Uburyo bwo kubika amabateri bubika inguvu z’umuyagankuba kugira ngo zizokoreshwe mu nyuma, bikaba bizibira itandukaniro hagati y’igihe umuyagankuba ukoreshwa n’igihe ukenewe. Izo nzira zacitse ibikorwa remezo vy’ingenzi kuko ubu inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo nk’izuba n’umuyaga zifata ibice birenga 40% vy’amashanyarazi akoreshwa kw’isi yose, ivyo bikaba bituma habaho ukudahuza hagati y’ivyo umuntu akora n’ivyo asaba.
Ikibazo c'ubutunzi carahindutse cane
Iciyumviro c’amahera co kubika amabateri carahindutse mu myaka cumi iheze. Ibiciro vya sisitemu vyagabanutse cane kuva ku madolari 2.571 ku kilowatt{3}}isaha mu 2010 gushika ku madolari 165/kWh mu 2024-ivyo bikaba vyagabanutseko 93%. Mu Bushinwa, ibiciro vyaciye mu nzira y’amadolari 100/kWh, aho ubuhinga bw’amasaha 4-bushika ku madolari 85/kWh. Ukwo kugabanya igiciro bikomeye ntikwabaye buhoro buhoro; Mu mwaka w’2024 gusa, hagabanutseko 40% ku mwaka ku mwaka, ivyo bikaba ari vyo vyagabanutse cane kuva ugukurikirana kw’ibintu vyose kwatangura muri 2017.
Iyi nzira y’ibiciro yarahinduye ubutunzi. Ubu ububiko bw’amabateri burahiganwa ata guca ku ruhande n’ibikoresho bikoresha gaze kavukire mu kiringo kigera ku masaha ane. Isesengura ryakozwe vuba mu Budagi ryasanze izuba ry’ubuhinga-rifatanijwe n’ububiko bw’amabateri ritwara amahera make mu kwubaka no gukoresha kuruta ubushobozi bungana n’ubwo bukoreshwa na gazi. California yerekana iyo mpinduka mu majambo nyayo-amabateri akunda gushitsa hafi 20% vy’ivyo abantu basaba ku mugoroba, agakuraho gazi yari gukenerwa ubu hakaba haciye imyaka itatu gusa.
Ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza amafaranga burarenga ubukemurampaka bw’inguvu bworoshe. Abakoresha amabateri y’urugero rwa Grid-baronka inyungu mu migende myinshi: gutegeka incuro, amasoko y’ubushobozi, porogarama zo kwishura ku bisabwa, gusubiramwo ugutanga, n’ubudandaji bw’inguvu nyinshi. Uburyo bwiza-butunganijwe muri Texas burashobora guca ku musi ku musi, bugaca bufata amahera iyo ibiciro vy’ubudandaji bigabanutse munsi y’amadolari 20/MWh, bugatanga amahera mu bihe vy’isoko iyo ibiciro vy’ubudandaji birengeye amadolari 100/MWh. Hari ibikorwa vyanditse ibiciro vy’ugusohora amazi birenze amadolari 5.000/MWh mu gihe c’ivyihutirwa vy’uruja n’uruza.
Abakoresha ubudandaji n’inganda babona ibintu bitandukanye bituma habaho agaciro. Ibiciro vy’ugusaba cane akenshi bigereranya 30-50% vy’amafaranga y’amashanyarazi ku bibanza bininibinini. Uburyo bw’amabateri bufise ubunini bubereye burashobora gucapura izo nsonga, bukazana igihe co kwishura c’imyaka 3-5 mbere n’imbere y’uko umuntu afata agaciro k’ububasha bwo gusubiza inyuma canke akagira uruhara muri porogarama zo gusubiza ivyo asabwa. Ico kigereranyo c’umusoro w’ishoramari ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika 30% kizoboneka gushika mu 2032, kizorushiriza kwihutisha inyungu.
Gushikama kw'uruzitiro bisaba ibikoresho vyihuta -vyishura
Ivyuma vy’amashanyarazi bikora mu mirongo y’incuro ndende-mu bisanzwe 60 Hz muri Amerika y’Uburaruko, n’ugukevya kwemewe kwa ±0.05 Hz gusa mu bihe bisanzwe. Ivyuma vya kera bikoresha amakara y’ibisigazwa bigumya incuro biciye mu guhinduranya uburemere n’abarongozi bisubiza ivy’uruzitiro. Uko ivyo bikoresho bifata ikiruhuko c’izabukuru, abakoresha amashanyarazi barahura n’ikibazo c’ubushobozi bwo gukora.
Uburyo bwo kubika amabateri burasubiza vuba cane kurusha ibindi bikoresho vyose vy'uruzitiro. Biva mu gihe co gutegerezwa bikaja mu gihe co gusohoka mu gihe c’isegonda rimwe, ugereranyije n’iminota 10-15 ku gikoresho gikoresha gazi. Uwo muvuduko urahambaye mu gihe c’ibintu bishobora gushika. Iyo umuyagankuba munini uvuye ku murongo, incuro zitangura kugabanuka ubwo nyene. Iyo iguye kure cane, ugukura kw’umuriro kwikora gutangura-ugukuraho umuriro bica abakiriya kugira ngo uruzitiro ntirusenyuke burundu.
Urugero rw’iyo ngorane ni runini cane. Texas yashikiwe n'amahamagara 11 yo kubungabunga ibidukikije muri 2023, ibintu aho ugutanga kwari gushitse ku bisabwa. Muri ivyo birori, ububiko bw’amabateri bwatuma umuntu ashobora guhindura uko akora kugira ngo ntihagire uwuzima. Muri Ruhuhuma 2024, ubuhinga bwo kubika amazi muri Texas bwarerekanye hafi 1 GW y’ugusohoka kw’amazi mu gihe c’ibihe bikomeye.
Igitabu co muri Californie na co nyene kivuga inkuru nk’iyo. Ubushobozi bwa Leta bufise 12,5 GW bw’amabateri ubu buratanga ibikorwa vyari bisaba mbere kubungabunga amahinguriro y’amazi-akoresha gazi akora munsi y’ubushobozi, yiteguriye gutera imbere. Ububiko bwa bateri buragabanya ubwo bukene mu gihe butanga inyishu nziza cane y’incuro.
Ubushobozi bw’ubuhinga burarenga inyishu zihutirwa. Uburyo bwa none bwa bateri buratanga ubuhinga bwo guhindura "grid-forming", bufasha cane umuriro n'incuro aho gukurikira uruzitiro. Ubwo bushobozi buraba ubuhambaye cane kuko ibikoresho bishingiye ku inverter- (izuba, umuyaga, n’amabateri) bigize imigabane myinshi y’ubushobozi bwo gutanga umuyagankuba. Bateri zikora uruzitiro-zishobora mbere gusubira gutangura ibice vy'uruzitiro inyuma y'uguzima-igikorwa citwa "black start" cari gisanzwe gisaba amageneratore y'amazi canke ya dizele.
Ugushiramwo ibintu bishobora gusubirwamwo bisaba igihe c'inguvu-Guhindura
Ubuhinga bwo guhingura izuba n'umuyaga ntibujanye n'ugukoresha. Izuba ritanga umusaruro mwinshi nko ku manywa y’umuhingamo igihe ubukene bw’ubudandaji ari bwinshi ariko ubukene bw’amazu bukaba buringaniye. Umusaruro ugabanuka ukaja kuri zero izuba rirenze, nk’uko nyene ugukoresha mu nzu bigenda biraduga mu guteka, mu gushusha no mu bikorwa vyo ku mugoroba. Ivyiyumviro vy’umuyaga biratandukanye bivanye n’aho umuntu ari ariko kenshi bishika ku rwego rwo hejuru mw’ijoro rimwe igihe ivyipfuzo biri hasi cane.
Iyo ata kubika, ukwo kudahuza gutuma haba ingorane zibiri: ugugabanya n’ugutera imbere. Abakoresha uruzitiro baragabanya (imyanda) inguvu zisubirwamwo iyo umusaruro urenze ivyo usabwa hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo kubirungika hanze. California yagabanyije amasaha y’izuba y’ubuhinga bwa megawatt miliyoni 2.7 mu mwaka w’2023-ahagije kugira ngo inzu zishika 400.000 zikoreshe amashanyarazi mu mwaka umwe. Ivyo bigabanya ububasha naho Leta izana ububasha buva mu turere tuhegereye mu bihe vy’isonga ry’umugoroba.
Ico kintu "duck curve" kirerekana ingorane yo gutera imbere. Uko ubuhinga bw’izuba bugenda buragabanuka mu gicugu, abakoresha amashanyarazi bategerezwa kwihuta kwongera ayandi masoko y’amashanyarazi kugira ngo bashobore gushitsa ivyifuzo vy’umugoroba. Ivyo bituma haba uruzitiro ruteye igomwe rusaba uburyo bwo guhinduranya. Amahinguriro y’amazi y’umuyagankuba yari afise iyo nshingano, ariko arazimvye gukoresha kandi aratera ingorane ibidukikije.
Ububiko bwa bateri buratorera umuti ivyo bibazo vyose icarimwe. Sisitemu zica amafaranga mu gihe c'isonga ry'izuba hagati -umusi, zigabanya ugugabanya mu gihe zitanga inyungu ku bakoresha izuba. Bisohoka mu gihe c’isonga ry’umugoroba, bikagabanya ibisabwa vyo gutera imbere no gukuraho ibisigazwa vy’ibintu vya kera. Ivyuma vy’amabateri vyo muri California vyerekana iyo nzira buri musi-umuzigo w’isonga ry’umugoroba uhura n’amabateri hafi incuro zibiri kuva mu 2023 gushika mu 2024, ushika ku 20% mu bihe bisanzwe.
Igihe co kubika gikenewe gitandukanye bivanye n’ugukoresha n’uguvanga bishobora gusubirwamwo. Ubuhinga bwo gukoresha amazi mu 2024 bwamaze amasaha 2,4, bukaba bwariyongereyeko 33% ugereranije n’amasaha 1,8 mu 2020. Imigambi ihuriza hamwe izuba n’ububiko bw’amasaha 4 irashobora gutanga ubushobozi bwo gutanga ubushobozi bwigana amahinguriro asanzwe, bikaba bibereye guhabwa amahera y’ubushobozi yongera ubutunzi bw’umugambi.
Ivyitegererezo vy’ubutaka vyerekana isano riri hagati y’ugushika mu bindi bihugu bishobora gusubirwamwo n’ugushiraho ububiko. Texas yongeyeko 4 GW y’ubushobozi bwa bateri muri 2024, hafi y’ivyo California yongeyeko naho California yari imaze imyaka cumi-itangura. Ubushobozi bw’umuyaga n’izuba bwa Texas bwarakuze burenga 50 GW, bituma haba ingorane nk’izo nyene California yari ifise mu myaka imbere y’aho. Isoko rya Leta ryari ryarakuweho amategeko ryatumye habaho ugushiraho ububiko bwihuse-amabateri yaronka inyungu mu gukemura ibibazo vy'inguvu ataco bisaba canke amasezerano y'igihe kirekire-.
Ukwizigirwa no kwihangana vyacitse ikintu gihambaye cane
Amashanyarazi azima atwara ubutunzi bwa Amerika hagati ya miliyari 25-70 z’amadolari ku mwaka, nk’uko bivugwa n’Igisata c’Inguvu. Incuro n’igihe umuriro uhagarara vyaragwiriye mu myaka cumi iheze. Ibintu vy’ikirere bikomeye cane-ibihuhusi, umuriro w’ishamba, ibihuhusi vy’urubura-bituma umuriro uhagarara imisi myinshi bikaba bitera abantu amamiliyoni. Mbere n’uguhagarika umwanya mutoyi birahungabanya ibibanza vy’amakuru, ibitaro, ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga be n’ibikorwa remezo bihambaye.
Ububiko bwa bateri buratanga ubushobozi bwo kwihangana ku rugero rwinshi. Ku bibanza vy’umuntu ku giti ciwe, ubuhinga bufise ubunini bw’amasaha 4-8 burashobora gukuraho ibibazo vyinshi vy’uruja n’uruza mu gihe birindiriye ko amageneratore y’inyuma atangura canke ko amashanyarazi asubirana. Mu buryo butandukanye n’amageneratore, amabateri arahinduka ubwo nyene ataco ahagaritse ku bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none bikomeye. Ntibisaba ko umuntu atanga amavuta, ivyo bikaba bikuraho ingorane zijanye n’ugutanga amavuta mu gihe c’ivyago.
Agaciro gaharura mu buryo butandukanye mu mice yose. Ivyumba vy’amakuru bipima igihe co guhagarara mu bihumbi vy’amadolari ku munota. Igihe kimwe gusa umuriro uhagarara, birashobora gutuma umuntu ahanishwa ibihano vy’amasezerano y’urugero rw’ibikorwa, akagira izina ryiza, n’abaguzi bagahungabana. Amabateri afise ubunini bw’imizigo ikomeye (amaserveri, gukonjesha, gukorana n’abandi) hamwe n’igihe co guhindukira ku mageneratore bigereranya ubwishingizi bwo gukingira ibihombo bikomeye.
Ivyumba vy'ubuvuzi bihanganye n'ibisabwa vyo gukingira ubuzima-. Ibitaro birabungabunga amageneratore y’inyuma ariko bishingiye ku buhinga bwa UPS kugira ngo bipfuke ikinogo c’amasegonda 10{4}}30 imbere y’uko amageneratore ashika ku muvuduko wo gukora. Ivyuma bishasha bisubirira UPS isanzwe n’uburyo bunini bwo kubika amabateri butanga igihe kirekire co gukora mu gihe kandi bigira uruhara muri porogarama zo gusubiza ibisabwa mu gihe c’ibikorwa bisanzwe-bizana inyungu iva ku kintu cari gisanzwe kidakora.
Ibikorwa vyo guhingura biharura ibiciro vy’uguhagarara biciye mu gutakaza ibikorwa, ibikoresho vyacitse, n’ivyonona ibikoresho. Igikoresho co gufukura aluminium ntigishobora guhagarika no gusubira gukora vuba-ivyuma birakomera, bisaba gusukurwa cane. Ihinguriro ry’uguhingura ibikoresho bishobora gukuraho amamiliyoni y’amadolari y’ibipande-mu -bikorwa bivuye ku guhinduka kw’ububasha mu gihe gito. Ku bijanye n’ivyo bikorwa, ububiko bwa bateri buratuma umuntu ashobora gushiramwo amahera biciye mu kwirinda gutakaza aho kuzigama inguvu.
Umuryango-urugero rwo kwihangana rugereranya ikoreshwa rishasha. Microgrids zifatanya izuba ryo mu karere, ububiko bwa bateri, n’imitwaro ikomeye zishobora kuva ku nzira nyamukuru mu gihe c’uguhagarara. Imiryango myinshi yo muri California yarakoresheje izo nzira inyuma y’aho umuriro w’ishamba-usubiyemwo. Mu gihe c’ibikorwa bisanzwe, iyo microgrid itanga ibikorwa vy’uruzitiro kandi igabanura amafaranga y’amashanyarazi. Mu gihe c’ibintu vyihutirwa, irabungabunga ububasha ku bibanza vy’abanyagihugu, ku bibanza vy’abazimya umuriro, ku mavuriro y’ubuvuzi no ku bibanza vyo gupompa amazi.
Imiterere y'isoko n'ingingo ngenderwako zifasha kwemera
Ivyerekeye amategeko vyarateye imbere kugira ngo vyemeze ububiko bwa bateri nk’umugwi w’itunga udasanzwe. Imbere y’umwaka wa 2020, intara nyinshi zafata ububiko nk’uguhingura canke ugutanga, ivyo bikaba vyatuma habaho ukudakeka kw’ugushira mu migwi kwatuma ishoramari ridashobora gukorwa. Itegeko rya Komisiyo y’Igihugu y’Igihugu Ijejwe Gucungera Inguvu 841 ryasaba amasoko y’ubudandaji atunganijwe kugira ngo yemere ububiko kugira uruhara mu masoko yose akoreshwa. Ivyo vyatumye habaho amahirwe y’amahera yo gutegeka incuro, amafaranga yo gukoresha, n’amasoko y’ubushobozi.
Itegeko ryo mu 2022 ryo kugabanya inflation ryahinduye cane ubutunzi bw’imigambi mu kwagura 30% vy’umusoro w’ishoramari ku buryo bwo kubika ibintu bwigenga. Mbere, amabateri yashobora guhabwa amafaranga y’imisoro gusa iyo ari kumwe n’imigambi y’izuba. Iryo hinduka ryatumye habaho ishoramari mu bibanza vyiza aho ububiko bwari bukenewe ariko izuba ntiryari ryiza-ibibanza vyo mu bisagara, ahantu umuyaga wo mu kiyaga uhurira, n’ahantu hari ingorane zo gutanga amakuru.
Amategeko y'urwego rwa Leta-aratandukanye cane mu gushigikira. California yategetse ko amashirahamwe y’amazi aronka ubushobozi bwo kubika, bigatuma haba isoko ry’ukuri ryoshobora gutuma umugambi utera imbere. New York yaharuye ko 4 GW z’amasaha umunani-yo kubika zishobora gutwara-vyiza mu gushitsa ivyo ubuhinga bukeneye mu mwaka w’2035, cane cane mu karere k’igisagara ca New York aho ibiterwa vy’ibisigazwa vy’ibintu vya kera biriko biraruhuka. Ubwo buryo bwo gutanga amasoko buratanga icizigiro c’amahera yinjira bituma imigambi ishobora guterwa inkunga.
Ivyerekeye imiterere y’isoko birahambaye cane ku bukungu bw’umugambi. Inguvu zo muri Texas-isoko ryonyene rihemba ubukene bw'ibiciro-ibiciro bishobora gushika ku madolari 5.000/MWh iyo ivyimburwa bike. Ivyo bituma habaho amahirwe y’ubukemurampaka ataboneka mu masoko afise ibiciro vy’ibintu. Porogarama ya California y’Uguhazwa kw’Itunga itanga amahera y’ubushobozi ku butunzi bwo kwizigirwa, mu gihe isoko ry’ubushobozi rya PJM ritanga amasezerano y’imyaka myinshi-y’imbere. Abahinguzi bategerezwa gutahura amategeko y’isoko ry’akarere kugira ngo bashobore gupima neza ubuhinga n’ingene botanga amasoko.
Igihe co guhuza kigereranya inzitizi ngirakamaro ku rugero rwo gutanga. Intara nyinshi za Amerika zihura n'imirongo y'uguhuza imyaka 2-4 ku migambi mishasha. Ububiko bwa bateri burafise akamaro hano-ibihe vy’ubwubatsi bigufi (amezi 6-12) ugereranije n’izuba (amezi 12-18) canke umuyaga (amezi 18-24) bisigura ko iyo interconnection yemejwe, imigambi iza kuri internet ningoga. Abahinguzi bamwebamwe bakurikirana ububiko bwigenga ku mbuga zifise uburenganzira bwo gukorana, bakirinda gucererwa kw’umurongo.
Iterambere ry'ubuhinga rirabandanya vyihuta
Bateri za litiyumu-ion ni zo ziganza ikoreshwa ry’ubu, zifata 85% vy’isoko ry’urugero rw’uruzitiro mu 2024. Muri litiyumu-ion, ivyo abantu bakunda mu vy’ubuhinga bwa shimi vyahindutse cane. Igikoresho c’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (LFP) cavuye kuri 48% mu 2021 kija kuri 85% mu 2024. ugushikama kw’ubushuhe.
Ivyo gutera imbere mu bijanye n’umutekano bijana n’uguhindura ubuhinga bwa shimi. Utugingo ngengabuzima twa LFP ntitukunda guhunga kw’ubushuhe-ugusenyuka kw’ubushuhe butera umuriro w’amabateri. Igitigiri c’ibintu bishika mu nganda caragabanutse naho hariho iterambere rikomeye mu bushobozi bukoreshwa. Igitigiri c’abananirwa co mu 2024 caragabanutse kija kuri 0,03 ku GW yashizweho, kikaba ari co gitoyi kuruta ibindi vyose kuva gukurikirana vyatanguye mu 2016. Imigambi ikomeye yararangije igerageza ry’umutekano w’umuriro (UL9540A) rituma utugingo ngengabuzima tugira ibintu bikomeye cane vyagenewe gutuma haba ibintu vy’ubushuhe. Ivyuma-vy'umuyaga vya Form Energy ntivyaturitse mbere no mu bihe vyotuma haba umuriro wa litiyumu-iyoni.
Uretse litiyumu-ion, ubuhinga bundi bushingiye ku bikorwa vyihariye. Bateri zigenda zikoresha amazi y’umuyagankuba apompa biciye mu gikoresho, zigaca ubushobozi n’inguvu. Ivyo bituma zikwegera ku bubiko bw'igihe kirekire-bukoreshwa amasaha 8-100 yo gusohoka. Bateri y’ubushobozi bwa 175 MW / 700 MWh ya vanadium redox flow yatanguye gukora mu 2024. Bateri y’icuma n’umuyaga isezerana mbere n’ibiciro bito ku bikorwa vyo kubika mu bihe, n’uruganda rwa Form Energy rwo muri Virginie y’uburengero ruriko rurakora cane.
Ugutera imbere mu bikorwa birabandanya birenze kugabanya ibiciro. Uburyo bwo gucunga amabateri bwo muri iki gihe bukoresha inyigisho y’imashini kugira ngo bukoreshe neza ingamba zo gushaja/gukuraho amashanyarazi zishingiye ku bihe, ibiciro vy’amashanyarazi, n’ibigereranyo vy’ugusenyuka. Uburongozi bw’ubushuhe buteye imbere buratuma ubuzima bw’ingendo buramba mu kubungabunga ubushuhe bwiza bwo gukoresha. DC-uburyo bufatanye bugabanya ugutakaza kw’uguhindura mu gufatanya amabateri ataco akora ku bikoresho vy’izuba ku nkomezi za DC, bikakuraho inzira imwe y’uguhindura.
Ugushiramwo ubuhinga bwa none vyarateye imbere cane. Gushiramwo amabateri mbere vyasaba ubuhinga busanzwe ku kibanza cose. Ivyiyumviro vy’ibikoresho ubu birungikwa imbere y’igihe-bishizwemwo kandi vyageragejwe-ibikoresho vy’amabateri, ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none, uburyo bwo gucunga ubushuhe, guzimya umuriro, n’uburyo bwo kugenzura vyose bishirwa mu bikoresho vy’ibikoresho vy’ubwato. Uwo mudularity wihutisha gukoresha mu gihe ugabanya ibiciro. Ivyuma vyinshi birahuza kugira ngo bigere ku rugero rw’ubushobozi, n’ibibanza biva ku bikoresho bimwe (1-3 MWh) gushika ku bikoresho vyinshi nka Moss Landing (750 MW / 3.000 MWh).
Uburyo bwo gukingira abantu bwarabaye ubuhinga bwinshi cane. Ivyuma bikoreshwa muri iki gihe birimwo ibice vyinshi: urugero rw'ivyuma -, urugero rw'ivyuma -, ivyuma bica umurongo -, n'ivyuma bica ivyuma vyihutirwa. Ivyuma bigenzura gazi ku bijanye n’ihydrogène n’ibintu biva mu muriro. Amakamera y'ubushuhe arasuzuma ibice vya bateri ubudasiba. Ivyuma bizimya umuriro bikora imbere y’uko ubushuhe bushobora gukwiragira hagati y’ibice. Izo ngingo zitorera umuti ivyiyumviro vy’inganda n’abanyagihugu ku bijanye n’umuriro w’amabateri.
Urugero rw'ugushirwaho rwerekana agaciro kagaragara
Ubushobozi bwo kubika amabateri muri Amerika bwarengeye 26 GW mu mpera z’umwaka w’2024, n’izindi 19,6 GW ziteguwe mu 2025. Ivyo bikaba bigereranya iterambere rya 66% mu mwaka umwe. Ivyo bikoresho vy’amazi vy’amashanyarazi 143 GW gushika mu 2030 vyerekana ko hazobandanya kwaguka vyihuta. Ivyo si ibiharuro vy'ibitekerezo-abahinguzi bafise amasezerano yo guhuza, kugenzura urubuga, n'amasezerano y'amahera y'imigambi y'igihe gito-.
Ico kibanza cashizweho kirakevya kija ku biherutse gushirwaho. Nk’ibice 70% vy’ubushobozi bwa Amerika ubu bwaje kuri internet mu myaka ibiri iheze. Ivyo bisigura ko ubuhinga bwinshi bukiri mu buzima bwa mbere, butahuye n’ingorane zikomeye, kandi buriko buragaragaza ivyiyumviro vy’imikorere. Igitigiri c'abarokoka ku migambi yashizweho kirenze 98%-ni bake cane ni bo bacitse intege canke baracitse intege.
Ingano z’imigambi zaragwiriye cane. Mu mwaka w’2020, umugambi munini cane wo muri Amerika wari 40 MW. Mu mwaka w’2024, imigambi myinshi yararengeye 300 MW. Ico kigo c’ububiko bw’amashanyarazi ca Gemini Solar Plus kiri muri Nevada gifatanya amashanyarazi y’izuba 690 MW n’ububiko bw’amashanyarazi 380 MW / 1.416 MWh hakurikijwe amasezerano yo kugura amashanyarazi y’imyaka 25. Kuri uru rugero, ububiko bwa bateri burakwiriye nk'ubushobozi bwa "baseload" abakoresha uruja n'uruza bashobora kwizigira mu bikorwa vya misi yose.
Ukwibanda ku karere vyerekana infashanyo y'ingingo mfatirwako n'imibereho y'isoko. California igira 12,5 GW, Texas 8 GW-izo leta zibiri zifise 78% vy’ubushobozi bwa Amerika. Ariko ugushirwaho biriko biragwira. Floride, Arizona, Nevada na New York birafise imiyoboro myinshi cane. Mbere n'uturere twahora dukoresha amakara-turiko turategura ububiko-Indiana, Kentucky, na Virginia y'uburengero zifise imigambi mu ntambwe zitandukanye.
Uburyo bwo gushirwa kw'isi yose buratandukanye hakurikijwe akarere. Uburayi bwongeyeko ubushobozi 21 GWh mu 2024, bushika ku 61 GWh zashizweho, Ubudage n’Ubutaliyano umwe wese atanga hafi 6 GWh. Ubushinwa ni bwo buganzwa n’imibare y’ibintu vyose, ubushobozi bwo gushiramwo ibintu bungana n’ubw’isi yose hamwe. Aziya Pasifike yari ifise 46,6% vy’isoko ry’isi yose ry’uruzitiro-mu 2024. Uruganda rw’inguvu rw’Ubuyapani rwakuze ubushobozi bwo gusubira gusubiramwo n’ibice birenga 30% mu myaka itanu, ivyo bikaba vyatumye habaho ukwiyongera gukomeye kw’abasaba ububiko.
Ivy’uburaro n’ivy’ubudandaji vyerekana uburyo butandukanye bwo kwemera. Ivyumba vy’ububiko vy’amazu yo muri Amerika biguma ari bito cane ugereranyije n’ivy’ubuhinga- ariko biriko birakura cane mu bihugu bifise ibiciro vyinshi vy’amashanyarazi, igihe-co-gukoresha, canke ukuzima kenshi. Uburyo busanzwe buva kuri 5-15 kWh, bufatanye n’izuba ryo hejuru kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kwikoresha cane no gutanga ubushobozi bwo gusubiza inyuma. Ivyuma vy’ubudandaji (30 kWh - 2,000 kWh) vyibanda ku kugabanya amafaranga y’ivyo bisabwa no kwizigirwa, aho imbuga zimwe zimwe zigira uruhara muri porogarama zo gusubiza ivyo bisabwa kugira ngo zironke inyungu z’inyongera.
Ivyitegererezo vy'ivy'amahera vyerekanye ko bishoboka
Igiciro c'ububiko bw'inguvu-igiciro gitoyi gikenewe kugira ngo umuntu ashobore guca mbere mu kiringo c'ubuzima bwa sisitemu-cacitse igihanganye n'ibikoresho bisanzwe. LCOE y’ububiko bw’ibikoresho-yagabanutse ishika ku madolari 104/MWh mu 2024, ni ukuvuga ko yagabanutseko 33% ugereranije n’umwaka wa 2023. Ivyiyumviro vyerekana ko LCOE izoshika ku madolari 53/MWh mu 2035, hafi igice c’ibiciro vy’ubu. Kuri izo nzego, ububiko burahiganwa mu vy’ubutunzi n’ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwa gaze mbere ataco vyiyumviriye ku bijanye n’ibiciro vy’umuyagankuba canke inyungu zo gukorana n’ibindi bishobora gusubirwamwo.
Infashanyo y’imigambi yarakuze cane. Amabanki akomeye n’abashoramari b’inzego ubu baratahura ingorane n’inyungu vyo kubika amabateri, bagatanga amahera y’imyenda ku buryo bubereye. Ivyo bigereranya ihinduka rikomeye kuva mu mwaka w’2018-2020 aho imigambi myinshi yasaba amahera menshi y’uburinganire canke amafaranga y’abaterambere. Ishoramari mu kubika amabateri ryarengeye amadolari miliyaridi 5 mu 2022, hafi incuro zitatu z’umwaka uheze.
Urufunguruzo rwo gutanga amahera ni ukumenya imbere y’igihe inyungu zizoza. Imigambi ifise amasezerano y’igihe kirekire-y’ukwishura ubushobozi, inguzanyo z’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo, amasezerano yo kugura amashanyarazi-ishobora gukingira umwenda w’amahera y’imigambi ku nyungu 5-7%. Imigambi y’abacuruzi yizigiye uruhara mw’isoko ry’ubudandaji ry’ingero nyinshi ihura n’intambamyi nyinshi ariko ishobora gutanga amasezerano ishingiye ku bici- ro bihoraho. Imyaka myinshi y’amakuru y’ibikorwa yarahaye abaguzi icizigiro mu mikorere ya sisitemu no mu bipimo vy’ugusenyuka.
Ku bakoresha ubudandaji n’inganda, iciyumviro c’agaciro kirarenga igiciro c’inguvu. Ivyumba vyinshi bikora bishingiye ku biciro bishobora guhagarara bitanga ibiciro bitobito mu guhindura kwemera ko ibikorwa bishobora gugabanywa. Ububiko bwa bateri buratuma bashobora gufata ivyo bazigamye mu gihe bagumana ukwizigirwa biciye ku nguvu zibitswe mu gihe c’ibintu vy’ugugabanya. Ivyo bishobora kugabanya igiciro c’amashanyarazi ku rugero rwa 20-30% mu gihe bishobora gutuma amashanyarazi agenda neza.
Ubutunzi bw’amazu buvana cane n’ibiciro vy’amazi n’inzego zitera intege. Mu masoko afise igihe kinini-c'-itandukaniro ry'igiciro c'ikoreshwa (off-peak to on-peak price ratios irenga 3:1), uburyo bwo kubika bufatanye n'izuba burashobora gushika ku bihe vy'ukwishura biri munsi y'imyaka indwi. Inguzanyo y’umusoro wa Leta 30% yihutisha inyungu cane-uburyo bw’amadolari 15.000 buronka amadolari 4.500 y’inguzanyo. Hari amashirahamwe amwe amwe atanga inyungu z’inyongera canke inkurikizi z’ibikorwa bituma ubutunzi barushiriza gutera imbere.
Ibibazo bikunze kwibazwa
Ivyo bikoresho vyo kubika amabateri bimara igihe kingana iki?
Uburyo bwa none bwa litiyumu-ion bushobora gukoreshwa imyaka 10-15 kandi mu bisanzwe bugumya 80% vy'ubushobozi bwa mbere inyuma y'ingendo 5.000-10.000 zo gushaja. Ubuzima nyabwo buvana n’ubuhinga bwa shimi (LFP iramara igihe kirekire kuruta NMC), ubushuhe bwo gukoresha, n’ingene bateri isohora umuriro gushika kure buri nzinguzingu. Uburyo bwo gukoresha urugero rw’uruzitiro bukoresha porogarama yo gucunga amabateri ishobora gutuma umuntu amara igihe kirekire-rimwe na rimwe igabanya inyungu kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gukora neza. Ivyuma vyo mu nzu bigendagenda ku musi ku musi bikeneye gusubirwamwo inyuma y’imyaka 10-12, naho inverter n’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none bishobora gusaba gusubirwamwo imbere y’aho.
Ni igiki kiba ku bateri ku mpera-y'ubuzima bwa-?
Gusubira gukoresha amabateri vyacitse ubuhinga bugenda burakura, bugasubira gukoresha litiyumu, kobalt, nickel be n’ibindi bikoresho vy’agaciro. Ubu uburyo bwo gusubira gukoresha ibintu busubiza 90-95% vy’ibikoresho vya bateri. Ariko rero, ibikorwa remezo vyo gusubira gukoresha ibintu ntivyashitse ku rugero rwo hejuru kubera ko amabateri menshi ya litiyumu-ion yashizweho mu myaka cumi iheze aguma akora. Inganda ziteze ko amabateri y’iherezo ry’ubuzima azokwiyongera inyuma y’umwaka wa 2030 uko ubuhinga bwo kubika amabateri n’ubuhinga bwo kubika amabateri buzoruhuka. Amabateri amwe amwe atagihuye n’ibisabwa vyo gukora neza, arashobora gusubirwamwo mu bikorwa bitasaba cane imbere y’uko asubirwamwo.
Mbega uburyo bwo kubika amabateri buratekanye gushirwa hafi y’amazu canke ahantu h’ubudandaji?
Uburyo bwo gukoresha amabateri bwo muri iki gihe burafise ibintu vyinshi vy’umutekano vyagabanyije cane ingorane z’umuriro. Guhindukira mu buhinga bwa LFP vyabaye ikintu gihambaye cane-izo nsoro zirashikamye cane kuruta ubundi buryo bushingiye kuri nickel-. Uburyo bwateguwe neza burimwo ugucungera ubushuhe, ugutahura gazi, uguzimya umuriro, n’ubushobozi bwo guca umuriro mu gihe c’ivyago. Igitigiri c’ibintu bishika caragabanutse kigera kuri 0,03 ku GW y’ubushobozi bushizweho, kandi ibibazo vyinshi biva ku bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none bigenzura aho kuba ku bikoresho vy’amabateri ubwavyo. Ibiro vy’umuriro vyo mu karere bikunda gusubiramwo imigambi y’umutekano ku bibanza bininibinini kandi bikagira uruhara mu mahugurwa yo gufasha mu bihe vyihutirwa.
Mbega ububiko bwa bateri burashobora gukora mu bihe vy’ubushuhe bukaze?
Ivyo bateri ikora birahindagurika bivanye n’ubushuhe, ariko ubuhinga bwa none burarimwo uburyo bwo gucunga ubushuhe kugira ngo ikomeze gukora neza. Ivyinshi mu bikoresho vya litiyumu-ion bikora mu bihe vy'ibidukikije vy'ibice -20 gushika kuri +45, bikoresheje ugushusha n'ugukonjesha nk'uko bikenewe. Ibihe bikanye cane bisaba ko haba ibintu vy’ugukingira n’ugushusha. Ibihe bishushe cane bisaba ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gukonjesha. Ivyo bikoresho vyo gucunga ubushuhe bikoresha inguvu, bikagabanya ubushobozi bw’ivyo bikoresho mu bihe bikomeye cane. Hariho ahantu hakoresha ububiko bw’inguvu z’ubushuhe (ububiko bw’ubushuhe/ubukonje) iruhande y’amabateri y’umuyagankuba kugira ngo iyo ngaruka igabanuke.
Mbega amabateri yoba akwiriye guhabwa inkurikizi nk’iz’amatara y’izuba?
Itegeko ryo kugabanya inflation ryarashizeho 30% vy’umusoro w’ishoramari rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ku buryo bwo kubika amabateri bwigenga, ihinduka rikomeye ry’ingingo mfatirwako rigereranijwe n’amategeko ya kera yasaba ko izuba rikoreshwa hamwe. Iyi ngurane ikoreshwa ku bikoresho vyo mu nzu (ubushobozi bukeyi bwa 3 kWh) no ku bikoresho vy’ubudandaji, bishobora gushirwaho gushika mu 2032, hanyuma bikagenda biragabanuka buhoro buhoro. Intara nyinshi zitanga insiguro z’inyongera-Porogarama ya SGIP ya California, insiguro y’ububiko bwa New York, na porogarama ya SMART ya Massachusetts vyose bitanga amahera ashingiye ku bikorwa-. Ivyo bihembo bishobora gutanga 30-50% vy’amahera yose akoreshwa iyo bifatanijwe n’inguzanyo za Leta.
Ni gute ibiciro vya bateri bigereranywa n’ivy’amageneratore y’inyuma?
Ibiciro vy’imbere vy’amabateri bigenda 2-3x vy’amageneratore ya dizeli ku rugero rwa kW. Generateri y’amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi 20 kW yoshobora gutwara amadolari 8.000-12.000 iyo ishizwemwo, mu gihe iyo bateri igereranywa n’iyo igura amadolari 20.000-30.000. Ariko rero, amabateri ntaco akoresha (nta mavuta, gusanasana bike) kandi arashobora gutanga amafaranga biciye mu kugabanya amafaranga y’ugusaba canke ibikorwa vy’uruja n’uruza. Mu kiringo c’imyaka 10, igiciro cose c’ubutunzi akenshi gikunda amabateri, cane cane mu bikorwa bisaba gukoreshwa kenshi. Bateri na zo nyene zirahinduka ubwo nyene, zigatanga ububasha busukuye ku bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none, kandi zikora ata co zivuga ata co zisohora. Ivyumba vyinshi ubu biriko birashiramwo amabateri kugira ngo akoreshe ubudasiba hamwe n’amageneratore nk’ivyo gufasha iyo umuriro uhagaze igihe kirekire.
Ivyiyumviro nyamukuru vyo gushirwa mu ngiro
Ikibazo co kubika amabateri gishingiye ku bintu vy’ubuhinga, ubutunzi n’ingingo mfatirwako aho gushingira ku mvo imwe gusa ikomeye. Kugabanya ibiciro vyakuyeho intambamyi ya mbere y’amateka-imirongo yagura amadolari 2.571/kWh mu 2010 ubu igura amadolari 165/kWh, Ubushinwa bukaba bushika munsi y’amadolari 100/kWh. Ivyo bice 90%+ vyahinduye cane imibare y’ubutunzi mu bikorwa vyose.
Abakoresha uruzitiro barakeneye ibikoresho vyihuta-vyishura kugira ngo bagume bashikamye kuko uruvyaro rushobora gusubirwamwo rusubirira ibikorwa bisanzwe. Ububiko bwa bateri buratanga inyishu y'incuro n'ubufasha bw'umuriro kurusha ubundi buhinga bwose. Ubushobozi bwo kuva ku gutegerezwa gushika ku nguvu zose mu gihe c’isegonda imwe bituma ububiko bugira agaciro kadasanzwe ku bibazo vy’uruja n’uruza.
Ugushiramwo inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo bituma haba ugusaba guhinduka kw'igihe c'inguvu-. Izuba n'umuyaga ntibikunda guhura n'ivyo umuntu akoresha. Iyo ata bubiko buhari, amabarabara arasesagura inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo biciye mu kugabanya inguvu mu gihe aguma aturira amakara y’ibisigazwa mu gihe ivyipfuzo vy’inguvu ari vyinshi. Ububiko bwa bateri burafata izo nguvu zitariho -ubusa maze bukazisubira gukoresha iyo bikenewe, bugatuma zikoreshwa cane.
Ivyumba vy’ubudandaji n’ivy’inganda bifata ububiko ahanini kubera imvo z’ubutunzi-kugabanya amafaranga y’ibisabwa vyinshi, kugabanya igihe-co -ibiciro vy’ugukoresha, no gutuma habaho inyungu zijanye n’ibisabwa. Inyungu zo kwizigirwa zitanga agaciro k’inyongera, cane cane ku bikorwa aho uguhagarara kw’amashanyarazi bitera guhomba cane. Ugufatanya amahera yo kuzigama no kugabanya ingorane akenshi bituma umuntu ashobora gushiramwo amahera ataco yitaye ku bidukikije.
Infashanyo y’ingingo ngenderwako biciye mu gukuraho imisoro, uburenganzira bwo gutanga amasoko, n’ivugurura ry’isoko vyatumye vyihuta kwemerwa mu kugabanya ingorane z’ivy’amahera no gusobanura amahirwe yo kwinjiza amahera. Inguzanyo y’ikori ry’ishoramari ry’ubutegetsi bwa Leta 30% yonyene yagabanyije igihe co kwishura n’imyaka 3-5 ku migambi myinshi. Porogarama zo ku rwego rwa Leta zituma haba amasoko yizewe ashoboza gutanga amahera y’imigambi.
Ikorabuhanga ubwaryo rirabandanya gutera imbere-ubuzima buramba bw'ingendo, umutekano mwiza, ibiciro bito, n'ubushobozi bwo gukorana. Ivyo bintu bigenda biratera imbere uko igihe kigenda kirarenga, bikaba bituma ubuhinga bushirwaho muri iki gihe buba bwiza cane kuruta ubwo mu myaka mikeyi iheze. Inzira y’iterambere nta bimenyetso vy’uguteba yerekana, n’ubundi buhinga bwa shimi busezerana mbere n’ivyiza vyinshi ku bikorwa vyihariye.
Turavye igitigiri c’abazokoresha, USA yongeyeko 10,4 GW mu 2024, itegura 19,6 GW mu 2025. California ifise 12,5 GW zashizweho, Texas 8 GW. Iyi si imigambi y'igerageza-iyi ni ubucuruzi-uburyo bwo gutanga agaciro gashobora gupimwa ku bakoresha uruja n'uruza, abakozi b'amazi, n'abakoresha inguvu. Umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi 143 GW gushika mu 2030 werekana iterambere riramvye rishingiye ku bukungu bwagaragaye aho gushingira ku bushobozi bwo kwiyumvira.
Ico kintu nyamukuru kivyura ni agaciro ngirakamaro. Uburyo bwo kubika amabateri buratorera umuti ingorane nyazo-ukudashikama kw'uruzitiro, ugusubiramwo, amafaranga y'ugusaba, amafaranga y'uguzima-mu gihe bitanga inyungu zishobora gupimwa. Uko ibiciro bikomeza kugabanuka kandi n'ikoreshwa ry'ibintu ryiyongera, ikibazo kirahinduka kiva ku "kubera iki ukoresha ububiko bwa bateri" kikaja ku "ni igikoresho ikihe kibanza kubishingira intahe."