Texas yaririnze guhamagara abantu 11 kugira ngo bashobore kubungabunga ibidukikije mu ci ca 2024. California yararengeye ubushobozi bwa gigawatt 10 bw’amabateri muri Ndamukiza. Yamara ku wa 16 Nzero 2025, umuriro w’amabateri wadutse i Moss Landing waratumye abantu 1.200 bava aho hantu mu kiringo c’amasaha 24.
Ubu bubiri busobanura uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z'amabateri muri iki gihe-butorera umuti icarimwe ingorane z'ugushikama kw'uruja n'uruza mu gihe buzana ingorane zishobora gufunga imihana. Gutahura ivyiza n’ibibi vy’uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri si imyimenyerezo y’inyigisho ahubwo ni ngombwa mu bikorwa. Ico kinogo kiri hagati y’umuvuduko wo gutanga n’ugucungera ingorane nticigeze kiba kinini nk’ico. Mu mwaka w’2024 gusa, 69 GW z’ubushobozi bwa BESS zaje kuri internet kw’isi yose, zikaba zigereranya 45% vy’ibikoresho vyose vy’ubuhinga bwa none. Ivyo bingana no kwubaka ubushobozi bwose bw’amateka y’inganda mu mezi cumi n’abiri.
Ariko rero, ng’iki ico iyo nzira y’ugushiraho ibintu ipfutse: hafi 19% vy’imigambi ikora igira inyungu zigabanutse kubera ibibazo vy’ubuhinga. Ibintu bitanu bihambaye vy’umutekano vyabaye mu 2024, bigabanutse ugereranije n’imyaka iheze ariko bikaba bikiri bihagije kugira ngo bivyure isuzuma ry’amategeko. Kandi naho ibiciro vya sisitemu vyagabanutse 40% umwaka-ku mwaka -kugera ku madolari 165/kWh-ugugabanuka gukomeye kuruta ibindi vyose mu mateka-ugushira hamwe kw’uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho mu Bushinwa biratuma habaho ingorane z’ivya politike benshi mu bategura imigambi bafata minenerwe.
Ivyo bihimba birenze imigambi y’umuntu ku giti ciwe. Abakoresha amashanyarazi ubu bavana na BESS ku bijanye n’inyishu z’incuro amageneratore ya kera yafata amasaha kugira ngo atange. Iyo amabateri adashobora gutanga ubushobozi bwose kubera amakosa y'inverter canke ama cells yasenyutse, uruzitiro ntirutakaza gusa ubushobozi bwo gusubiza inyuma-rutakaza ibihe vy'inyishu vy'imilisegonda bibuza gucika kw'umuriro. Ivyo bituma gutahura ubushobozi n’imipaka bitajanye n’inyigisho gusa ahubwo biba ari ngirakamaro mu bijanye n’ibikorwa.
Ikibazo c'ubutunzi gihindura amasoko y'inguvu
Ububiko bwa bateri bwahinduye inyandiko ku bukungu bw’ububasha mu 2024, kandi imibare ivuga inkuru bake babonye iza mu myaka itanu iheze.
Ibiciro vy’ububiko bw’inguvu bikoresheje ubuhinga bwa none kw’isi yose vyashitse ku madolari 165/kWh mu 2024, bikaba ari ugugabanuka kw’ibice 40% ugereranije n’umwaka wa 2023-ugugabanuka gukomeye kuruta ibindi vyose mu mwaka umwe kuva ugukurikirana kwatanguye mu 2017. mwayeni. Amasoko amwe amwe yo mu kwezi kwa kigarama 2024 mu Bushinwa y’ibibanza vy’amabateri hamwe n’uburyo bwo guhindura amashanyarazi (hatarimwo EPC n’ibiciro vyo gufatanya amashanyarazi) yaje ku madolari 66/kWh.
Ivyiyumviro vya NREL vyo mu 2025 bizotangura ku madolari 334/kWh ku bijanye n’ubuhinga bwo gukoresha amasaha 4{3}}mu 2024, n’ibihe vyo hagati -bizogabanywa 47% mu 2030 na 68% mu 2050. Ariko rero, ng’iki ikintu gihambaye mu vy’ubutunzi: ibiciro vy’amabateri-bigize nk’igice c’ibiciro vyose vya sisitemu-vyaguye ku rugero rw’amadolari 115/kWh mu 2024. izuba-plus-ububiko buba bumwe mu buri hasi amasoko y’amashanyarazi azoboneka mu mwaka w’2035, azoba atari make kuruta kubungabunga amahinguriro akoresha amakara y’ibisigazwa ariho mu masoko menshi.
Texas ni akarorero k’iryo hinduka ry’ubutunzi. ERCOT yashizeho 4 GW z’ububiko bw’uruzitiro-mu 2024, isumba California n’ibice 12%. Ico vyavuyemwo: zero conservation calls mu ci cose ugereranyije na 11 mu 2023, n’ibiciro vy’amashanyarazi vyo muri Myandagaro 2024 vyari bifise amadolari 160 ku megawatt-isaha biri hasi y’ivyo muri Myandagaro 2023.
Ivyo California yaciyemwo birongerezako ikindi kintu. Kubera ko amabateri arenga 10 GW yashizweho, ubu amabateri afata ibice vyinshi vy’umuzigo mu masaha y’izuba ryinshi (amasaha ahera ku 10-14), agashaja iyo ibiciro vy’ubudandaji bigabanutse bikaja kuri zero canke negative. Mu gihe c’ukwigaragaza kw’izuba muri Ndamukiza 2024, ubuhinga bwa BESS bwarishe ivyerekeye ugutemba kw’inguvu z’izuba 1 GW, vyerekana agaciro k’ukwihangana kw’uruzitiro rudashobora gusesangura inyungu n’igiciro vyoroshe.
Ubushobozi bw’amahera yinjira burasigura igituma ugushiraho abantu bibandanya naho hariho ivyerekeye inyungu. Imigambi ya BESS ishobora gushiramwo inyungu nyinshi: kwishura ubushobozi biciye mu masezerano ya Leta y’imyaka 15-, amasezerano yo gusubiza incuro (mu mateka imyaka ibiri n’Igihugu), inyungu z’ubukemurampaka bw’inguvu, n’amasezerano yo kugura amashanyarazi. Mu isoko ry’amahiganwa rya ERCOT, amabateri yaronka amafaranga avuye mu bikorwa vy’inyongera mu gihe nyene yatanga ubuhinga bwo gutorera umuti inguvu-ikintu amageneratore ya kera adashobora gukora neza.
Ariko ishusho y’ubutunzi irimwo ibintu bivuguruzanya. Isoko ryose ry’ibikorwa vy’inyongera rigereranya ibice bitari munsi ya 5% vy’ibikorwa vyose vy’isoko rya ERCOT. Uko ubushobozi bwa bateri bwongerewe muri-umurongo w'uguhuza werekana ubushobozi butegekanijwe burenze ingero z'ubu incuro zine-uguhiganwa gukomeye kw'izo serivisi kuramaze kugabanya amafaranga. Abahinguzi bategerezwa guhangana n’amasoko y’inguvu aho uguhinduka kw’ibiciro mu bihe vya kera bishobora kutavuga ivyiza bizova muri kazoza, cane cane ko gukoresha amabateri ubwavyo bigabanya ibiciro vyatumye imigambi ya mbere igira inyungu.
Ibiciro vy’ibikoresho vya mbere vyongera uguhinduka. Ibiciro vya litiyumu vyashitse ku rugero rwo hejuru cane mu mwaka w’2022, bigwa mu mwaka w’2023-mu ntango z’umwaka w’2024 kubera ukuntu vyari vyinshi cane, hanyuma bisubira hejuru hagati mu mwaka w’2025 bishika ku CNY 59.000-69.000 kuri toni metiri ($8.000). Iyi roller coaster igira ingaruka ku bukungu bw’umugambi mu buryo butamenyekana. Bamwe mu baserukira amabuye y’agaciro bavuga ko Ubushinwa bwakoresheje amasoko menshi kugira ngo bugumye bufise ububasha kandi bukoreshe igitutu abatari Abashinwa-amashirahamwe y’ubucukuzi yo muri Ostraliya no muri Afirika cane cane-kubera inyungu mu gihe ibiciro vyagabanutse.
Kwibanda ku ruhererekane rw’ugutanga ibifungurwa bitera ingorane z’ubutunzi zihishijwe. Ubushinwa buragenzura hafi 75% vy’ibikorwa vy’amabateri ya litiyumu kw’isi yose, ibice bitatu vya kane vy’ubushobozi bwo gutunganya litiyumu kw’isi yose, kandi buragumya ishoramari ry’ingene ryifashe mu binogo vya litiyumu muri Amerika y’Epfo, Afirika na Australiya. Ukwo kwibanda bisigura ko amakimbirane yo mu vy’ubutunzi canke uburenganzira bwo gushora ibintu hanze bishobora gutuma ibiciro biduga bukwi na bukwi. Itegeko ry’Amerika ryo kugabanya ugutera imbere kw’ibiciro rigerageza guhangana n’ivyo n’imisoro y’ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga n’ibisabwa vyo gukura ibikoresho mu gihugu, ariko kwubaka uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho bihuye bisaba imyaka kandi bitwara 20% vy’amahera y’imbere y’igihe ugereranyije n’ivyo Ubushinwa bukora.
Ugushiraho ibintu bigoranye kwongera ikindi gice c’igiciro kidakunda gufatwa mu bipimo vya $/kWh. Uburyo buhambaye-busaba uburinganire buteye imbere-bw'ibice vy'uburyo, ugucungera ubushuhe, guzimya umuriro, n'ibikoresho vyo guhuza uruzitiro vyose hamwe bingana canke birenze igiciro c'amabateri. Ivyuma vy’ugutanga ibikoresho vy’ama transformateur n’ivy’ama substation vyatumye habaho ububiko, ibiciro vyiyongera, n’ugucererwa kw’imigambi, bihindura ugugabanya ibiciro vy’amabateri bihinduka ukuzigama kw’imirongo yose.
Kumbure ikintu gihambaye kuruta ibindi vyose, ikibazo c’ubutunzi kigenda kirushiriza kuva ku giciro c’umuyagankuba n’amategeko y’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo aho gushingira ku guhiganwa kw’isoko. IRA itanga 30% y’ikori ry’ishoramari ku bikoresho vy’ububiko bwigenga bifasha mu gutanga infashanyo. Iyo hataba izo nkunga z’amategeko, imigambi myinshi yoshobora kugorwa no guhangana n’abafise gaze kavukire ku bukungu gusa, cane cane mu masoko afise amakara y’ibisigazwa atari make.
Inyungu z'ugushikama kw'uruzitiro zidashobora guhura n'uruvyaro rwa kera
Ububiko bwa bateri ntibusubirira gusa amahinguriro asanzwe-bukora ibikorwa amaturbine azunguruka adashobora gukora.
Igihe co gusubiza ni co gisobanura akamaro gahambaye. Uburyo bwa BESS busanzwe buva ku nguvu zidakora bukaja ku nguvu zishitse mu gihe c’ingendo nkeyi z’uruzitiro, akenshi zikaba ziri munsi y’amamilisegonda 100. Gereranya ivyo n’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi bikoreshwa n’amazi bihurikiye hamwe bisaba iminota 30-60 kugira ngo bishike ku ntumbero yuzuye, canke ibikoresho vy’amakara bikeneye amasaha menshi. Igihe dusuzuma ivyiza n’ibibi vy’uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri, ubu bushobozi bwo kwishura mu milisegonda buragaragara-amabateri atanga ugushikama kw’uruzitiro rw’uruzitiro rudashobora guhura n’uruvyaro rusanzwe. Igihe Texas ERCOT yahura n’ugukevya kw’incuro mu gihe c’imbeho yo muri Ruhuhuma 2024, amabateri yarateye imbere hafi 1 GW mu minota, bituma uruzitiro ruhagarara neza imbere y’uko ukunanirwa kw’amazi gushobora gukwiragira. Ubu bushobozi bwo gusubiza mu milisegonda-bugereranya kimwe mu vyiza n’ibibi bihambaye cane vy’uburyo bwo kubika inguvu za bateri-agaciro kanini ko guhagarika uruzitiro rw’amazi gakurwaho n’ugucungera ibihumbi vy’ingingo zigenda vyihuta.
Ubu bushobozi bw'inyishu ya kabiri -buhindura amategeko y'incuro. Incuro z’uruzitiro zitegerezwa kuguma hagati ya 59.9-60.1 Hz (mu mirongo ya 60 Hz) kugira ngo ibikoresho ntivyononeke kandi ntibizime. Ivyuma vya kera vyagumye bikoresha incuro biciye mu "spinning reserve"-amageneratore akora munsi y'ubushobozi, yiteguriye gutera imbere. Ubwo buryo butakaza 15-30% vy’ubushobozi bwo gutanga umuyagankuba kandi bugaturira amavuta y’ibinyabiziga ubudasiba. BESS irakuraho iyo myanda mu gihe itanga uburyo bwo kugenzura incuro vyihuta kandi bibereye.
Ugushikama kw’umuriro kwerekana ikindi kibanza aho amabateri akora neza kuruta ubundi buryo. Ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa none biri mu bikoresho bihindura amabateri birashobora guhindura neza ubushobozi busohoka, bikagenzura ingero z’umuriro mu nzira z’ugutanga amakuru. Ivyo birarushiriza kugira akamaro kuko izuba n’umuyaga-bitanga ubushobozi mu buryo buhinduka-bisubirira amageneratore akorana n’ibindi yatuma umuriro uhagarara biciye mu nzira y’uguhinduka kwayo. Ubu, ububiko bw’amabateri bufise ubushobozi bwa 10 GW bwo muri California buratanga ubufasha bw’umuriro, ivyo bikaba vyari gusaba ibikoresho bizimvye vy’ugusubiza inyuma umuriro canke amageneratore adakoreshwa neza.
Ivyo vyabaye mu kwezi kwa 11/2022 mu Bwongereza vyerekana ubushobozi bwa BESS buri mu bibazo. Igihe ama interconnectors yatsitara, amabateri manini-yafasha mu gukingira ukuzima mu guca atera ubushobozi no gutuma incuro zidahinduka. Inguvu z’inyuma za kera ntizari gushobora kwishura ningoga bihagije kugira ngo zikingire ukunanirwa kw’uruja n’uruza ku rubuga rwose.
Ugushiramwo inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo kumbure ni co gikoreshwa gihindura cane. Umuyaga n’izuba bishobora guhinduka cane mu minota-ibicu bizunguruka hejuru y’itongo ry’izuba bishobora kugabanya ibikorwa 70% mu masegonda. Ata kubika, abakoresha uruzitiro bategerezwa kugabanya ubushobozi bwo gusubira gukoreshwa mu bihe vy’umusaruro mwinshi canke bagakomeza gukoresha amakara azimvye aguma azunguruka. BESS iraca iyo nzitizi mu gufata inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo zirengeje urugero iyo zihari no kuzisohora mu gihe c’uguhagarara, igahindura neza ubutunzi buva mu bihe bimwe bimwe bukaba inguvu zishobora gutumwa.
Bateri yitwa Kapolei yo muri Hawaii iratanga akarorero nyako. Uwo murongo warasubiriye uruganda rwa nyuma rw’amakara rwo muri iryo zinga mu gihe rwabika inguvu z’izuba kugira ngo zisohoke mw’ijoro, bituma uruja n’uruza rw’amazi ruguma rudahungabana naho Oahu yari kure y’uruja n’uruza rw’amazi rwo ku butaka. Umugambi werekana ingene ububiko bushoboza ubuhinga bwo ku mazinga no ku buhinga buto buto bukora ahanini ku bikoresho bishobora gusubirwamwo ataco butakaje ku kwizigirwa-ikintu kidashoboka hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwo guhingura gusa.
Multi-ubushobozi bwo gutuma ibintu bigenda neza biha amabateri ubushobozi bwo gukora neza. Amasoko ya ERCOT na CAISO akoresha ubuhinga buteye imbere cane kugira ngo arungike amabateri ashingiye ku bici- ro vyitezwe amasaha makeyi imbere. Ubuhinga bushobora gufata n'ibigirankana igihugu-c'-charge canke mbere charge mu buryo butagira ubutunzi mu gihe kimwe, bwiteze amahirwe yo gusohora agaciro kanini-mu nyuma. Mu gihe c’ubushuhe bwo mu ci ca California muri 2022, abakoresha ISO bakoresheje uburyo bukeyi bwo gukoresha amabateri kugira ngo amabateri yinjire mu masaha y’umugoroba afise ubushobozi buhagije kugira ngo ashobore guhura n’ugutera imbere kw’umuzigo, igihe umusaruro w’izuba wagabanutse cane ariko ugusaba kwaguma ari kwinshi.
Gukuraho umudugararo wo gutanga amakuru bigereranya iyindi nyungu ihambaye. Aho kwubaka imirongo mishasha y’amashanyarazi-ifata imyaka kandi itwara amamiliyaridi-amashirahamwe ashobora gukoresha amabateri ku bibanza bigoranye kugira ngo ashobore gufata amashanyarazi arenze urugero mu bihe vy’ugusaba gato- no gutera amashanyarazi mu karere mu gihe c’ugucumbagira. Ubu buryo "butari -ubundi buryo bw'amawaya" bwarokoye ishoramari rikomeye ry'ibikorwa remezo mu migambi myinshi ya California.
Ubushobozi bwo gutangura bw’umwirabura bwongera ubushobozi bwo gukora. Ivyuma bimwe bimwe vya BESS birashobora gutanga inguvu ku bice vy’uruzitiro inyuma y’aho umuriro uzimye, bikaba bitanga ubushobozi bwa mbere bukenewe kugira ngo amageneratore manini asubire gukoreshwa-igikorwa cari gikeneye mbere amageneratore yihariye y’amavuta ya dizeli canke amageneratore y’amazi.
Ukuri kw'Isenyuka: Ibikorwa n'Imihango
Abahinguzi b’amabateri baratangaza ibintu bitangaje, mugabo ukuri kw’ibikorwa birazana ingorane zituma ubushobozi n’amahera bivaho.
CATL yatangaje igicuruzwa cayo "Tener" BESS mu 2024 ivuga ko ataco yonona mu myaka itanu. Ivyo bigereranya iterambere ridasanzwe ry'ubuhinga canke ubudandaji bukomeye-amakuru yo mu murima azogena iyo. Ivyinshi mu bikoresho vya litiyumu-ion birasenyuka 2-3% ku mwaka mu bihe bisanzwe vy’ugutwara amagare, bisobanura ko bateri ifise ubushobozi bwa 100 MWh iyo nshasha itanga 85-91 MWh inyuma y’imyaka itanu.
Uburyo bwo gusenyuka burahambaye kuko butagira -umurongo kandi bushingiye ku mimerere-. Ubushuhe bwinshi bwihuta gutakaza ubushobozi mu buryo bukomeye-gukora ku bushuhe bwa degre 35 ugereranije na degre 25 bishobora gukubita kabiri ibiharuro vy’ugusenyuka. Ivyiyumviro vy’ugusohora umuriro bikomeye (bikoresheje 90-100% vy’ubushobozi) birasenyura amabateri ningoga kuruta ivyifuzo vy’ugusohora umuriro muremure (bikoresheje 40-60%). Gucagura no gukuraho umuriro vyihuta bitera ubushuhe n’imihangayiko bigabanya ubuzima. Ivyo bisigura ko ingamba z’ubukazi zituma inyungu zirushirizaho zishobora gusenyura ataco zizi agaciro k’umutungo w’igihe kirekire.
Amakuru y'imikorere y'isi nyayo-yerekana uburebure bw'ingorane. Raporo ya Accure Battery Intelligence yo mu mwaka w’2024 yerekanye ko 19% vy’imigambi ya BESS igira inyungu zigabanutse kubera ibibazo vy’ubuhinga. Ivyo si ukunanirwa kw'agahomerabunwa-ni uburyo bwo gusenyuka buteye ubwoba, imirongo y'ingingo idahuye, n'ibice bigoyagoya bibuza ubuhinga gutanga ububasha bwose bw'izina mu bihe vy'amasezerano. Iyo ubuhinga bwa bateri bwagiranye amasezerano yo gutanga 100 MW mu masaha 4 bushobora gusa gutanga 85 MW mu masaha 3,5 kubera ugusenyuka kw’ingingo, burananirwa gushitsa ivyo isoko ryiyemeje, rikabura inyungu.
Leta-y'-uburongozi bw'amafaranga irema amahane mu bikorwa. Kugira ngo bateri ibeho igihe kirekire bisaba ko iguma ifise umuriro uri hagati ya 20-80% y’ubushobozi, ukirinda ibintu birenze urugero. Ariko ubutunzi bw’isoko akenshi busaba gusohora amafaranga yose mu gihe c’ibiciro vy’agaciro kanini no gutanga amafaranga menshi mu gihe c’ibiciro bibi, bikaba bihatira abakoresha guhitamwo hagati y’inyungu vuba no kuzigama umutungo w’igihe kirekire. Uburyo buteye imbere bwo gucunga amabateri buragerageza guhuza ivyo bisabwa biciye mu gucunga ubushuhe no gutuma umurongo w’amabateri ugenda neza, ariko ivyo biragumaho.
Ivyerekeye ubuzima bw’ingendo vyerekana ko bizimiza mu bikorwa. Bateri yamamajwe ngo "8.000 cycles ku 80% y'uburebure bw'ugusohoka" ivuga neza cane gushika ubaze ko ivyo bigereranya nk'imyaka 11 y'ingendo incuro zibiri-ku musi (8.000 cycles ÷ 730 cycles ku mwaka). Ariko ivyo bifata ibintu vyiza-ubushuhe buhoraho, ibipimo vyiza vyo gushaja, n'ubushobozi bumwe bw'ingingo. Ivyuma vy’ukuri bishirwaho birahura n’uguhinduka kw’ubushuhe, ibimenyetso vyihuta biva ku bakoresha uruzitiro, n’uguhinduka kw’uguhingura mu bihumbi vy’ibice, ivyo vyose bikaba bigabanya ubuzima bw’ingendo bushikwako munsi y’ivyo bitegekanijwe.
Ubushobozi buzimangana burahura nabi n’amasezerano y’ibikorwa vy’uruja n’uruza. Ubuhinga bwa BESS bushobora gusinya amasezerano y’ubushobozi bw’imyaka 15-na National Grid, busezerana gutanga 100 MW iyo bisabwe. Mu mwaka wa 10, inyuma y’ibihumbi vy’ingendo n’ugusenyuka buhoro buhoro, iyo nzira ishobora gutanga gusa 75 MW. Uwukoresha iyo modoka arashobora kwongerwa amabateri azimvye (kwongerako amabateri mashasha kugira ngo agumane ubushobozi) canke agahanwa n’amasezerano. Ukwo kuri kw’ubutunzi gutuma amasezerano y’igihe kirekire agira ingorane naho nyene afise inyungu zidakeka ku bijanye n’inyungu.
Ivyimburwa vy'ubushobozi bw'urugendo, naho ari bito kuruta ibibazo vy'ugusenyuka, birundanywa uko igihe kigenda kirarenga. Uburyo bukora neza 85% (itegeko ry’inganda ry’ubu) buratakaza 15% vy’inguvu zibitswe kubera ugutakaza kw’uguhindura n’ubushuhe. Ivyo ntivyumvikana nk’ibitangaje gushika ugereranije ubutunzi bw’inguvu: kugura ubushobozi ku madolari 20/MWh no kugurisha ku madolari 100/MWh bitanga inyungu y’amadolari 80/MWh, ariko 15% vy’ugutakaza ubushobozi bigabanya ivyo bikaja ku madolari 68/MWh ku giciro cose c’umugambi.
Ugutahura ubushuhe biratuma habaho ingorane z’aho umuntu aba. Bateri za litiyumu-iyon zikora neza hagati ya degre 15-35 . Ivyuma bishirwa mu bugaragwa mu bibanza nka Arizona canke mu migambi minini yo mu Buseruko bwo Hagati nka NEOM yo muri Arabiya Saudite birahura n’ubushuhe bukaze cane busaba uburyo bwo gukonjesha buzimvye, bikongera amafaranga y’itunga n’ay’ibikorwa mu gihe bishobora kwihutisha ugusenyuka naho nyene ubushuhe bushobora gukoreshwa neza.
Ubutunzi bwo kwongerera ni bwo buzogena ubushobozi bw’umugambi. Ivyuma vyinshi vy’ubuhinga-bishirwaho BESS bitegura kwongerera ubushobozi rimwe canke vyinshi mu myaka 20{4}}30 y’ubuzima bw’umugambi, mu vy’ukuri bisubirira amabateri yasenyutse mu gihe bigumya ama inverter, ama transformateur, n’amahuza y’uruzitiro bizimvye. Ariko ukugabanya ibiciro vy’amabateri bituma ivyo bigorana-vyongerekana mu gihe ca 2020 mu 2030 n’amabateri 50% ku kWh kuruta aya mbere bituma habaho ukudahuza kw’ivy’ubuhinga n’imikorere. Woba usubiriza gusa ibihagije kugira ngo usubize ubushobozi bwa kera, canke woba utera imbere ukaja ku buhinga bufise inguvu nyinshi, bikaba bishobora gusaba uburyo bushasha bwo kuburongora?
Ivyago vyo mu mutekano bisaba ko umuntu aguma ari maso
Umuriro wa Moss Landing wo muri Mukakaro 2025 ni ikintu cibutsa cane yuko naho hariho iterambere mu bijanye n’umutekano, ubuhinga bwo gukoresha amabateri bubika inguvu nyinshi cane mu bibanza bitari vyinshi, kandi iyo umuntu adashobora guhagarika umuriro, ingaruka zica zirushirizaho gutera imbere ningoga.
Ubushuhe buhunga bugereranya ingorane y’ishimikiro y’umutekano wa bateri. Ivyo bitangura iyo ingingo imwe ishushe cane, bigatuma habaho ukubora kw’imiti irekura ubushuhe n’imyuka ishobora kwaka. Ubwo bushuhe burakwiragira mu ngingo ngenderwako ziri hafi, bugatangura kubora mu buryo bugenda burasenyuka bushobora gufata ibice vyose vy’amabateri mu minota mikeyi. Iyo imaze gutangura, thermal runaway yerekana ko bigoye cane guhagarika-umuriro w’amabateri ya litiyumu uturika ku bushuhe burenze degre 1.000 kandi ushobora gusubira kwaka amasaha canke imisi inyuma y’aho usa n’uwuzimye.
Ivyo vyabaye i Moss Landing vyatumye inyubakwa imwe iguma isha n’umuriro mwinshi naho abakozi b’ishirahamwe n’abajejwe umuriro bariko barakorana. Ivyo gukura abantu 1.200 mu masaha 24 vyerekana ingene umuriro w’amabateri udatera ubwoba aho bashizeho gusa ariko n’abanyagihugu bakikuje. Gukurikirana uburyo bw’ikirere mu gihe c’ico gikorwa no mu nyuma yaco ntivyabonetse ko bishobora gutera ingorane ku buzima bwa bose, ariko ivyo vyasaba ibikorwa remezo vyinshi vyo gufasha mu bihe vy’ivyago, ivyo ahantu henshi hatagira.
Uburyo bwo kuzimya umuriro burahura n’ingorane zidasanzwe zijanye n’umuriro w’amabateri. Amazi-ashobora gukonjesha amabateri no guteba gukwiragira ariko bisaba ibipimo vyinshi-ibihumbi amajana vy'amagaloni ku bikoresho binini. Hariho ibintu bimwebimwe bikorana n’amazi bikomeye. Uburyo bwo guhagarika gazi nka FM-200 canke Novec 1230 bukora ku muriro w’amashanyarazi ariko buratakaza ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ibikorwa vy’imiti mu guhunga kw’ubushuhe. Ivyiza ubu bishimika ku kwirinda (ugukurikirana ubushuhe ku rugero rw’utugingo ngengabuzima-, inzitizi zo gutandukanya hagati y’ibice) no gukingira (ibibanza bishobora gukingira umuriro, gushiramwo ikibanza gihagije) kuruta guhagarika.
Gazi y’ubumara isohoka itera akaga k’umuriro. Guturira amabateri ya litiyumu-ion bituma umuntu agira aside hydrofluorique, monoxide de carbone, n’ibindi bishobora gutera ingorane mu guhema. Ababanza gutabara basaba ibikoresho vy’ukwikingira n’imyimenyerezo yihariye. Abanyagihugu bari hafi y’ibibanza binini binini vy’ubuhinga bwa BESS barakeneye imigambi y’ivyihutirwa yerekeye ukuntu abantu bashobora guhunga n’ingaruka mbi ku buzima bw’ikirere-ibisabwa vyo kwongera ugukomera kw’umugambi n’ukurwanya kw’abanyagihugu.
Igitabu ca EPRI c’ivy’ugutsindwa ca BESS carakurikiranye ivy’ugutsindwa 15 mu 2023 n’ibintu 5 bihambaye vyabaye mu 2024, vyerekana ko igitigiri c’ivyago vyagabanutse ku gigawatt{4}}isaha ikoreshwa. Ivyo bigaragaza uburyo bwiza bwo gukora, uburyo bwo gukoresha bukomeye, n’ingingo mfatirwako z’umutekano zikomeye nka UL 9540 na 9540A. Ariko rero, igitigiri c’ibintu bishirwaho kirakura cane ku buryo mbere n’ibiharuro bigabanuka bituma habaho ibiharuro vy’ibintu bishika. Ubushinwa bwari bumaze gutanga 36 GW z’ububiko mu 2024 gusa-birengeye ubushobozi bwose ibihugu vyinshi vyashizeho.
Isesengura ry’imvo n’imvano ryerekana ko ibintu biva ku bintu bitandukanye: ububiko bwa DC (utugingo ngengabuzima canke ibice ubwavyo), uburinganire-bw’-imirongo y’ibikoresho (inverters, HVAC, enclosures), imirongo y’itumanaho n’ubugenzuzi, canke ibintu vyo hanze (ibidukikije, ingaruka z’umubiri). Isesengura rya EPRI ryasanze ibintu vyabaye biterwa n’amakosa yo guhingura, amakosa yo gukora, amakosa yo gushiramwo, n’amakosa yo gukora-nta buryo bumwe bwo kunanirwa buganza.
Ubwubatsi n’uburyo bwo gushiramwo ibintu biragira ingaruka zikomeye ku mutekano. Ivyago vy’uguhunga kw’ubushuhe akenshi biva ku makosa yo gukoranya, ku ntumbero idakwiriye y’umuyagankuba, ku kwanduzwa mu gihe co gukora, canke ku gushiramwo uburyo bwo gukonjesha butabereye. Ivyo guhindura amasezerano ya EPC bifasha mu gukomeza inshingano, ariko urugero rwo gukoresha vyihuta rutera ingorane mu kugenzura uburyo mu mirongo y’ugutanga ibikoresho bitanga ibihumbi vy’ibikoresho vy’amabateri buri mwaka.
Umutekano wo kuri Internet ugereranya ikibazo c’umutekano kiriko kirakura. Ivyuma vya BESS vy’ubu bifatanya n’uburyo bwo kugenzura uruzitiro, bikaba bishobora gutuma haba ibitero. Ivyabaye mu mwaka w’2023 aho ubuhinga bwa bateri bwakozwe n’Abashinwa-mu kibanza c’ingabo z’Amerika zo mu mazi bwazimye kubera umutekano wo kuri internet, vyerekana ingero z’ivy’ubutunzi. Abakozi b’ububisha bahungabanya uburyo bwo gucunga amabateri boshobora gutuma ubushuhe buhunga, bagahagarika amabarabara y’umutekano, canke bagahungabanya ibikorwa vy’uruja n’uruza mu bihe bigoye. Ivyo bitera ingorane uko ibikoresho bigenda birakura kandi bikaba bikomeye cane.
Ivyiza vy’umutekano biva ku buhinga bwa litiyumu iron phosphate (LFP) birakwiriye kuvugwa. Bateri za LFP, ubu zikaba ari zo zihambaye mu bikorwa vy’ubuhinga, zigaragaza ko zidakomeye cane mu bijanye n’ubushuhe kuruta ubuhinga bwa nickel manganese cobalt (NMC). Utugingo ngengabuzima twa LFP turashobora kwihanganira ubushuhe bwinshi imbere y’uko ubushuhe buhunga kandi tukarekura ubushuhe buke mu gihe c’ugusenyuka. Ariko rero, "gutekanye kuruta NMC" ntibisigura "gutekanye"-umuriro wa LFP uracari usaba utwigoro twinshi two kuwuhagarika n'ugutanga inyishu zihutirwa.
Inyishu y’inzego z’ubwishingizi yerekana ko isoko ryemera ingorane z’umutekano. Ibara ry’amahera y’imbere mu migambi ya BESS rigwana n’amakuru make y’ivy’ubuhinga, ubuhinga bugenda buratera imbere vuba, n’ibintu bikomeye cane bishobora gutuma abantu babona ingorane. Abatanga amafaranga bararushiriza gusaba inyandiko zitomoye zijanye n’umutekano, uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushuhe be n’ingingo ngenderwako zidasanzwe zo gukoresha. Bamwe mu bashinzwe ubwishingizi basaba ko hakoreshwa abahinga b’ivy’ubuhinga n’abahinga b’abahinga kugira ngo basuzume ingorane, bongerako amafaranga ariko bagatuma habaho umutekano mwiza.
Ukwibanda ku ruhererekane rw'ibikoresho: Ubugoyagoye bwihishije
Ivyo bikoresho vy’ububiko bw’amabateri bigabanya ibiciro bitangaje be n’uko bigenda vyihuta, bishingiye ku mushinge w’uguhingura ibintu vyihariye, ivyo bikaba bituma habaho ubugoyagoye benshi mu bategura amabateri birengagiza gushika bihindutse ingorane z’ibikorwa.
Ubushinwa bukora amabateri arenga 1.200 GWh y’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion ku mwaka-hafi 75% y’amabateri akoreshwa kw’isi yose. Mu mwaka w’2024 gusa, ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu bw’Abashinwa bwoshobora gushitsa ivyo isi yose isaba, ivyo bikaba ari ingaruka y’ishoramari ryinshi mu bijanye n’ugutanga ibikoresho mu myaka itanu iheze. Abahinguzi bakuru CATL na BYD ntibatanga gusa abahinguzi b’imodoka b’Abashinwa ariko batanga Tesla, BMW, na Toyota, bituma EV n’ububiko bw’ibintu vy’Uburengero bivana n’ibice vy’Ubushinwa.
Ubwo butegetsi bw’ubuhinga burashika no mu ruzi. Ubushinwa bugenzura hafi 75% vy’ubushobozi bwo gutunganya litiyumu kw’isi yose, bugatunganya litiyumu y’agaciro idasanzwe iva mu binogo vya Australiya, Shili na Afirika ikayigira ibikoresho vy’amabateri-. Amashirahamwe y’Abashinwa nka Ganfeng Lithium na Tianqi Lithium afise amafaranga y’ishoramari mu migambi y’amahanga yo gukora litiyumu muri Amerika y’Epfo, Afirika na Australiya, ashobora kuronka ibifungurwa mu gihe abapiganwa bariko bararondera ibifungurwa.
Ivyiyumviro vy’abantu bo mu majyaruguru biragaragaza ko bihangayikishije. Ugucukura litiyumu kwibanda cane mu bihugu bikeyi: Australiya (iyikora cane kw’isi), Shili (iyifise ububiko bwinshi kw’isi), n’Ubushinwa bugenda buragwira inyuma y’ivyo biherutse kuvumburwa vyatumye igira ikibanza ca kabiri-gifise ububiko bwinshi. Inzira z’ugutanga cobalt zica muri Repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya Kongo (70% vy’umusaruro w’isi yose), ibice bihambaye bikaba bitunganirizwa n’abahuza b’Abashinwa. Graphite kamere, ikoreshwa mu bikoresho vy’amabateri, ikomoka cane cane mu Bushinwa (70% vy’ivyo ikora).
Ukwo kwibanda ku karere gutuma habaho ibintu vyinshi bishobora kunanirwa. Uguhagarika ubucuruzi, kugenzura ivyoherezwa hanze, canke amakimbirane yo mu vy’ubutegetsi birashobora guhungabanya ugutanga ubwo nyene. Igihe Ubushinwa bwashiraho uburyo bwo gucungera ivyoherezwa hanze ku buhinga bwa bateri ya litiyumu-ion mu kwezi kwa kigarama 2024 buvuga ko hariho ivyerekeye umutekano w’igihugu, bwarerekanye ingene ibikoresho bishobora gushikwako ningoga bishobora guhinduka ibirwanisho vy’ingene bigenda. Itohoza ry’Amerika ry’ukurwanya ugushira ibintu mu mazi n’ibikorwa vyo kwishura ryatanguye muri Mukakaro 2025 ku bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa anode vy’Abashinwa, rivuga ko amafaranga yo gukura ibintu mu mazi ari 828% na 921%, bishobora gutuma habaho ibikorwa bibujijwe bihindura uburyo bwo gutanga ibikoresho.
Guhinduka kw’ibiciro kwongerera ingorane uruhererekane rw’ugutanga. Ibiciro vya litiyumu carbonate vyerekana ivyo: vyari hejuru cane mu 2022 ($80,000+ kuri toni mu masoko amwe amwe), bigwa munsi y’amadolari 15.000 mu ntango za 2024, hanyuma bisubira ku madolari 8.500-9.000 hagati mu 2025. Bamwe mu baserukira ibintu bavuga ko Ubushinwa bwasendereye amasoko n’ibigirankana mu myaka ya 2023-2024 kugira ngo butere abacukuzi b’amabuye y’agaciro batari Abashinwa ngo ntibaronke inyungu, hanyuma bugabanura ivyo bukora kugira ngo bufashe mu gusubirana kw’ibiciro igihe abahiganwa bamaze gufunga ibikorwa. Yaba ari umugambi canke isoko, ingaruka zituma uruhererekane rw’ugutanga ibikoresho rudashobora kwihangana mu gukuraho abandi baguzi.
Ubuhinga bwo guhindura ibintu mu Burengero burahanganye n’ubutunzi buteye ubwoba. Ibiciro vyo gukora amabateri muri Amerika no mu Buraya biraruta 20% ivyo mu Bushinwa, bikaba biterwa n’ibiciro vy’itunga, ibiharuro vy’abakozi, n’ibidukikije bitateye imbere cane. Itegeko ryo kugabanya inflation ry’inguzanyo y’imisoro y’ishoramari n’inguzanyo y’ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga 30% rigerageza gukuraho iyo ngorane, ariko kugira ngo umuntu ashike ku rugero rumwe rw’ibiciro bisaba infashanyo ziramvye canke ugutera imbere kw’ishimikiro kw’umwimbu bifata imyaka kugira ngo bishikeko.
Gutera imbere kw’ibikorwa remezo biratanga ingorane z’umubiri. Kubaka amahinguriro manini y’amabateri bisaba imyaka 2-4 kuva mu gutangura gushika mu gukora. Hagati y’umwaka wa 2019 n’uwa 2024, imigambi y’uruganda rw’amabateri rwo muri Amerika yaragutse kuva ku ruganda 4 rukora canke ruriko rurakorwa gushika ku ruganda 34 rwateguwe, ruriko rurakora canke ruriko rurakorwa. Ivyo bigereranya iterambere ridasanzwe ariko biguma bisiga Amerika iva ku biva hanze y’igihugu ku bijanye n’ivyo ikeneye cane gushika mu 2030.
Gushakashaka ibikoresho vya mbere biratanga imfashanyo idatomoye. Bateri z'iyon, n'izindi nzira zishobora kugabanya ukuntu umuntu yizigira litiyumu, ariko ubuhinga bwa none butanga gusa 60{5}}70% vy'inguvu za litiyumu n'inguvu 5.000 zigereranywa n'inguvu 8.000{0,06}cycle}{0,06}. Ishirahamwe ry’umuyagankuba ry’Ubushinwa ryitwa Jiangling Motors ryasohoye imodoka zikoreshwa n’umuyagankuba zikoreshwa na bateri za sodium-ion muri Mukakaro 2024 ku madolari 8.000-10% zihendutse kurusha izo zikoreshwa na litiyumu-ariko uburemere buke burabuza gukoresha amabateri y’urugendo rugufi. Amabateri akomeye yerekana umuhango ariko aguma kure yo gushirwa ku isoko ku rugero runini.
Igisata ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe ivy’inguvu mu mwaka w’2024, kigaragaza ko hariho ingorane zidasanzwe: ubushobozi buke bwo mu gihugu mu ntambwe z’uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho, igiciro n’ivyiza vy’ubuhinga bwa none vy’amashirahamwe y’Abashinwa ariho, ingorane z’imiterere ku giciro c’umutungo kamere, uguhinduka kw’isoko n’ukudakeka kw’ibikorwa n’ugusaba, ukudakura kw’isoko n’ugukura kw’isoko, igikorwa c'igihe kirekire-.
Iterambere ry'abakozi ryongera kenshi-intambamyi zirengagizwa. Gukora amabateri bisaba ubuhinga bwihariye. Uturere dufise abakozi bake turagorwa no kuronka abakozi mu mahinguriro mashasha, ivyo bikaba bituma ugushirwaho kw’abakozi bigenda buhoro kandi bikaba bituma ibiciro vyiyongera. Igisata c’ubudandaji c’Iterambere ry’Ubutunzi cashize amadolari 21 miliyoni mu kigo ca Nevada Tech Hub cibanda ku mabateri ya litiyumu, n’amadolari 45 miliyoni mu kigo ca Carolina yo mu Bumanuko-Georgia Tech Hub cibanda ku gukomera kw’uruja n’uruza rw’amazi harimwo n’ububiko bw’ibikoresho, mu kwemera ko uburyo bwo gutanga abakozi bushobora gukoreshwa cane.
Gusubira gukoresha ibintu bishobora gutuma habaho "ubutunzi buzunguruka" aho amabateri y'iherezo-y'ubuzima atanga ibikoresho vya mbere vyo gukora ibintu bishasha. Ariko rero, ubushobozi bwo gusubira gukoresha ibintu bushasha buraduga cane kuruta amabateri ashobora gukoreshwa, bikaba bituma haba ubushobozi burenze urugero mu gihe kiri hafi -n'imigambi ishobora gusubirwamwo. Igiteye ubwoba: ugugwa kw’ibiciro vy’amabateri mashasha bituma amabateri y’ubuzima bwa mbere-akwegera cane mu vy’ubutunzi kurusha amabateri y’ubuzima bwa kabiri-yasubiwemwo, bikaba bigabanya iterambere ry’ubutunzi buzunguruka naho nyene hari inyungu ku bidukikije.
Ingorane y’Igihe: Igihe Amasaha Ane Atahagije
Ivyuma vyinshi vyo kubika amabateri bishizweho uno musi bitanga amasaha 2-4 yo gusohoka ku nguvu zitegekanijwe. Ico gihe kirahagije ku bikorwa vyinshi vy’uruja n’uruza ariko kizana ukudahuza kw’ishimikiro n’ibisabwa vyo gukuraho ivyuka bihumanya ikirere ivyo abahinguzi bakeyi bemera ku mugaragaro.
Fizike isa n’iyigororotse-bateri y’amashanyarazi 100 MW / 400 MWh ishobora gusohoka ku nguvu zose amasaha 4. Ico gihe gifata umuzigo w’urusenga wo ku mugoroba muri California na Texas, igihe izuba rigwa izuba rirenze ariko ivyipfuzo vy’ivyuma bikoresha umuyaga bikaguma ari vyinshi. Ivuga ku mategeko menshi y’incuro n’ibisabwa vyo gusubiza mu bihe vyihutirwa. Kandi mu vy’ubutunzi, ubuhinga bw’amasaha 4 buratera ahantu heza aho ubushobozi bw’inguvu bwongerekana bugura make ku kWh kuruta ubushobozi bw’inguvu, bikaba bituma bukwegera abantu ku bijanye n’ugucapura ingufu.
Ariko rimbura ingorane itandukanye: gushitsa ivyipfuzo vy’amashanyarazi ku mugoroba mu kiringo c’imisi myinshi-ikoreshwa n’izuba n’umuyaga bike cane. Ubudage burahura n’ivyo ubudasiba mu gihe c’imbeho, kubera umuyaga mwinshi-uzana umuyaga ukanye kandi uhagaze. California yarabibonye muri Nzero 2022 igihe ubushuhe, umuriro w’ishamba, n’uguhagarara kw’amashanyarazi vyahuye. Muri ivyo bihe, amabateri y’amasaha 4-araheza akabura ku mugoroba cane ku musi wa mbere, hanyuma akaguma ataco akora mu kiringo c’amasaha 48{11}}72 gushika izuba canke umuyaga bisubiye gukoreshwa bihagije kugira ngo bishobore kuyasubiramwo. Ivyo bigaragaza ivyiza n’ibibi vy’uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri: ubushobozi budasanzwe bwo gutwara amagare ku musi, ubushobozi budahagije bwo kwihangana imisi myinshi. Ivyo bihe vy’uguhagarika igihe bitanga akarorero k’ivyiza n’ibibi vy’uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri-gusumba ibindi mu gutwara amagare ku musi ku musi mu gihe bishobora kunanirwa no kwihangana imisi myinshi.
Icigwa ca NREL ku bijanye n’ububiko bwa kazoza carasuzumye ububiko bw’inguvu bumara igihe kirekire (LDES)-uburyo busohora amasaha 10+{3}}busanga naho hariho ukudakeka ku bijanye n’uruhara nyarwo, inyungu zishobora gushika zikura cane mu bikoresho bishobora gukoreshwa cane. Mu mwaka w’2035, nk’uko amabarabara menshi ashaka 80%+ y’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo, ivy’ugukenera ububiko bw’ibihe canke ububiko bw’imisi myinshi-bica biba ikintu kitari bwigere gishoboka. Amasaha ane-amabateri ntashobora gusa gutuma amayinga y'imbeho atuje, afise ibicu.
Ubutunzi buratuma igihe co gukora kigabanuka. Kwongera igihe ku mirongo y’amabateri bitwara nk’amadolari 250-350/kWh ku bushobozi bw’inguvu bwongereweko (twiyumvira ko ubuhinga bw’inguvu buguma ari bumwe). Kwagura uburyo kuva ku masaha 4 gushika ku masaha 10 birongereza 150% vy’amahera yo kubika inguvu. Ku bijanye n’ubukemurampaka bw’umunsi, iyo nzira y’ishoramari ntabwo yishura-agaciro kafashwe karagabanuka cane inyuma y’amasaha 6-8 kubera ko inzinguzingu nyinshi z’ibiciro ku musi zibera mu madirisha magufi. Ariko ku bijanye n’ukwizigirwa kw’uruzitiro mu gihe c’amapfa ashobora gusubirwamwo imisi myinshi, igihe kirekire kiba ikintu gihambaye naho ubutunzi bwigenga bugoyagoya.
Ubuhinga bundi bushingiye kuri iyo nzira y’igihe. Ububiko bw’amazi bupompa (bufise 90%+ bw’ubushobozi bw’igihe kirekire-bw’isi yose) burashobora kubika imisi canke amayinga y’inguvu, ariko busaba ahantu kanaka-imisozi, amazi, n’ikirere. Ububiko bw’inguvu z’umuyaga, ububiko bw’ubushuhe, uburyo bw’ihydrogène, n’amabateri y’amazi vyose bisezerana ububiko bw’imisi myinshi-kugeza ku bihe, ariko buri kimwe cose gihura n’ingorane z’ubuhinga, ubutunzi, canke zo gupima zibuza gukoresha vyihuse.
USA igereranywa ko izokenera hagati ya 23-27 GW y'ubushobozi bwo kubika amabateri mu mwaka w'2030 hakurikijwe umugambi w'ibikorwa vy'inguvu zisukuye 2030-ugusimbuka gukomeye kuva kuri 4.5 GW mu ntango za 2024. Mbere no gushika kuri iyo ntumbero y'ubukazi birakenewe cane. COP29 yemeye ko isi yose izobika inguvu 1.500 GW mu mwaka w’2030 (ivuye kuri 340 GW uno musi, harimwo n’amazi akoreshwa n’amapompa akuze), yemera urugero rw’ishoramari rikenewe.
Ubushinwa ni bwo burongoye iterambere rya LDES biciye mu mategeko ya Leta n’ubushobozi bwo gukora. Arabiya Saudite itegura ubushobozi bwo kubika 14 GW / 53 GWh mu mwaka w’2033 kugira ngo ishigikire intumbero yayo y’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo 50%, ikaba ishiramwo mu buryo butomoye uburyo bwo gukoresha igihe kirekire-iruhande y’amabateri asanzwe. Ivyo vyemezo vyerekana ko umuntu yemera ko amabateri y’amasaha 4 adashobora gutuma amabarabara ashobora gusubirwamwo akora neza.
Abategura umugambi bahura n’ukudahuza kw’igihe. Amasoko y’ubu atanga impembo y’igihe gito-, ubushobozi bwo kwishura bwihuta-ubushobozi bwo gusubiza amasaha 4-amabateri ya litiyumu-iyon asumba ayandi mu gutanga. Ububiko bw'igihe kirekire-buguma butari bwiza kubera ko amasoko y'ubushobozi atamenyereye agaciro k'ukwizigirwa kw'imisi myinshi-. Gushiramwo amahera mu bubiko bw'amasaha 10+ uno musi akenshi bisigura kwemera inyungu ziri munsi ya -isoko mu gihe urindiriye inzego z'amategeko n'imiterere y'isoko kugira ngo ushikire-iciyumviro kigoye ku bateza imbere ubudandaji.
Umuti w’agateganyo ushimikiye ku buryo butandukanye: gufatanya amabateri y’amasaha 4-n’ibikoresho bitera gazi, gushiramwo amabateri menshi cane ugereranije n’ubushobozi bwo gufatanya n’uruzitiro, canke gukoresha uburyo bwinshi buto bufise uburyo bwo gushaja/gusohora. Nta na kimwe muri ivyo gishobora gutorera umuti neza ikinogo c’igihe, ariko kiratanga ibihe vy’uguhagarara vy’ukuri mu gihe ubuhinga bumara igihe kirekire bugenda burakura.
Ingorane zo mu bikorwa: Ukuri kuri inyuma y'ivyo bimenyetso
Ububiko bw'inguvu za bateri buvuga ko bworoshe mu vyiyumviro-gucapura iyo umuyagankuba utari mwinshi, gukuraho igihe umuyagankuba uzimvye. Ibikorwa vy’ukuri birimwo ibintu bigoranye bitera intege mbere n’abahinguzi b’ibintu bazi utuntu n’utundi.
Amakosa y’inverter, utugingo ngengabuzima dugoyagoya, n’imirongo y’ibice idahuye ni vyo biri ku rutonde rw’ingorane zibuza ubuhinga gutanga ubushobozi bwose bw’izina mu kiringo kinaka. Ivyo si ukunanirwa kw’agahomerabunwa bisaba gusubirizwa bimwe bishitse. Ni ibibazo biteye ubwoba bigabanya ubushobozi buriho ku rugero rwa 5-15%, bikahindura ubuhinga bwa 100 MW bukaba umutungo wa 85-90 MW udashitsa amasezerano.
Igihugu-ky-ubuhanuzi bw'amahera kigaragaza ko bikomeye kurusha uko vyitezwe. Uburyo bwo gucunga amabateri buragereranya ubushobozi busigaye bushingiye ku nkomezi z’umuriro, amashanyarazi n’ubushuhe, mugabo ukuri kuragabanuka uko igihe kigenda kirarenga uko utugingo ngengabuzima dukura mu buryo butaringaniye. Uburyo bwerekana 80% y'ivya -vy'-ibiciro bushobora kubamwo 70% canke 90%, bigatuma habaho ukudakeka kw'ivyoherezwa. Iyo abakoresha uruzitiro basavye gusohora amazi yose biteze amasaha 4 y’umusaruro, kumenya inyuma y’amasaha 3,2 ko ubushobozi bwari bwagereranywa birenze urugero bitera akajagari mu bikorwa.
Gutuma isoko rigenda neza bisaba porogarama zikomeye cane. ERCOT na CAISO bakoresha ubuhinga bwo gutuma ibiciro bigenda neza amasaha menshi imbere, bigaragaza nimba amabateri akwiye gushaja, gukuraho, gukomeza gushaja, canke mbere gushaja mu buryo butagiramwo ubutunzi ubu biteze amahirwe yo gushaja afise agaciro kanini mu nyuma. Ariko rero, igihe co gutuma ibintu bigenda neza kigaragaza ko amasoko araba imbere amasaha 1-2. Iyo ibiciro vyinshi bishitse mu gitondo ata co biteze, amabateri arahera vuba cane, yinjira mu masaha y’ijoro y’ijoro afise igice c’ivyo akora. Igihugu ca California ISO gitoyi cane-co gutanga amafaranga caragerageje gutorera umuti ivyo mu ci ca 2022, ariko ingorane iracariho.
Ibisabwa mu gusubiza kenshi birahushanye n'intumbero z'ubukemurampaka bw'inguvu. Abakoresha uruja n’uruza rw’amazi baraha agaciro ubushobozi bw’amabateri bwo gutanga amategeko agenga incuro zidahera, bagahindura umusaruro kugira ngo bahuze n’ivyo bakeneye n’ivyo bakeneye. Ariko iyo nzira y'amagare itanga ubushuhe, yihutisha ukubora, kandi ikarya ivy'inguvu z'inguvu z'igiciro kinini. Imigambi yagiranye amasezerano y'ibikorwa vyinshi itegerezwa guhuza ibisabwa bihuza igihe-ku-igihe.
Amasezerano yo guhuza ibintu azana ingorane zitari zitezwe. Ivyuma bifatanya uruzitiro birafise imipaka y'ubushobozi-bateri ifise ubunini bwa 100 MW yoshobora gufatanya n'uruzitiro rufasha 75 MW gusa, bisaba ko bateri igabanya ubushobozi naho yoba ishobora gukora vyinshi. Ivyuma vy’ama transformateur n’ivy’ama substation bifise aho bigarukira, canke ivyerekeye ingaruka z’amashanyarazi yo mu karere, kenshi bituma amabateri akora munsi y’ubushobozi bwayo bwo mu vy’ubuhinga.
Ivy’ikirere biratuma haba ingorane mu bikorwa. Ubushuhe bukaze busaba gukonjesha cane kugira ngo ubushuhe ntibuhunge, bugarya inguvu kandi bugabanye umusaruro w’urusenga. Imbeho ikaze iragabanya ubuhinga bwa bateri, igabanura ubushobozi bwo gusohora n'ubushobozi bw'inguvu. Ubukonje buragira ico bukoze ku bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none. Inkungugu n’umusenyi biri mu bibanza vyo mu bugaragwa birazibira amayunguruzo y’umuyaga kandi bikapfuka amatara y’izuba (ku bibanza bimwe). Ivyo bintu bidukikije ntibikunda kugaragara mu nyigisho z’ubushobozi ariko biragira ingaruka zikomeye ku bikorwa vyashitsweko.
Amadirisho yo gusanasana ahungabanya inyungu. Ivyo bikoresho vy’amabateri, ibikoresho bihindura umuriro, ibikoresho vyo gukonjesha be n’ibikoresho vyo kugenzura, vyose bisaba ko bisuzumwa, bikageragezwa kandi bikasubirwamwo. Gufata ubuhinga bwa 100 MW butari ku murongo kugira ngo bukoreshwe mu gusanasana bikuraho imisi canke amayinga y’amahera ashobora gushika, yamara gusubiramwo gusanasana birongereza ingorane zo kunanirwa. Kuronka urutonde rwiza rwo gusanasana ruringaniza ukwizigirwa n’ugutuma inyungu nyinshi bitera ingorane abakoresha.
Ivyemezo vy'ibikorwa mu masezerano y'ugutanga bituma urutoke-rwerekana iyo ibibazo bivyuka. Uburyo bwa bateri bukora nabi bushobora guterwa n’utunenge two mu guhingura amaseli, ingorane zo mu guhindura inverter, amakosa yo gushiramwo, ubuhinga bwo gukoresha butari bwiza, canke ivyo vyose bihurikiye hamwe. Amasezerano akenshi asesangura inshingano hagati y'abahinguzi b'amaseli, abashiramwo ubuhinga, n'abakoresha-kumenya amakosa no gushitsa imiti bishobora gukurura amezi menshi y'amatati mu gihe ubuhinga bubandanya gukora nabi.
Ubuhinga bw’abakozi buragabanya ubushobozi bw’ibikorwa. Gukoresha ivyuma vyinshi vy’amabateri bisaba gutahura ivy’ubuhinga bwa elegitoronike, ingene uruzitiro rukora, imiterere y’isoko, ubuhinga bw’amabateri be n’ugucungera ubushuhe. Ni bake mu bahinga bafise ubwo buhinga bwose. Amahinguriro akoreshwa n’abakozi batazi utuntu n’utundi canke abakozi ba O&M barambuye akenshi ashika ku 70-80% vy’ubushobozi bushoboka atari biciye ku ngorane z’ibikoresho ahubwo biciye ku makosa yo gukora-gutanga amahera mu bihe bitari vyo, kwishura nabi ku bimenyetso vy’isoko, canke gukoresha nabi ubushuhe.
Ivugurura rya mudasobwa rizana ibibazo bitamenyekana. Ivyo bikoresho vya BESS vyo muri iki gihe bivana n’ubuhinga buhanitse bwo kugenzura ivyo abahinguzi bahora babihindura kugira ngo bikore neza canke ngo bikosore ibibazo. Ariko igihe cose ivugurura rishobora gutuma habaho ingorane nshasha-ivugurura rishobora gutuma habaho ubusumbasumbane bw'ingingo, canke igice co gushiramwo isoko coshobora gusobanura nabi ibimenyetso vya ISO. Ivyo gushiramwo bitegerezwa gutuma porogarama ziguma ziriho n’ugushikama.
Ugukekeranya kw'amategeko mu masoko y'isi yose
Infashanyo y’amategeko yatumye ububiko bw’amabateri butera imbere cane, ariko inzego z’amategeko ziragorwa no kujana n’ugukoreshwa, bikaba bituma habaho ukudakeka bigorana gufata ingingo z’ishoramari.
Itegeko ry’Amerika ryo kugabanya inflation ry’ikori ry’ishoramari ry’ibice 30% ku bikoresho vy’ububiko bwigenga ryahinduye ubutunzi bw’imigambi mw’ijoro rimwe igihe ryemezwa mu 2022. Mbere, ububiko bufatanijwe n’izuba bwari bubereye guhabwa umusoro, ariko uburyo bwigenga ntibwari bubereye. Ukwemererwa kwa IRA kwatumye imigambi ibihumbi n’ibihumbi ishobora gutunganirizwa mu vy’amahera, ivyo bikaba vyatumye habaho iterambere ry’ugurungika abantu muri iki gihe. Ariko ubutegetsi bwa Trump buzoza bushobora gukuraho inzego za IRA-igihe n’urugero ntibizwi-bitera amaganya ku migambi iriko irategurwa.
Uguhinduka kw’ibiciro bituma haba ukudakeka. BloombergNEF yashizeho ivyerekanwa aho ivyerekanwa vy’uko 2026 Section 301 izokwongerwa ibiciro 60% ugereranyije n’umwaka wa 2025 iyo Amerika ishize mu ngiro igipimo c’amakori 60% ku bikoresho vy’amabateri biva mu Bushinwa. Ivyo vyotuma ibiciro bisubira ku rugero rwa 2024, bikaba bishobora gutuma inguvu zo gukoresha zigenda buhoro. Itohoza ry’ukurwanya ugushira ibintu mu mahanga ryatangujwe muri Mukakaro 2025 ku bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa anode vy’Abashinwa ryoshobora gutuma habaho ibikorwa bituma ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vy’Abashinwa-bitagira ubutunzi, bikaba bigomba gusubira gutunganya uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none.
Uburyo bw’Uburayi bwo gutegeka buratandukanye ariko buratuma haba ingorane zisa n’izo. Itegeko ry’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi ryerekeye amabateri risaba ko hakorwa ukwiyubara ku bijanye n’aho litiyumu, kobalti, nickel, na graphite kavukire biva, gushirako ikimenyetso c’ibirenge vy’umuyagankuba, ibisabwa mu bijanye n’ibintu bisubirwamwo, n’ingingo mfatirwako z’uburyo bw’ibintu. Ivyo bisabwa biratuma habaho ubuzima buramba kandi bifise intumbero yo gufasha abahinguzi bo mu Buraya guhangana n’abandi, ariko vyongerako amafaranga yo kwubahiriza amategeko be n’ugucererwa kw’icemezo bituma imigambi igenda buhoro.
Imirongo y’uguhuza igaragaza ingorane kw’isi yose. Muri Amerika, imigambi irenga 3.000 GW y'amashanyarazi n'ububiko yicara mu mirongo y'uguhuza-ubushobozi bushizweho ubu burengeye incuro zitatu. Ivyigwa n’ugusubiramwo uruja n’uruza rw’amazi bifata imyaka, imigambi yo kubika ibirinda imyaka 3-5 ku rugero rwa mwayeni kuva ku gukoresha gushika ku gutanga inguvu. Itegeko rya FERC 2023 rigerageza guhindura iyo nzira, ariko ugushirwa mu ngiro biratandukanye n’ISO kandi amashirahamwe y’amazi akurura ibirenge ku mpinduka zishobora kwihutisha uguhiganwa.
Igishushanyo c'isoko gica inyuma y'ubushobozi bw'ubuhinga. Amasoko menshi y’ubushobozi yari yagenewe amageneratore y’ubushuhe afise uburyo bwo gutanga bushobora gutegekanirwa n’ibihe vy’amasaha menshi-yo gutera. Bateri zisubiza mu milisegonda kandi zishobora guhinduka hagati yo gucagura no gukuraho incuro nyinshi kw’isaha. Amategeko ariho akenshi ananirwa gusubiza neza ubwo bushobozi budasanzwe canke, ikibi kuruta, akabuhana-amasoko amwe amwe y’ubushobozi araharura imipaka y’inguvu za bateri ku manota y’ukuboneka kwayo naho amabateri atanga ubushobozi bwizewe mu kiringo kinaka.
Ivyiyumviro vy’umutekano birabandanya gutera imbere, bikarema ibintu bigendagenda. UL 9540 na 9540A zashizeho amategeko yo gupima umutekano w’umuriro yemerwa cane muri Amerika y’Uburaruko, ariko ayo mategeko arahinduka ubudasiba uko ibintu bishika bigaragaza ibitari vyo. Imigambi iteguwe kugira ngo igere ku ngingo mfatirwako zo mu 2022 yoshobora guhura n’ibintu bishasha bisabwa imbere y’uko inyubakwa irangira, bikaba bisaba ko isubirwamwo ibintu bizimvye. Abafise ubwishingizi bararushiriza gushinga ibisabwa kugira ngo umuntu agire umutekano birenze ivyo amategeko asaba, ivyo bikaba bituma umuntu agira amahera menshi atari yashizwe mu ngengo y’imari.
Ibidukikije vy’amategeko vy’Ubushinwa bifatanya ugushigikira kw’ubukazi n’uguhinduka gutunguranye. Leta yategetse ko imigambi y’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo ibamwo ububiko bw’inguvu (kenshi 10-20% vy’ubushobozi bushobora gusubirwamwo), ivyo bikaba bituma habaho ugukoresha cane BESS. Ariko kandi, abategetsi barashizeho ibiciro vy’ibikoresho vy’amabateri kugira ngo ntihagire uwuvyiyumvira, baragabanya amafaranga y’ivyo bikoresho, kandi rimwe na rimwe barahagarika ibikorwa ku bibanza bitagira igenzura ry’umutekano ata n’umwe abimenyesheje. Ivyo bituma haba ahantu aho infashanyo ishobora kuba nyinshi cane ariko amategeko agahinduka ata co yiteze.
Amakode y’uruzitiro yerekana ibisabwa mu vy’ubuhinga amabateri ategerezwa gushitsa, ariko ivyo biratandukanye cane bivanye n’ububasha. Ivyiyumviro vy’inyishu z’incuro, ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuriro-, ibiciro vy’urugendo, n’imirongo ngenderwako y’itumanaho bitandukanye hagati ya ERCOT, CAISO, PJM, amakode y’uruja n’uruza rw’i Buraya, na NEM yo muri Australiya. Abahinguzi bahingura amabateri y'amasoko y'isi yose bategerezwa kwakira ivyo bihinduka, bongerako igiciro, canke bagahingura amaverisiyo y'akarere-yihariye, bagabanura ubutunzi bw'urugero.
Kwemerera birerekana ko ata co bimaze. Intwaro z’intara zihanganye n’ivyifuzo vyo kubika amabateri akenshi ntizigira ubuhinga bwo gusuzuma ingorane, ivyo bikaba bituma habaho kwemererwa kw’ibidodo vy’imipira- canke kwiyubara cane. Ugurwanywa n’abanyagihugu inyuma y’umuriro w’agaciro kanini -kwadutse mu turere twinshi, aho abaturage basaba ko haba ingendo zirenga urugero canke bagahagarika imigambi yose. Intara zimwe zimwe zashizeho itegeko ry’igihe gito ry’uburenganzira bwo kubika amabateri inyuma y’ibintu vy’umutekano, bihagarika iterambere ata kuraba uburyo umugambi w’umuntu ku giti ciwe umeze.
Ibisabwa ku bijanye n’umutekano wo kuri interineti bigereranya umupaka w’amategeko uriko urakura. Ivyagezwe vya NERC CIP birakoreshwa ku mabateri amwe amwe y'urugero rw'uruzitiro-ariko gukurikiza amategeko ntibihuye. Uko ububiko bugenda burarushiriza kuba buhambaye, witege inzego z’umutekano wo kuri interineti zitegekanijwe, ibisabwa vyo kugenzura, n’ibikoresho bishobora guhagarara ku buhinga bwo kugenzura inkomoko y’Abashinwa-vyose vyongera ku giciro co kwubahiriza amategeko n’ugusobanuka kw’umugambi.
Ingaruka ku bidukikije zirenze kugabanya umuyagankuba
Ububiko bwa bateri buratuma habaho ugushiramwo inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo, ariko ubuhinga buzana ivyerekeye ibidukikije bigorana izina ryayo "ry'icatsi kibisi".
Ingaruka z’ubucukuzi zitangura isesengura ry’ingendo y’ubuzima. Gukura litiyumu biciye mu guhinduka umwuka w’amazi y’umunyu muri Amerika y’Epfo "lithium triangle" bifata amazi menshi cane mu turere tw’ubugaragwa, bikagira ingaruka ku mazi yo mu karere kandi bikaba bihiganwa n’uburimyi n’imibano kubera ubutunzi buke. Toni yose ya litiyumu ikoreshwa isaba ko umuntu ahindura umwuka w’amagaloni nka 500.000 y’amazi y’umunyu. Mu bugaragwa bwa Atacama muri Shili, ibikorwa vyo kwimba amabuye y’agaciro vyatumye haba ibibazo vy’ubukene bw’amazi bitera ingorane abasangwabutaka.
Ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro bukomeye bwa litiyumu muri Australiya buratera ingaruka zitandukanye-uguhungabanya ubutaka kw’ubucukuzi busanzwe, ugukoresha inguvu, n’ugutera imyanda. Ugucukura amabuye y’agaciro yitwa cobalt muri Repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya Kongo birimwo ivyerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu vyemewe neza-harimwo n’ugukoresha abana, uburyo bwo gukoreramwo butagira umutekano, n’ukwonona ibidukikije bivuye ku bikorwa vy’ubucukuzi bitari mu buryo butegekanijwe. Ugucukura amabuye y’agaciro yitwa nickel muri Indoneziya kwatumye amashyamba atembagazwa kandi kwatumye haba ibibazo vy’imyanda y’ubumara.
Gukora amabateri bitanga imyuka myinshi ya carbone. Guhingura amabateri bisaba inguvu-ibikorwa vyinshi-gupfuka ama electrode, gukoranya amabateri, gukoranya amabateri-kenshi bikoreshwa n’umuyagankuba w’amakara mu Bushinwa. Icigwa kimwe cagereranyije ko 61-106 kg CO2 kuri kWh y’ubushobozi bwa bateri buva mu guhingura, bisobanura ko ubuhinga bwa bateri bukora 100 MWh butanga amatoni 6.100-10.600 ya CO2 imbere y’uko bubika kilowatt-hour ya mbere. Uwo "myenda wa carbone" usaba imyaka 1-3 y'ugukuraho amakara imbere y'uko amabateri ashika ku nyungu z'umuyagankuba.
Iherezo-ry'-ugukuraho ubuzima ritanga ingorane zitaratorerwa umuti. Bateri za litiyumu-ion zirimwo ibintu bitera ubumara bisaba gukoreshwa neza. Naho mu vyiyumviro bishobora gusubirwamwo, ibiharuro vy’ubu bisubirwamwo biguma munsi ya 5% kw’isi yose ku bateri za EV n’iz’ububiko. Gusubira gukoresha ivyuma vy’umuriro (smelting) bisubiza ivyuma ariko bikabura litiyumu kandi bisaba ubushuhe bwinshi. Gusubira gukoresha ivyuma mu mazi (ugukura imiti) birasubiza ibikoresho vyinshi ariko bikoresha imiti iteye akaga kandi bikazana amazi mabi yanduye. Gusubira gukoresha ibintu mu buryo butaziguye (ugutandukanya umubiri no kubisubiramwo) vyerekana umuhango ariko biguma ari igerageza.
Ubutunzi burabuza gusubira gukoresha ibintu bishaje. Gukura litiyumu mu mabati y’iherezo-y’ubuzima bw’-bitwara amahera menshi kuruta gucukura litiyumu nshasha iyo ibiciro biri munsi y’amadolari 20.000 kuri toni. Mu gihe ibiciro vyiyongera ni ho gusa ugusubira gukoresha ibintu bishasha bica bikwegera abantu mu vy’ubutunzi ata nkunga. Ivyo bisigura ko amabateri menshi ashika ku mpera y'ubuzima bwayo abikwa mu bubiko, akajanwa mu bihugu bifise amategeko atari meza, canke akarungikwa kw'isi yose nk'"imyanda."
Ingaruka z’ikoreshwa ry’ubutaka zihambaye ku rugero rw’ubuhinga. Igikoresho co gushiramwo amabateri y’amashanyarazi 100 MW / 400 MWh gifata nk’amahegitari 5-10-ni make cane kuruta ubushobozi bungana n’ubw’izuba canke bw’umuyaga, ariko si ubusa. Imigambi ishirwa ku bibanza vy’ibitoke canke ku butaka bw’inganda iragabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije, ariko hariho ibibanza bimwebimwe bikuraho ibidukikije canke ubutaka bw’uburimyi. Gushiramwo ibintu mu bugaragwa bisaba ubushakashatsi ku bibanza bibamwo n’ingero zo kugabanya ububabare bw’ibikoko birinzwe.
Urusaku rutera ingaruka ku mibano iri hafi. Inverters n’ibikoresho vyo gukonjesha bituma haba ijwi riguma rivuga rishobora gutwara amajana y’amametero. Naho bitekanye kuruta ama turbine ya gazi canke ama substation, ugukora 24/7 kw’ibikoresho vyo gukonjesha n’ijwi ry’ama transformateur biratuma haba ugushavura mu bibanza vy’uburaro. Intara zimwezimwe zishiraho imipaka y’urusaku isaba inzitizi zizimvye z’amajwi canke urugendo rwo gusubira inyuma.
Ingaruka ziboneka zituma abantu barwanya. Imirongo y'ibikoresho vyo gutwara-ibikoresho-bifise ubunini bw'amabateri, uruzitiro rwo mu mpande, urumuri, n'ibikoresho bijanye navyo ntibigira ubwiza. Naho bidatera ubwoba cane nk’ibikoresho vy’umuyaga canke iminara y’ugukonjesha, gushiramwo amabateri birahura n’ukurwanywa na NIMBY mu bibanza vyiza canke vy’agaciro kanini-. Gupfuka canke gutunganya ahantu birongereza amahera.
Ivyuma vy'umuyagankuba biva ku bikoresho vy'umuyagankuba mwinshi-bisaba gusuzuma. Naho amabateri atanga EMF ntoyi kuruta imirongo y’amashanyarazi, ababa hafi y’aho amabateri akoreshwa rimwe na rimwe baraserura ingorane z’amagara. Kwerekana umutekano bisaba inyigisho z’ingero n’ugushikira abantu-igihe n’amahera bidakunda gutegurwa neza.
Amazi akoreshwa mu gukonjesha asa n’ayato ariko ararundanywa ku rugero. Hariho ibikoresho binini binini bikoresha ugukonjesha kw’umwuka, bifata amagaloni ibihumbi n’ibihumbi ku musi mu turere tw’amazi-ke. Ivyo bituma haba uguhuzagurika mu turere nka Arizona canke Nevada aho amazi asaba asanzwe atera umubabaro.
Ingaruka z’ivy’ugutwara abantu n’ibintu zifata uruhererekane rw’ugutanga ibikoresho. Ugutwara ibice vya bateri kw’isi yose-ibice biva mu Bushinwa, inverters biva i Buraya, transformers biva muri Amerika y’Uburaruko-bitera ivyuka bihumanya ikirere n’uguhagarara kw’imihanda mikuru iyo bishikirijwe ku bibanza. Ubwato butwara ibintu, amakamyo akoresha amavuta ya dizeli be n’ibikoresho vyo gushiramwo ibintu vyose biturira amakara y’ibisigazwa, ivyo bikaba vyongera ku muyagankuba uri muri iyo nzira.
Ivy’uguharura umuyagankuba w’ubuzima biracariko biraganirwako. Isesengura ry’ivyizigiro ryerekana ko amabateri ashika ku nyungu z’umuyagankuba mu myaka 1-2 iyo akuraho amakara. Isesengura ry’ivyizigiro bibi rishingiye ku bidukikije biva mu bikorwa, gutakaza ivy’ugutanga amakuru, n’ubuzima bugufi-kuruta-bwitezwe, bituma umuntu ashobora kwishura imyaka 4-6. Ukuri kuratandukanye n’uburemere bw’umuyagankuba, uburyo nyabwo bwo gutwara amagare, n’ubuzima bushitseko-ibintu bitandukanye cane n’ugushirwaho.
Ivyerekeye Ivyago vy’Ivy’Imari: Ivyo Abashoramari Bahura Navyo Mu Vy’ukuri
Abahinguzi bavuga ko ububiko bwa bateri ari ibikorwa remezo bifise ingorane ntoya, ariko ivy'ukuri vy'ivy'amahera bizana ukudakeka bitera ingorane ivy'amahera y'imigambi isanzwe.
Uguhinduka kw’amafaranga yinjira ni kwo guhangayikishije abashoramari. Ugukemura ibibazo vy’inguvu bivana n’ugukwiragira kw’ibiciro bihinduka ku musi ku musi, ku bihe, no ku isi. Bateri za ERCOT zifata amadolari 150/MWh mu 2022 zahuye n’amadolari 40/MWh mu ntango za 2024 uko ubushobozi bwongereweko bwari bwinjiye. Ivyiyumviro vy’inyungu vy’igihe kirekire-bishiramwo ivyiyumviro bikomeye ku bijanye n’uguhinduka kw’ibiciro bihoraho amateka yerekana ko bidakunda gushika.
Ivyago vy’ubuhinga biragira ico bikoze ku bijanye n’ugupima agaciro. Ivyo bateri ikora biragenda birasenyuka uko igihe kigenda kirarenga, ariko igitigiri c’ugusenyuka kivana n’ingene ikora bitazomenyekana imyaka myinshi. Bateri itegerezwa kumara imyaka 15 yoshobora gusaba ko yongerwa cane mu mwaka wa 8, igasaba bukwi na bukwi amamiliyoni y’amahera atategekanijwe. Canke, ubuhinga bushasha canke uburyo bushasha bwo guhindura ibintu bishobora gutuma ibikoresho vya kera bitagikoreshwa mu vy'ubutunzi imbere y'uko ubuzima bwavyo buhera, bikaba ari ivy'ubutunzi.
Ico kibazo ca politike ni co kinini cane. Inguzanyo y’ikori ry’ishoramari ry’ibice 30% iratuma umugambi ugira inyungu nyinshi cane, ariko agaciro k’ikori ry’ishoramari kavana no kugira umusoro uhagije wo gufata inguzanyo canke kuronka abafatanyabikorwa b’uburinganire bw’ikori-vyompi birakomera mu gihe ubutunzi bugenda buragabanuka. Gukuraho inguzanyo, kugabanya ibiciro, canke utwigoro tw’aba Repubulika two gukuraho ingingo za IRA vyoshobora gutuma ubutunzi bw’umugambi buhungabana hagati y’ubwubatsi.
Ico kibazo c’abafatanyabikorwa kigaragara mu buryo bwinshi. Abakoresha amashanyarazi canke amashirahamwe y’amazi basinya amasezerano y’ubushobozi boshobora guhura n’ingorane z’amahera, bagabanywa inguzanyo, canke bagasenyuka, bagasiga amabateri afise amafagitire atarishwe. Ivyo vyabaye mu bihe bimwebimwe vy’ububasha bw’ubudandaji mu gihe c’ingorane z’inguvu zo muri California mu 2001-2002, kandi ubu nyene n’ugusenyuka kw’inguzanyo z’amazi mu masoko ariko aratera imbere.
Ugushirwa ahabona kw’abacuruzi ni kwo gutuma habaho ukudakeka gukomeye kuruta ibindi vyose. Imigambi idafise amasezerano y’igihe kirekire-ivana n’amahera yinjira mw’isoko, igatuma abashoramari bashikirwa n’ugusenyuka kw’ibiciro, uguhiganwa n’abashasha binjira, canke amahinduka y’amategeko akuraho inyungu. Ivy’ugutanga amafaranga bishingiye ku masezerano bisaba amafaranga yinjira mu masezerano apfutse 70%+ y’ibikorwa vy’imyenda canke intererano z’uburinganire zirenga 50%-vyompi bigabanya inyungu canke ubushobozi bw’umugambi.
Ibiciro vy’ubwishingizi n’ukuboneka birahinduka ata co bivuze. Inyuma y’aho Moss Landing n’ibindi vyabaye, ababikira barakomeje ingingo ngenderwako zo gutanga amasezerano, bongera amahera y’ubwishingizi, bongera bashiraho amahera menshi yo gukurako. Abahinguzi bamwebamwe bavuga ko amafaranga y'imbere yiyongera kabiri umwaka-ku -umwaka canke ubufasha butaboneka kugiciro ico ari co cose ku miterere imwe imwe. Ivyo bihindura ivyiyumviro vyerekeye 1-2% vy’amahera y’impongano ku mwaka bikaba 3-5% vy’ukuri, bikaba bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bijanye n’amahera.
Ugukekeranya kw’igiciro c’uguhuza bitera ingorane z’ingengo y’imari. Ivyiyumviro vya mbere vy’uguhuza uruzitiro vyoshobora kwiyumvira ko ubushobozi buriho buhagije, ariko inyigisho zitomoye zirerekana ko bisabwa guhindura ama transformateur, guhindura uburyo bwo kurinda, canke gukora ibikorwa vy’ugushiramwo amabarabara bitwara amamiliyoni menshi kuruta uko vyari vyategekanijwe. Hari imigambi ihanganye n'uguhabwa "ugusubiramwo urubuga" aho itegerezwa gutanga amahera yo gutegura ivy'ugutanga amakuru bifasha abakoresha benshi-ibiciro bishobora kurenga uburyo bwa bateri ubwabwo.
Gucererwa mu gutanga ibikoresho bihungabanya igihe co gutanga amafaranga. Guhagarika uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho, ibibazo vyo guhingura, canke ugucererwa kw’ibicuruzwa bishobora gutuma amatariki yo gutangura gukoresha asubira inyuma amezi 6-18. Inguzanyo z’ubwubatsi zirundanya inyungu zitagira inyungu, kandi amasezerano yo gukuraho inguzanyo yoshobora kubamwo ibihe vy’iherezo, iyo zitashitse, bituma umuntu ahanishwa ibihano canke uburenganzira bwo guhagarika inguzanyo. Mu kiringo co kuva mu 2023-2024, imigambi myinshi yaracerejwe kubera ubukene bw’ama transformateur n’uguhagarara kw’ubwato.
Ibitangaje vy’igiciro c’ibikorwa biraza uko igihe kigenda kirarenga. Ingingo y’imari y’ubuhinga n’ubuhinga (O&M) itegekanijwe y’amadolari 5-8/kW-umwaka akenshi yerekana ko ari icizigiro iyo umuntu ahanganye n’ibiharuro vy’ukunanirwa vyinshi-kuruta ivyo yari yiteze, amafaranga y’uruhusha rwa porogarama atashizwemwo mu ntango, canke ibirego vy’igarantiya abahinguzi bahakana amezi menshi. Amakuru nyayo yerekeye ubumenyi bwo gukoresha aguma ari make, bituma gutegekanya neza igiciro bigorana.
Ivyago vyo gusubira gutanga amahera bigira ingaruka ku migambi ikoreshwa. Inguzanyo z’ubwubatsi z’intango zisaba ko zisubirwamwo mu myenda y’igihe kirekire-inyuma y’imyaka 2-3 y’amateka y’ibikorwa. Ariko iyo umugambi udakora neza nk’uko vyitezwe canke inyungu ziduga cane, gusubira gutanga amahera ku buryo bwiza biraba ibidashoboka, bikaba bituma abaterankunga bashiramwo uburinganire bw’inyongera canke bagahangana n’ugutakaza amahera.
Ingamba zo gusohoka zibuza abashoramari b'abikorera ku giti cabo. Isoko rya kabiri ry’itunga ry’amabateri akoreshwa riguma ari ritoyi ugereranyije n’izuba canke umuyaga. Gushinga igiciro c’amabateri akoreshwa biragoye kubera ukudakeka kw’ugusenyuka n’ubuhinga bugenda buratera imbere vyihuta. Abashoramari biteze imyaka 5-7 imbere y’uko basohoka bashobora gusanga abaguzi bake canke ibiciro biri munsi y’ivyo bategekanya.
Ivyago vyo kugabanya ibiciro bigaragara mu masoko y'abantu benshi-banjira. Uko ugukoresha amabateri gukura, abakoresha uruja n’uruza barashobora kugabanya amahera yo kwishura mu bihe vy’igiciro kibi canke bagagabanya amahera asohoka mu bihe vy’ibihe vy’amasaranganya. ISO ya California yashize mu ngiro ibisabwa bikeyi vyo kuri interineti n’igihe nyaco-isoko ry’isoko ryagira ico rihinduye ku gutanga amabateri. Ivyo bipimo vy’ibikorwa bigabanya inyungu zishitsweko munsi y’ibigereranyo vyiyumvira ko ata n’umwe abujijwe.
Ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha ubuhinga n'ubuhinga bushasha
Lithium-ion ni yo igenzura ububiko bw'ibikoresho - uno musi, ariko ubundi buryo bushingiye ku bibanza bitandukanye canke bugamije gukuraho abarongoye biciye mu bukungu canke ibikorwa vyiza.
Bateri za sodium-iyon zigereranya umukinyi w'igihe kiri hafi-. Gukoresha sodium nyinshi aho gukoresha litiyumu nke bigabanya igiciro c’ibikoresho vya mbere be n’ingorane zishobora guterwa n’ugutanga ibikoresho. CATL y’Ubushinwa yatanguye gukora cane mu 2023, aho Jiangling Motors itanguye gukora ama EVs y’ivyuma vy’amazi ku madolari 8.000 -10% atari make kurusha ivyuma vy’amazi -mu Mukakaro 2024. ashika ku nzinguzingu 5.000 gusa ugereranije n’ 8.000-10.000 ku bijanye na litiyumu. Ivyo bituma sodium-ion ibereye ububiko buhagaze aho umwanya utagira aho ugarukira ariko ikaba ari nto ku bikorwa bisaba inguvu nyinshi.
Bateri zigenda zigenewe ibikorwa vy'igihe kirekire-aho litiyumu-ion yerekana ko idakoresha ubutunzi. Bateri za Vanadium redox zibika inguvu mu bikoresho vy’amazi, ubushobozi bukaba bugenwa n’ubunini bw’itangi bitandukanye n’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi. Ivyo bishoboza amasaha 8-12 mu vy'ubutunzi. ESS Inc., Invinity Energy Systems, n’abandi bakoresha amabateri y’uruja n’uruza kugira ngo bakoreshe ubuhinga bwo gukorana n’ibindi bikoresho bishobora gusubirwamwo. Ariko uburemere buke bw’inguvu (50-70% ya litiyumu-ion), uburyo bwo gukoresha amazi bugoranye, n’ibiciro vyinshi vy’imbere bigabanya kwemerwa. Ivyo bikoresho bikoreshwa ubu bifise amajana makeyi y’ama megawatt kw’isi yose, ugereranije n’amajana y’ama gigawatt ya litiyumu-ion.
Ububiko bw’inguvu z’umuyaga (CAES) buratanga urugero runini n’igihe kirekire. Amashanyarazi asigaye afata umuyaga ukawujana mu binogo biri munsi y’ubutaka, hanyuma ukawurekura biciye ku bikoresho bikoresha umuriro kugira ngo ukoreshe umuyagankuba. Hariho amahinguriro abiri akora {Huntorf, mu Budagi (321 MW, 1978) na McIntosh, Alabama (110 MW, 1991)-yerekana ubuhinga bugaragara. Ariko ingorane z’ubutaka zisaba ubuhinga bwiza bwo munsi y’ubutaka, ibiciro vyinshi vy’amahera, n’ugutakaza ubushuhe mu gihe co gukoresha umupaka w’ugukomera. Ivyiyumviro vya CAES vy’ubuhinga bwa none vy’ubuhinga bwa none bisezerana 70%+ y’ubushobozi ugereranije na 50% ku CAES isanzwe ariko biguma ari ivy’iterambere.
Ububiko bw'amazi bupompa buraganza ubushobozi bw'igihe kirekire- kw'isi yose n'150+ GW ishizweho-90% y'ububiko bw'inguvu kw'isi yose. Ikoranabuhanga ryemejwe, 80+ imyaka y'ubuzima, n'ubushobozi bwo gukora neza 70-85% y'urugendo-bituma amazi apompa aba ari yo nzira y'inzahabu. Ariko rero, imigambi mishasha irashikirwa n’ukurwanywa n’ibidukikije, imyaka cumi-yemererwa, amafaranga menshi-miliyaridi y’amadolari, n’ingorane z’ubutaka zisaba imisozi, amazi, n’ubutaka bwihariye. Ivyuma bikoreshwa mu gukora ibidengeri vy’abantu biratorera umuti ingorane zimwezimwe zijanye n’ibidukikije mugabo bikongera amahera. Ni bake mu migambi mishasha y’amazi akoreshwa n’amapompa itera imbere mu masoko yateye imbere naho nyene hari ubushobozi bwo gukora.
Ububiko bw’ihydrogène butanga ubushobozi bw’ibihe amabateri adashobora guhura. Ivyo bikoresho bihindura umuyagankuba usigaye ushobora gusubirwamwo ukaba umuyagankuba, uwo muyagankuba ukaba ushobora kubikwa mu bidengeri canke munsi y’ubutaka, hanyuma ugaturirwa mu ma turbine canke ugasubira guhindurwa umuyagankuba biciye ku bikoresho vy’amavuta. Ubushobozi bw'urugendo rw'uruziga rwa 30-40% butuma ihydrogène idakoreshwa mu gutwara amagare ku musi, ariko ku kubika mu bihe canke mu kubika mu ndwi nyinshi-, ihydrogène yoshobora kuba ari ngirakamaro. Ibiciro vy'ubu biracari bike -iyidrojene y'icatsi kibisi igura amadolari 4-7/kg n'amadolari 1-2/kg ku idrojeni y'umweru iva muri gaze kavukire-ariko ibiciro vy'ibikoresho vy'amashanyarazi n'ibiciro vy'inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo bishobora guhindura ubutunzi mu 2030.
Ububiko bw’inguvu z’ubushuhe burafatanya n’inzego z’ubushuhe n’amashanyarazi. Uburyo bw’umunyu ushonze, bukoreshwa mu bikoresho vy’izuba vyihariye, bubika ubushuhe amasaha canke imisi hanyuma bugatanga umuyagankuba biciye ku bikoresho bikoresha umwotsi. Igice-guhindura ibikoresho, ububiko bw'ubushuhe bupompewe, n'ibindi vyiyumviro bigamije amasaha 8-24. Ibiciro bishobora gutuma amabateri akoreshwa mu gushushanya agenda nabi, ariko ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi bwo kugenda no kugaruka bugera kuri 50-70% n’ubuhinga butari bwiza biragabanya ugukoreshwa. Malta Inc., ishigikiwe na Google, ikora ububiko bw’inguvu z’ubushuhe zipompa ariko imigambi y’ubudandaji iracari kure y’imyaka.
Ububiko bw’inguvu zikwegera hasi bukoresha umuyagankuba urengeye kugira ngo butere amabuye aremereye, bubike inguvu zishobora gukoreshwa, hanyuma bukazimanukana kugira ngo buvemwo inguvu. Energy Vault yubatse imigambi y’iyerekanwa ikoresheje ama cranes n’amabuye ya beton, mu gihe abandi basaba uburemere mu binogo vy’amamine. Fizike irakora, ariko ugusobanuka kw’ubuhinga, uburemere buke bw’inguvu, n’ukwizigirwa kutagaragajwe ku rugero biragabanya inyungu. Ivyo bikoresho bikoreshwa ubu vyose hamwe kumbure 100 MW kw’isi yose.
Ububiko bw’inguvu z’umuyaga w’amazi (LAES) bukonjesha umuyaga kugera kuri -196℃hakoreshejwe umuyagankuba uri ku rwego rwo hejuru, ukawubika mu bidengeri bikingiye, hanyuma ukagwiza umuyaga w’amazi kugira ngo utware amaturbine. Highview Power yashinze uruganda rw’amashanyarazi rwa 50 MW mu Bwongereza, rwerekana ubushobozi bwo gukoresha urugero rw’uruzitiro-. Ubushobozi bwo kugenda no kugaruka bugera kuri 50-70% burarengeye umuyaga ufunze ariko burabura amabateri. LAES nta ngorane z’aho umuntu aba kandi ikoresha ubuhinga bwa cryogenic bwagaragajwe n’inganda, ariko igiciro c’amahera n’imipaka y’ubushobozi biratuma bugenda buhoro.
Ivyuma biguruka bikoreshwa n’amaboko bizunguruka amaguru ku 10.000-50.000 RPM, bikabika inguvu z’inyigisho kugira ngo bivemwo vuba. Beacon Power ikoresha amahinguriro y’ugutunganya incuro z’amaguru 20 MW muri Pennsylvania na New York, yerekana inyishu yihuta n’ubushobozi bwo gukoresha amagare yimbitse (ingendo 100,000+). Ariko ububiko bw’inguvu bugura amadolari 2.000-10.000/kWh ugereranije n’amadolari 150-300/kWh ku ma bateri, bikaba bigabanya amaguru y’indege ku bijanye n’uburyo bw’inguvu n’ugutunganya incuro aho igihe c’amasegonda gushika ku minota gihagije.
Supercapacitors na ultracapacitors zibika inguvu mu buryo bw’umuyagankuba zifise ubushobozi bwo guca ku nzira butagira aho bugarukira, inyishu y’amamilisegonda, n’ukwihanganira ubushuhe bwinshi. Ariko uburemere bw’inguvu 1/20 bw’amabateri butuma adakwiriye kubika ku ruzitiro, bikaba bituma supercapacitors zigira ubushobozi bwo gukoresha uburemere bw’inguvu n’ibikorwa vyo gufatanya inguvu bisaba uburemere bw’inguvu nyinshi cane n’igihe gitoyi.
Ivyerekeye amarushanwa vyerekana ko ubukuru bwa litiyumu-ion buzobandanya mu kiringo c'amasaha 2-6 gushika mu 2030. Sodium-ion yoshobora gufata ibice vy'igiciro gito - mu bikorwa bihagaze aho uburemere buhambaye cane. Bateri zigenda n'ibindi bikoresho vy'ubuhinga bimara igihe kirekire-vyoshobora gutuma amasaha 8+ akenewe, ariko kugabanya cane ibiciro no kunoza ibikorwa biracari ngombwa. Hydrogène iba ubutunzi gusa ku kubika mu bihe aho ubushobozi buke buhambaye kuruta urugero runini. Ivyiyumviro vyinshi vyerekana ko litiyumu-ion izoguma ifise 70-80% vy’isoko gushika mu 2030 naho ubundi buryo bufise akamaro.
Ibibazo bikunze kwibazwa
Ni igihe kingana iki c’ubuzima bw’uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri y’ubudandaji?
Ivyuma vy'ubudandaji vya BESS bishika ku myaka 10-15 y'ibikorwa vy'ingirakamaro, naho ababikora kenshi bamamaza imyaka 20+ y'ubuzima. Ibikorwa vy'ukuri-vy'isi bivana cane n'uburyo bwo gutwara amagare, ubushuhe bwo gukoresha, n'uburebure bw'ugusohoka. Ivyuma bigendagenda kabiri ku musi mu bihe vy’ubushuhe vyoshobora gukenera kwongerwa ubushobozi bukomeye mu mwaka wa 8-10, mu gihe ivyuma bigendagenda rimwe na rimwe mu bidukikije bigenzurwa ubushuhe bishobora kurenga imyaka 15 imbere y’uko bisenyuka cane. Ivyitegererezo vyinshi vy’amahera y’imigambi bifata n’imiburiburi urugendo rumwe rwo kwongerera, gusubirira ibice vy’amabateri vyasenyutse mu gihe bigumya ama inverter n’amahuza y’uruja n’uruza kugira ngo bisubire ku bushobozi bwa kera.
Ni gute ubuhinga bwo kubika amabateri bushobora gutuma umuntu aronka amahera mu masoko y’amashanyarazi?
Amafaranga BESS yinjiza ava mu migende myinshi "iteranijwe". Inguvu arbitrage-gugura amashanyarazi y’igiciro gito-mu masaha y’ijoro no kugurisha mu bihe vy’igiciro kinini-bitanga inyungu iboneka cane ariko bigenda birushiriza guhura n’ugucika intege uko amabateri menshi agenda arahiganwa. Ivyishyurwa vy’ubushobozi biva ku bakoresha uruja n’uruza bihemba ukuboneka mu gihe c’ibisabwa vyinshi, bitanga inyungu ihamye y’amasezerano. Itegeko ry'incuro n'ibikorwa vy'inyongera biriha milisegonda-guhagarara kw'uruzitiro. Hari imigambi kandi ironka ivyemezo vy’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo canke amasezerano n’amashirahamwe arondera inguvu zidakoresha carbone-. Gutahura izo nzira z’ivy’ubutunzi bigereranya umuce uhambaye wo gutahura ivyiza n’ibibi vy’uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bivuye ku bijanye n’ishoramari. Imigambi iroraniwe isaba amafaranga 3-4 kugira ngo umuntu ashike ku nyungu yiwe, kuko kwizigira isoko rimwe gusa bishobora gutera ingorane kubera uguhinduka kw’isoko. Gutahura izo nzira z’amahera yinjira ni igice gihambaye mu gusuzuma ivyiza n’ibibi vy’uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bivanye n’ivy’amahera.
Mbega uburyo bwo kubika amabateri buratekanye ku bibanza vy’uburaro?
Ivyuma vya BESS vy’ubu birimwo ibintu vyinshi vyo gukingira harimwo no kugenzura ubushuhe, uburyo bwo kuzimya umuriro, n’ubushobozi bwo guhagarika umuriro mu gihe c’ivyago bigabanya cane ingorane. Ubu ubuhinga bwa litiyumu iron phosphate buraganza ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga-kubera ko bushobora gukomera cane mu bijanye n’ubushuhe ugereranyije n’ubuhinga bwa kera bushingiye kuri nickel-. Ariko rero, umuriro wa Moss Landing werekana ko ubuhinga bw’amabateri manini-butera ingorane nyazo zisaba ibikorwa remezo vyo gufasha mu bihe vy’ivyago. Uburyo buteguwe neza kandi bukoreshwa neza buratera ingorane nkeyi abaturage bakikuje, ariko kuba hafi y’aho abantu baba bikwiye kubamwo ingendo zihagije zo gusubira inyuma, uburinzi bukomeye bw’umuriro, n’imigambi yo gufasha mu gihe habaye ikintu gikomeye. Ivyo gushiramwo hafi y’amazu bikwiye gushira imbere abahinguzi bashinzwe, ababikora bafise ubushobozi, n’imirongo ngenderwako y’ibikorwa idahinduka.
Ni ingorane izihe zikomeye cane z’ubuhinga zihanganye n’ububiko bw’amabateri ubu?
Uburongozi bw’ugusenyuka bufata ikibanza ca mbere-kubungabunga ubushobozi bwakozwe mu masezerano mu myaka 15-20 y’ubuzima bw’umugambi bisaba uburongozi buteye imbere bw’amabateri, kwongerwa kw’ibihe, n’imirongo ngenderwako y’imikorere igabanya inyungu. Ibikorwa vy’igihe kirekire-bitanga ingorane ya kabiri ikomeye, kuko ubutunzi bwa litiyumu-ion bugenda burasenyuka birenze amasaha 6-8 ariko ubundi buryo buguma butakura mu vy’ubudandaji. Ugukingira umuriro birabandanya gutera imbere, bisaba uburinganire hagati y’ugukoresha ubukazi n’amategeko agenga umutekano yemejwe. Ukwibanda ku bijanye n’ugutanga ibikoresho mu Bushinwa biratuma haba ingorane z’ivy’ubutunzi n’ingorane zishobora kubaho mu bijanye n’ugutanga ibikoresho utwigoro two guhindura ibintu bitandukanye tutazoshobora gutorera umuti mu myaka cumi. Ubwa nyuma, ingorane zo gukorana n’isoko ziraza uko ukwinjira kw’amabateri gukura-ugufungura igiciro c’abantu, indishi idahagije ku gaciro k’ukwizigirwa, n’imipaka y’amategeko y’uruzitiro yagenewe guhingura ibintu bisanzwe aho kubika ibintu vyihuta vyose bigorana kuronka inyungu zemewe.
Insozero: Gufata ingingo z’ububiko zishingiye ku makuru mw’isoko ridatunganye
Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu za bateri bwahindutse kuva ku gushaka kumenya ibintu mu laboratwari gushika ku bikorwa remezo bihambaye vy’uruzitiro mu myaka cumi n’itanu gusa. Ivyo bigabanya ibiciro ku mwaka ku rugero rwa 40%, igihe co gusubiza mu milisegonda, n’ubushobozi bwo gusubiramwo bugaragara bituma BESS iba ikintu gihambaye ku ntego zo gukuraho ivyuka bihumanya ikirere zari zisa n’izidashoboka mu myaka cumi iheze.
Ingingo ngenderwako zitatu zikwiye kuyobora ingingo zo kubika amabateri zija imbere. Mbere, uhuze igihe n'ivyo ukeneye vy'ukuri-ntukoreshe uburyo bw'amasaha 4-ku bikorwa bisaba imisi yo gusubiza inyuma, kandi ntukoreshe ubushobozi burengeye uburyo bwo kohereza. Ubwa kabiri, gushira imbere umutekano n’uburyo kuruta kugabanya igiciro-uburyo buzimvye cane buturika buzana inyungu mbi kandi butera ubwoba izina ry’urwego rwose. Ica gatatu, guhindura inkomoko z’amahera no kwubaka ivyitegererezo-imigambi ishingiye ku nzira imwe y’amahera yinjira canke ivyiyumviro vyiza vy’ibiciro bizotuma umuntu agira ubwoba.