bwo gutanga inguvu mu gihe zihindura ubushobozi bwo gukora kugira ngo zigumye zikora. Ubu bushobozi burarushiriza kuba buhambaye cane uko amageneratore akorana n'abandi atanga ubufasha bw'umuriro "ku buntu" agenda araruhuka.
Ubushobozi bwo gutangura bw’umwirabura bugereranya igikorwa gishasha. Iyo uruzitiro rw’amashanyarazi rusenyutse rwose, amahinguriro y’amashanyarazi ya kera asaba amashanyarazi yo hanze kugira ngo asubire gukora. Amabateri amwe amwe ubu ashiramwo uburyo bwo gutangura bwirabura, bushobora guha inguvu ibice vy’uruzitiro rwo mu karere no gutanga ubushobozi bwo gutangura uruganda rusanzwe-ubushobozi bwagaragajwe mu bigeragezo vyinshi vyo mu 2024 ariko butarakoreshwa cane.
Inertie synthétique itorera umuti ingorane y’uruzitiro iriko irakura. Amageneratore asanzwe arafise uburemere buzunguruka bushobora kunanira mu buryo bw’umubiri amahinduka y’incuro, bikaba bitanga ugushikama kw’ibisanzwe. Bateri n'ibindi bikoresho bishingiye ku inverter-bibura iyo inertie y'ubuhinga. Ubu uburyo bwo kugenzura buteye imbere burakwigana iyo nyifato mu buryo bw’ubuhinga bwa none, bukamenya igipimo-c’-incuro-ihinduka maze bukavyishura bihuye, bugatanga inertie synthétique igumya ubushobozi bw’uruzitiro.
Imipaka y'ubuhinga n'iterambere ryo muri kazoza
Uretse ubuhinga busanzwe bwa litiyumu-ion, ubuhinga bundi bushingiye ku bikorwa vyihariye aho ibiranga ibikorwa bitandukanye bihambaye kuruta igiciro.
Bateri zigenda zigenda zashitse ku kwiyongera kw’ibikorwa birenga 300% mu 2024, cane cane mu bikorwa bisaba amasaha 6-10 yo gusohoka. Ivyo bikoresho bibika inguvu mu bikoresho vy’amazi biri mu bidengeri vyo hanze aho kubibika mu bikoresho vy’amazi ubwavyo. Naho inguvu-zike cane kuruta litiyumu-ion, amabateri agendagenda atanga ubuzima butagira aho bugarukira biciye mu gusubirira amazi y’umuyagankuba no gukingira umuriro biciye mu buhinga butashobora kwaka.
Bateri za sodium-ion zasohotse buhoro buhoro, zifise ubushobozi buri munsi ya 200 MWh zashizweho mu 2024 naho hariho ishoramari rikomeye ry’iterambere. Iryo koraniro risezerana gukuraho ukuntu umuntu yizigira litiyumu na kobalt, aho gukoresha sodium nyinshi. Ariko rero, uburemere bw’inguvu buke be n’ugukomeza kugabanya igiciro ca litiyumu bigabanya ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibindi. Abahinguzi benshi bamenyesheje ko mu 2025 bazotanguza ibintu bishobora gutuma abantu bavyifatamwo neza.
Bateri zikomeye-ziserukira ubushobozi bw'igihe kirekire-. Gusubirira amazi y’umuyagankuba n’ibikoresho bikomeye birasezerana uburemere bw’inguvu nyinshi, ibiranga umutekano mwiza, n’ibipimo vy’ugusenyuka bike. Ariko rero, ingorane zo gukora n’ibiciro bituma amabateri y’ukuri akomeye-y’igihugu agumaho imyaka kuva ku gukoreshwa kw’uruzitiro rw’ubudandaji-, naho nyene iterambere ribandanya mu bikorwa vyo mu laboratwari no mu bikorwa vy’umwihariko.
Iterambere ry'ubunini bw'utugingo ngengabuzima rirabandanya mu buhinga bwa litiyumu-ion. Ivyuma binini-vy’ubuhinga bwa prismatic birenze ubushobozi bwa 300 Ah biragenda biramenyekana mu 2024, bikagabanya ubugoyagoye bwo gukoranya n’ibiciro. Abahinguzi bavuga ko izo nsoro nini zituma ubutunzi bwose butera imbere ku rugero rwa 12-18% naho nyene hariho amahinduka makeyi mu vy’ubuhinga.
Ingorane n'imiti y'imikorere
Ibikorwa vy'isi vy'ukuri-bihura n'ingorane zitaboneka mu mibereho ya laboratwari canke mu bigereranyo vy'ivyiyumviro. Gutahura izo ngorane n’imiti yazo biragaragara ko ari ngirakamaro kugira ngo ikore igihe kirekire-yizewe.
Uguhuza amakuru y’uruzitiro kwaje nk’ikibazo gikomeye mu 2022-2023. Ibintu vyinshi vyabaye vyari bishingiye ku mirongo y’amabateri yishura nabi ku makosa y’uruzitiro, bikagabanya umusaruro igihe umusaruro wongereweko wari ukenewe. Itohoza ryerekanye ko hariho ukudakwiriye kw’ugukoresha aho imiterere y’inverter yananiwe guhura n’ibisabwa vy’uruzitiro. Inyishu y’inganda yarimwo amategeko asubiwemwo yo gutanga ibikorwa n’ugupima ku nguvu ku bibanza vyinshi bikoreramwo imbere y’uko kwemererwa ibikorwa vy’ubudandaji.
Gukurikirana ugusenyuka kw’ibikorwa bisaba isesengura rikomeye. Bateri zitakaza ubushobozi biciye mu buryo bwinshi: gukura kw'ikirangamisi kuva ku gihe gusa, gukura kw'ingendo kuva ku bikorwa vyo gushaja-ugukura, n'ibintu bidukikije nk'ugushikirwa n'ubushuhe. Gutandukanya ivyo bintu ni vyo bigaragaza nimba ubuhinga buhuye n’ingwati z’ibikorwa vy’igarantiya. Ubu ubuhinga bwo gupima indwara buteye imbere buravuga imbere y’igihe ubuzima bw’ingirakamaro busigaye n’ukuri gukomeye, bikaba bishoboza gusubirizwa imbere y’uko bibura.
Uguhinduka kw’amahera yinjira birazana ingorane zo gutegura ivy’amahera. Mu masoko nka ERCOT, amafaranga yinjira mu mwaka ashobora guhinduka 50-100% bivanye n’imitererere, ukuzimangana kw’amageneratore, n’ibiciro vy’amavuta. Ukwo guhinduka gutuma amafaranga y’imigambi agorana kandi bikaba bitera ingorane abategura gukora neza kugira ngo bashobore kuronka inyungu nyinshi z’igihe kirekire aho gukoresha neza inyungu z’igihe gito. Ibikoresho vy’ugutegekanya bigenda birushiriza kuba vyiza bifasha ababikoresha gushiramwo ivy’ubutunzi mu buryo bushobora kuronka inyungu nyinshi.
Ivy’ugutanga ibikoresho vyihariye mu Bushinwa biratuma abaterambere bo mu Burengero bagira ingorane. Ivyiyumviro birenga 80% vy’ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu-ion cell bibera mu Bushinwa, bikaba bituma ibikoresho bicererwa no gushikirwa n’ivya politike. Itegeko ry’Amerika ryo kugabanya ugutakaza agaciro ry’ibintu vyo mu gihugu n’ingingo zisa n’izo z’Uburaya zigamije guhindura ubuhinga bwo gukora ibintu, naho ubushobozi bufise insiguro butazoboneka imbere y’umwaka wa 2026-2027.
Ibibazo bikunze kwibazwa
Ivyo bikoresho vyo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bimara igihe kingana iki?
Ivyuma vyinshi vy’ubudandaji vy’ama litiyumu-ion bishobora gukora imyaka 10-15 canke 2.000{9}}6.000 y’ingendo z’ugushaja no gusohoka, ivyo bizoza imbere. LFP chemistry mu bisanzwe irarusha NMC 30-50% mu bikorwa vy’uruzitiro kubera ubushuhe bwiza. Akenshi ubuhinga burabandanya gukora inyuma y’ibihe vy’igarantiya ku bushobozi bugabanutse-amakuru yerekana ko ubushobozi bwo kugumya 70-80% ku myaka 15 ari ibisanzwe. Ugucungera ubushuhe, uburebure bw’ingendo, n’ibipimo vy’ugushaja/gusohoka biragira ingaruka nyinshi ku buzima nyabwo.
Mbega ubuhinga bwo kubika amabateri bwoba bushobora gufata umuriro, kandi ivyo bishobora gute gukingirwa?
Bateri za litiyumu-ion zishobora guhunga ubushuhe mu bihe bimwe bimwe vy'ugusenyuka, bishobora gutuma haba umuriro. Ariko rero, ibiharuro vy’ibintu vyabaye vyagabanutse cane-ibintu 5 gusa bihambaye kw’isi yose mu 2024 ugereranije na 15 mu 2023. Uburyo bwo muri iki gihe burakingira umuriro biciye mu bice vyinshi: uguhitamwo ubuhinga bwa shimi (LFP ku NMC bigabanya ingorane), inzitizi z’ubushuhe zo ku rugero rw’ingingo-, uburyo bwo kugenzura buteye imbere. kare, n’uburyo bwo kuzimya umuriro bwikora. Ivyo guhindura ubuhinga bwa LFP, bugizwe n’ibice 88 kw’ijana vy’ibikoresho bishasha, bitanga ubushuhe bwiza kuruta ugereranije n’ubuhinga bwa kera bwa NMC.
Ni ubuhe bushobozi bwo gucagura no gukuraho ubuhinga bwo kubika inguvu za bateri?
Ubushobozi bw'urugendo rw'uruziga-inguvu zisohoka zigabanijwe n'inguvu zishirwamwo-ziva kuri 85-95% ku mirongo ya litiyumu-ion y'ubu. Ivyuma vy’agaciro kanini-bifise ama inverter ateye imbere bishika ku 92-95% vy’ubushobozi. Ivyo gutakaza bishika mu gihe co guhindura AC/DC (2-3% ku nzira yose), ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’imbere muri bateri (2-4%), n’ubushobozi bwo gufasha mu gukonjesha no kugenzura (1-2%). Bateri zigenda zigenda zigaragaza ubushobozi buke bwo kugenda no kugaruka ku 65-75%, mu gihe ubuhinga bushasha bufise intumbero yo kugera kuri 70-80%. Ugucungera ubushuhe biragira ingaruka nyinshi ku bushobozi, aho ubuhinga bukora hanze y’ubushuhe bwiza butakaza ubushobozi 5-10%.
Ni gute amabateri ashobora kwishura ningoga ku vyo uruzitiro rukeneye?
Ububiko bwa bateri buratanga inyishu yihuta kurusha izindi zose ziboneka. Sisitemu zimenya ukunyuranya kw’incuro mu milisegonda 100 zigashika ku bushobozi bwose mu milisegonda 400-vyihuta cane kuruta uruganda urwo ari rwo rwose rw’ubushuhe rusaba iminota 10-30. Ubu bushobozi bwo gusubiza mu gihe c’isegonda ntoyi butuma amabateri aba meza cane mu gutunganya incuro. Ku bijanye no gutanga amabateri, amabateri arava ku gushaja gushika ku gusohoka mu masegonda atarenga 60. Ubu hari ubuhinga bumwebumwe buratanga inertie synthétique, inyishu mbere yihuta cane ikaba ibaho mu nzinguzingu imwe imwe y’umuyagankuba (imilisegonda 16).
Iciyumviro: Ububiko nk'ibikorwa remezo vy'uruzitiro
Ku bibaza ingene uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bukora mu bijanye n’imirongo y’inguvu izoza, uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bwavuye ku buhinga bwo kugerageza buja ku bikorwa remezo vy’ingenzi vy’imirongo mu myaka itarenga cumi. GW 26 zashizwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu mpera z’umwaka w’2024 zigereranya 2% gusa vy’ubushobozi bwose bwo gutanga amashanyarazi, yamara izo nzira zisanzwe zigira ico zikoze ku masoko y’amashanyarazi y’ingero zidahuye n’ubunini bwazo biciye ku bushobozi bwo gusubiza vyihuse.
Ivyiyumviro vyerekana ko 92 GW z’ivyongeweko kw’isi yose mu 2025, bishobora kurenga 400 GWh iyo harimwo imigambi y’imiyoboro. Ukwo kwiyongera kwerekana ko ubutunzi buriko buratera imbere-ibiciro vy’amabateri vyagabanutse 40% mu mezi 18-n’ugushigikira politike harimwo n’Itegeko ry’Ukugabanya Inflation ry’Amerika ry’Itegeko ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu (Act Reduction Inflation Reduction Act) ry’Amerika ryitaho umusoro w’ishoramari ry’ibice 30%. Imyaka cumi izoza yoshobora kubona ububiko bw’amabateri burenga 1 TW kw’isi yose, bukegera ubukuru bw’inguvu z’amazi zipompa mu kubika inguvu.
Iterambere ry’ubuhinga rirabandanya mu bice vyinshi: uguteza imbere ubuhinga bwa shimi kugira ngo haboneke uburemere bw’inguvu n’umutekano, uburyo bw’ingingo bunini bugabanya igiciro c’imirongo, porogarama zikomeye zituma ibikorwa bigenda neza, no gukorana n’uguhingura ivyuma vy’amazi n’ububiko bw’igihe kirekire-ku bw’ibikorwa vy’ibihe. Ingingo ngenderwako z’ishimikiro z’ibikorwa-uguhindura inguvu z’umuyagankuba, uguhindura AC/DC, ubugenzuzi bw’ubwenge-ziguma ari zimwe, ariko uburyo bwo gukora buratera imbere uko umwaka utashe.
Abakoresha amabarabara bararushiriza kubona ko ububiko bw’amabateri atari ikintu co kwuzuza uruvyaro rusanzwe ahubwo ko ari ikintu ciza kuruta ku bikorwa vyihariye. Ukwihuta, ukuntu ibintu bigenda neza be n’ukuntu bishobora guhindura aho umuntu ari biratuma habaho inyungu mu bikorwa ibikoresho bikoresha ubushuhe bidashobora guhura navyo. Gutahura ingene uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bukora birerekana igituma ubu buhinga bwacitse ikintu gihambaye cane ku nzira z’ubuhinga bwa none ziriko zirahindukira zija ku nguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo n’ibikorwa remezo bishobora guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
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