Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri burafata inguvu z’umuyagankuba zikazihindura zikaba ubushobozi bw’imiti mu bihimba vy’amabateri, hanyuma zigahindura iyo nzira kugira ngo zirekure inguvu iyo bikenewe. Gutahura ingene uburyo bwo kubika inguvu za bateri bukora bitangura n’iyi nzira y’ishimikiro yo gukuraho umuriro-, ishingiye ku migenderanire y’amashanyarazi hagati y’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi, n’uburyo bwihariye bwo kugenzura bugenzura igikorwa cose kugira ngo uruzitiro rube rwiza kandi rube rwiza.
Ishirahamwe ry'ubuhinga bw'amashanyarazi
Mu mutima wa BESS yose hariho igikorwa c’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi gituma ububiko bw’inguvu bushoboka. Kugira ngo utahure ingene uburyo bwo kubika inguvu za bateri bukora ku rugero rw’ibinyabuzima, rimbura ibiba mu gihe co gucapura: inguvu z’umuyagankuba zihatira iyoni za litiyumu (mu mice ya litiyumu-iyoni) kuva muri katode biciye mu muti w’amashanyarazi zija muri anode. Uwo muvuduko ubika inguvu nk’ubushobozi bw’imiti hagati y’ivyo bita ions n’ivyo bita electrons bitandukanye.
Mu gihe co gusohoka, iyo nzira irahinduka. Iyon za litiyumu zisubira muri katode biciye mu gikoresho c’umuyagankuba, mu gihe ama electrons agenda aciye mu nzira y’inyuma-igatuma haba umuyagankuba utanga umuyagankuba mu nzu, mu bikorwa vy’ubudandaji canke ugatuma uruja n’uruza rw’umuyagankuba ruhagarara. Igipande gitandukanya ivyuma kirabuza gukorana ata guca ku ruhande hagati y’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi mu gihe kireka ion zigendagenda, kigatuma habaho uburinganire bw’amashanyarazi butuma umuntu ashobora gusubiramwo amashanyarazi.
Ubushobozi bw’iyi ion exchange ni bwo bugena ubushobozi bwa sisitemu. Bateri za litiyumu-ion zo muri iki gihe zishika ku 85-95% y'ubushobozi bwo gukora neza, bisobanura ko inguvu nyinshi zibitswe ziguma zishobora gusubirwamwo. Ariko rero, igihe cose bateri iriko irashaja n’ugusohoka, iratuma haba ubushuhe kandi igatuma ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi bihungabana bikeyi, ivyo bikaba bigabanya buhorobuhoro ubushobozi bwayo mu myaka 10-15 bateri imara ikora.
Ivyuma bitandukanye vy’amabateri birahindura iyo nzira y’ishimikiro. Bateri za litiyumu iron phosphate (LFP) zikoresha amakatode ashingiye ku cuma-atanga ubushuhe budasanzwe-buhambaye cane ku bikorwa vy'ubuhinga-aho ingorane z'umuriro zisaba kwitwararikwa. Ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) bishiramwo inguvu nyinshi cane mu bibanza bitobito, naho nyene bishobora gutera ingorane nyinshi gatoyi z’ubushuhe.
Uburyo bwo gushaja ubwabwo bukora ku bushobozi bwa 70-75%, bisobanura ko ku bice 100 vyose vy’ububasha biva ku ruzitiro, ibice 70-75 vy’ukuri bishaja amabateri. Ukwo gutakaza kw’akameremere, hamwe n’ukudakora neza kw’ibisohoka n’ibiharuro vy’ukwisohora, ni vyo bihingura imibare y’ubutunzi igena aho BESS ifise insiguro y’amahera.
Ibice nyamukuru vya sisitemu
BESS ikora irarenga kure cane utugingo ngengabuzima tw’amabateri. Igihe dusuzuma ingene uburyo bwo kubika inguvu za bateri bukora nk’ibikoresho vyuzuye, uburyo bwo guhindura inguvu (PCS), busanzwe bwitwa inverter, burafise uruhara runini mu gukuraho ikinogo kiri hagati y’ububiko bw’inguvu zitaziguye (DC) za bateri n’inguvu zihinduka (AC) zisabwa n’amabarabara. Inverters za none zifise inzira zibiri zishobora guhindura AC zikaba DC mu gihe co gushaja no guhindura inzira mu gihe co gusohora mu milisegonda{3}}vyihuta bihagije kugira ngo zihagarike uguhungabana kw’incuro z’uruzitiro imbere y’uko amageneratore y’inyuma ashobora mbere gutangura.
Ubuhinga bwo gucunga amabateri burabandanya gukurikirana umuriro, ubushuhe be n’ingene umuriro uri muri buri kazu, kugira ngo ubwo buhinga bukore mu buryo bubereye kandi bugakingira ibintu bishobora gutuma ubushuhe buva mu bikoresho bimwebimwe. Iyo urugingo urwo ari rwo rwose rwegereye aho akaga gashobora gushika, BMS irashobora gutandukanya ibice bimwebimwe canke igafunga iyo nzira yose.
Ugucungera ubushuhe ni kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye cane vy’ubuhinga bwa BESS. Ivyuma vya bateri bitanga ubushuhe bwinshi mu gihe co gushaja no gukuraho, n’ubushuhe buhunga-ugusenyuka kw’ivyuma -bishoboka iyo ubushuhe burenze urugero rwo gukoresha. Uburyo buteye imbere bukoresha ugukonjesha amazi, uguhindura umuyaga, canke guhindura ibikoresho kugira ngo ubushuhe bube hagati ya degre 15-35 .
Uburyo bwo gucunga inguvu (EMS) bwicara hejuru y’ivyo bice, bufata ingingo z’igihe nyaco-ku bijanye n’igihe co gushaja canke gukuraho bishingiye ku mibereho y’uruja n’uruza, ibiciro vy’amashanyarazi, ivyerekeye ikirere, n’amasezerano. Mu masoko nka ERCOT yo muri Texas canke CAISO yo muri California, aho ibiciro vy’amashanyarazi bishobora kuva hafi -zero bikaja ku bihumbi vy’amadolari ku megawatt-isaha mu masaha makeyi, ubuhinga buhambaye bwa EMS buragena inyungu y’umugambi.
Mu mwaka w’2024, amabateri ya litiyumu-ion yari afise 88,6% vy’isoko ryo kubika inguvu z’amabateri, n’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu iron phosphate buzokwaguka ku rugero rw’iterambere ry’ibice 19% ku mwaka gushika mu mwaka w’2030. ibiciro vy'amapaki vyagabanutse biva ku madolari arenga 1.000 ku kilowatt{8}}isaha mu 2010 bishika ku madolari 150-200 ku kWh mu 2024.
Inzinguzingu zo gushaja no gukuraho
Ivyo gucapura bitangura iyo amashanyarazi arenze urugero canke amashanyarazi ashobora gusubirwamwo abonetse. PCS ihindura umuyagankuba winjira mu AC mu DC, igakoresha neza umuriro n’amashanyarazi ku bice vya bateri. Gushaja vyihuta bisaba umuriro mwinshi, ivyo bikaba bitanga ubushuhe bwinshi kandi bigatuma ivyimburwa vyihuta, ni co gituma ubuhinga bwinshi bwo gushaja bwihuta buraringaniza umuvuduko wo gushaja n’intumbero z’ubuzima buramba.
Uburongozi bw’Igihugu c’Ishaja (SOC) ni bwo bugena ingene amabateri asohoka gushika kure. Gukoresha hagati ya 20-80% y'ubushobozi aho gukoresha 0-100% birashobora gukubita kabiri canke gatatu ubuzima bw'ingendo, naho bigabanya ubushobozi bwo gukoreshwa. Ivyo bihuza hagati yo kwongerera ubushobozi inguvu ziriho no kwagura ubuzima bwa sisitemu bikora mu buryo butandukanye ku bikorwa bitandukanye-ibikorwa vyo gutegeka incuro bishobora guhindura amabateri incuro amajana ku musi n’ibisohoka bitari vyinshi, mu gihe sisitemu z’inguvu zo gusubiza inyuma zishobora kwicara ku giciro cuzuye amezi menshi imbere y’uko bisohoka bimwe bikomeye.
Ubushuhe mu gihe co gutwara ikinga buragira ico bukoze kuri vyose. Ibikorwa vya bateri biragabanuka uko igihe kigenda kirarenga, bikaba bigabanya ubushobozi bwo kubika uko inzinguzingu z’ugusohoka zirundanirwa, uburebure bw’ugusohoka n’ubushuhe bwo gukora ari vyo bifadika cane mu kumenya ubuzima bwose bw’inzinguzingu. Bateri ikora ubudasiba ku bushuhe bwa degre 40 yoshobora gutanga inzinguzingu 5.000 imbere y’uko ubushobozi bugabanuka kugera kuri 80% vy’izina, mu gihe iyo nzira nyene ku bushuhe bwa degre 25 yoshobora gutanga inzinguzingu 8.000.
Igitigiri c'ibisohoka, gipimwa mu gipimo ca C-, kidondora ingene inguvu zibitswe zisohoka ningoga. Igipimo ca 1C gica ubusa muri bateri mw’isaha imwe, mu gihe igipimo ca 0.5C gifata amasaha abiri. Igitigiri kinini c’ibisohoka bitanga ubushuhe bwinshi kandi kigabanya gatoyi ubushobozi, ariko bituma BESS ishobora kwishura ubwo nyene ku bibazo vy’uruja n’uruza-ubushobozi butandukanya ububiko bwa bateri n’ubundi buryo bugenda buhoro nk’amazi akoreshwa n’amazi.
Mu mwaka wa 2025 hagati, Ubushinwa bwarengeye ubushobozi bwo kubika amabateri 100 GW, mu gihe Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zashizeho ubushobozi bushasha bwa 12,3 GW mu mwaka wa 2024 gusa. Ukwo gukoresha vyihuta vyerekana ko ibiciro bigenda biragabanuka be n’infashanyo y’ingingo mfatirwako, ariko kandi birerekana ukuntu ubuhinga bugenda burakura kuva ku bikorwa remezo vy’igerageza gushika ku bikorwa remezo vy’ingenzi vy’uruja n’uruza.
Ugushiramwo uruzitiro n'ibikorwa
BESS itanga ibikorwa bitandukanye cane n’ibikoresho vya kera vy’amashanyarazi. Kugira ngo utahure neza ingene uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bukora mu nzira z’amashanyarazi zo muri iki gihe, zirikana akamaro kazo k’umuvuduko: ugutunganya incuro, igikorwa cihuta kandi gifise agaciro kuruta ibindi vyose, bisaba ko amabateri atera canke afata inguvu mu masegonda makeyi kugira ngo akomeze gukoresha incuro 60 Hz (canke 50 Hz mu bihugu vyinshi) zishobora gukingira incuro nyinshi. Mu buryo butandukanye n’amatara akoresha gazi akeneye iminota mikeyi kugira ngo atere imbere, amabateri ava mu gihe co kwitegura aja mu gihe co gukora neza mu gihe c’isegonda imwe.
Gushavura kw'isonga bigabanya amafaranga y'ugusaba mu gusohora inguvu zibitswe mu bihe vy'ugukoresha vyinshi-. Ivyumba vy’ubudandaji n’ivy’inganda birashobora kwirinda amafaranga y’ugusaba-rimwe na rimwe agizwe na 30-70% vy’amafaranga y’amashanyarazi-mu gukoresha amabateri kugira ngo ushiremwo amafaranga y’umuyagankuba. Uruganda rwoshobora gucakira amabateri ijoro ryose igihe umuyagankuba ugura amadolari 0,03 ku kWh, ugaca usohoka mu gihe c’inyuma y’umuhingamo ugura amadolari 0,25 ku kWh, bikaba bifata agaciro kanini k’ubukemurampaka.
Guhindura inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo biratorera umuti ingorane izwi cane yitwa "duck curve" ihanganye n'amabarabara afise izuba ryinshi. Uko amashanyarazi y’izuba aseseka uruzitiro mu gihe c’umuhingamo, ibiciro vy’ubudandaji bishobora kugwa munsi ya zero-amashirahamwe y’amazi rimwe na rimwe ariha amashanyarazi kugira ngo agabanye umusaruro. BESS ifata izo nguvu zirengeye maze ikazirekura mu bihe vy’isonga ry’umugoroba iyo izuba rizimangana kandi ivyifuzo bikaba vyiyongera, bikaba bihindura igihe{3}}inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo kugira ngo zihure n’ingene zikoreshwa.
Ubushobozi bwo gutangura bw’umwirabura buratanga kumbure igikorwa gihambaye kuruta ibindi vyose. Iyo ibice vy’uruzitiro bisenyutse burundu, amahinguriro asanzwe asaba amashanyarazi yo hanze kugira ngo asubire gukora. Bateri zikora uruzitiro-zishobora kwitangura no gutanga inguvu ku mirongo y'amashanyarazi, bikaba bituma ayandi mageneratore ashobora kuza kuri internet. Igikoresho kinini kuruta ibindi vyose kw’isi co kubika amabateri, kiri muri California, gifise ubushobozi bwa 750 MW n’ububiko bw’inguvu 3.000 MWh-bingana no guha amashanyarazi amazu nka 250.000 mu masaha ane.
Gusubiramwo ivy’ugutanga amakuru bitanga ubundi buryo bwo guhindura uruja n’uruza rw’amazi bizimvye. Aho kwubaka imirongo mishasha y’amashanyarazi kugira ngo ikoreshe ivyifuzo vyinshi canke ngo ishobore kwakira imigambi iri kure ishobora gusubirwamwo, BESS iri ahantu heza ishobora kubika inguvu mu bihe vy’ibisabwa bike-igasohoka mu karere mu bihe vy’isonga, ivyo bikaba bikongera ubushobozi bw’ibikorwa remezo biriho.
Ivyiyumviro vy'umutekano n'ibintu vy'ubushuhe
Ugukingira umuriro waje nk’ingorane ikomeye cane ku bijanye no gukoresha amabateri ku rugero rw’uruzitiro, n’ibintu bikomeye cane harimwo n’igisasu co muri Arizona co mu 2019 cakomeretse abazimya umuriro be n’ivyo mu 2021 vyabereye i Beijing catumye abazimya umuriro babiri bapfa. Ivyo bintu, naho bidakunze kubaho, birerekana kamere y’uguhunga kw’ubushuhe-iyo ingingo imwe ishushe cane, birashobora gutuma ingingo ziri hafi zidakora neza mu gukurikirana vyihuta.
Uburyo bwo gukingira umutekano bwa none bukoresha ibice vyinshi vyo kumenya. Ivyuma bipima ubushuhe biri mu bibanza vyose vy’amabateri biratanga imburi ku kimenyetso ca mbere c’ubushuhe budasanzwe. Ivyo bikoresho bigenzura gazi kugira ngo haboneke hydrogène fluoride n’ibindi bihimba vy’ubumara biva mu gihe c’ibintu vy’ubushuhe. Hariho uburyo bumwe bumwe bushiramwo uburyo bwo guhagarika umuriro bushingiye ku mazi canke mu mazi, naho ubushobozi bw’ibikoresho bitandukanye vyo guhagarika umuriro ku muriro munini w’amabateri ya litiyumu -ion buguma ari ahantu h’ubushakashatsi, amazi yerekana umuhango ku buhinga bwa LFP.
Dushingiye ku rutonde rw’ibintu vy’ugusenyuka rwa BESS, hariho ivy’ugusenyuka 15 vyanditswe mu 2023, naho igipimo c’amasaha ya gigawatt{2}}akoreshwa cagabanutse uko uburyo bwo gukora n’imiterere y’ibikoresho vyagenda biratera imbere. Abahinguzi ubu barashira mu ngiro ugufatanya kw'urugero rw'ingingo-, ugutandukanya urugero rw'ibice-, n'ugutandukanya urugero rw'igice kugira ngo hagire ibitari vyo imbere y'uko bikwiragira.
Ihinduka ry’ubuhinga bwa shimi bwa LFP ryerekana ivyo umutekano ushira imbere. Naho amabateri ya NMC atanga 10-30% y’inguvu nyinshi, ubushuhe bwa LFP n’ukugabanya ingorane z’umuriro vyatumye iba ihitamwo ry’ingenzi ku migambi mishasha y’ubuhinga. Ivyo bikoresho biherutse gushirwaho birashima uburemere bw’inguvu zirenga 5 MWh ku gikoresho c’amafuti 20, hariho n’imiti mishasha nka CATL’s TenerStack ishika ku 9 MWh mu buryo busanzwe.
Ivy'ukuri-Ibikoresho n'Ibikorwa vy'Isi
Imigambi y'urugero rw'ubuhinga-yerekana ubushobozi bwa BESS mu bikorwa bitandukanye. Gusuzuma ingene uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bukora mu bikorwa birerekana ko bushobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bwinshi: Ishirahamwe ry’ububiko bw’inguvu ryitwa Hornsdale Power Reserve muri Australiya y’Epfo, rikora kuva mu 2017, rifatanya ubushobozi bw’inguvu 100 MW n’ububiko bw’inguvu 129 MWh. Itanga uburyo bwo gutorera umuti inguvu-gugura hasi no kugurisha cane mu masoko y’ubudandaji-n’ibikorwa vy’ububiko bw’ibintu bishobora gushika bikora mu masegonda makeyi y’uguhungabana kw’uruzitiro.
Ishirahamwe ry’ubuhinga bwa none ryo muri California ryashizemwo ama megawatts ibihumbi n’ibihumbi y’ububiko bw’amabateri kugira ngo rishobore gucungera uguhinduka kw’izuba no gusubirira amahinguriro ya gaze yari yarahevye. Mu kwezi kwa Nzero 2022, amabateri yasohoye amashanyarazi arenga 3 GW mu bihe vy’isonga ry’umugoroba-hafi 6% vy’ivyo vyose bisabwa-bifasha kwirinda guzimangana kw’amashanyarazi kwari kwarababaje Leta mu bihe nk’ivyo vyo mu 2020.
Ibikorwa vy’ubudandaji vyibanda ku kugabanya igiciro c’amashanyarazi. Ikigo c’amakuru coshobora gushiramwo ubuhinga bwa 2 MW / 4 MWh kugira ngo kigabanye amafaranga y’ivyo umuntu asaba, kigire uruhara muri porogarama zo gusubiza ivyo umuntu asaba, kandi kigatanga ubushobozi bwo gusubiza inyuma. Ubutunzi bushingiye ku biciro vy’amashanyarazi yo mu karere, imiterere y’inzego, n’imiterere y’ibikorwa-amasoko afise amafaranga menshi asaba n’ibiciro vy’inguvu bihinduka ni vyo bitanga ibibazo bikomeye vy’ubudandaji.
Ivyuma vyo mu nzu, mu bisanzwe 5-15 kWh, bifatanya cane cane n’izuba ryo hejuru y’urusengero. Bituma umuntu ashobora kwikoresha amashanyarazi y’izuba mu masaha y’umugoroba, agatanga amashanyarazi y’inyuma mu gihe amazi azimye, kandi mu masoko amwe amwe aragira uruhara mu gukoranya amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi atanga ibikorwa vy’uruja n’uruza. Igice c’amazu yo kubamwo kiriko kiratera imbere cane, aho igitigiri c’ukwaguka buri mwaka kigera kuri 19,5% uko ibiciro vy’ubuhinga bigabanuka kandi n’ukumenya ibijanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere bikaba vyiyongera.
Microgrids zigereranya ugushirwaho kwihariye aho BESS ishobora kwigenga mu buryo bushitse. Ibibanza vy’ingabo, imibano iri kure, n’ibibanza bihambaye bifatanya amabateri n’ivyo mu karere kugira ngo bikore vyigenga mu gihe umuyagankuba uhagaze. Ubuhinga bufise ubuhinga bushobora gutuma ubuhinga bushobora guhinduka kuva ku bikoresho vy’uburaro vy’amakilowati gushika ku bikoresho vy’uruja n’uruza vy’amagigawatt-.
Ubutunzi n'Isoko
Isoko ry’ububiko bw’inguvu z’amabateri kw’isi yose ryashitse hafi ku madolari 76,69 miliyaridi mu 2025 kandi ritegerezwa kwaguka ku rugero rw’iterambere ry’amadolari 17,56% ku mwaka, rikazoshika ku madolari 172,17 miliyaridi mu 2030. uruvyaro ruvanga.
Imiterere y’amahera iratandukanye cane. Imigambi y'ubuhinga-, igizwe n'ibice nka 47% vy'ibikoresho, ishiramwo ububiko butaziguye mu bikorwa remezo vy'ishimikiro. Ubutunzi bw'uwundi muntu wa gatatu-, bugenda burakura ku bice birenga 21% ku mwaka, butuma abahinguzi bashobora gufata insiguro y'imisoro mu gihe batanga ububiko-nk'-a-amasezerano y'ibikorwa. Iyi nzira igabanya ibisabwa vy'imbere y'igihe ku bikorwa vy'ubuhinga mu gihe itanga abaterambere amafaranga y'igihe kirekire-.
Itegeko ry’Amerika ryo kugabanya inflation ry’inguzanyo y’umusoro w’ishoramari ry’ibice 30% ku bubiko bwigenga ryahinduye cane ubutunzi bw’imigambi, rituma amahinguriro menshi ashobora gukorwa ata bisabwa vyo gusubiramwo co-location. Ivyo bifatanijwe n’amategeko yo ku rwego rwa leta-Intego y’amasoko y’igihe kirekire-ya 2 GW ya California n’imigambi isa n’iyo mu zindi leta-infashanyo y’ingingo mfatirwako iriko irihutisha gukoresha ibirenze ivyo kugabanya igiciro c’ubuhinga bwonyene vyoshikako.
Guteranya inyungu, gufatanya imigende myinshi y'agaciro, bigena ubushobozi bw'umugambi. Uburyo bumwe bwoshobora kuronka amafaranga ava mu masoko y’ubushobozi, ubukemurampaka bw’inguvu, ugutunganya incuro, n’ibikorwa vyo gutanga amakuru icarimwe. Porogaramu y’ugutuma ibintu bigenda neza ibara ingamba nziza zo gutanga umunota-ku-umunota, igahuza intumbero zihiganwa n’amahirwe y’isoko.
Intambamyi z’uruhererekane rw’ugutanga ibikoresho zituma haba ingorane ziguma zibaho. Ivyo gutunganya litiyumu, cobalt na graphite biguma vyibanze cane mu bihugu bikeyi, Ubushinwa bukaba ari bwo bugenzura ibice birenga 70% vy’ubushobozi bwo gutunganya amabuye y’agaciro kw’isi yose. Uguhinduka kw’ibiciro vy’ayo mabuye y’agaciro bitera ukudakeka mu bijanye n’igihe co gutegura imigambi be n’igiciro.
Ubuhinga bwo muri kazoza n'inzira
Bateri zigenda, cane cane ubuhinga bwa vanadium redox, zitanga inyungu ku gihe kirenze amasaha 4-6. Udakunze litiyumu-ion cells zisenyuka iyo zigenda zigenda zikomeye, amabateri agenda atandukanya ubushobozi bw’inguvu (ubunini bw’itangi) n’ubushobozi bw’inguvu (ubunini bw’ikirundo), bikaba bishoboka ko umuntu ashobora gukora neza yigenga. Bateri y’amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi 175 MW / 700 MWh yaje kuri internet mu 2024 yerekana ko ubu buhinga bushobora gukoreshwa mu bikorwa vy’amashanyarazi bimara igihe kirekire.
Bateri za sodium-ion zitorera umuti ibibazo vy’ugutanga litiyumu zikoresheje sodiyumu nyinshi aho gukoresha litiyumu nke. Naho ubuhinga bwa sodium-ion butanga uburemere bw’inguvu bukeyi kuruta ubuhinga bwa lithium{3}}ion, burafise ibiranga umutekano mwiza n’ubushobozi busa n’ubwo bwo gutanga inguvu ku giciro gishobora kuba gito. Abashinwa bashizeho amasaha amajana y’ama megawatt{5}} y’ubushobozi bwa sodium-ion, abahinguzi bo mu Burengero bakaba bariko barabiraba cane.
Bateri zikomeye-zisezerana uburemere bw’inguvu nyinshi n’umutekano mwinshi mu gusubirira amazi ashobora kwaka n’ibikoresho bikomeye. Ariko rero, gukoresha ubudandaji birahura n’intambamyi nyinshi z’ubuhinga-ugutembera kw’iyon mu bikoresho bikomeye vy’amashanyarazi biguma biri hasi kuruta mu bikoresho vy’amazi, kandi ubushobozi bwo gukora bwaragaragaye ko bugoye. Benshi mu baserukira ubuhinga bukomeye-state butazogira ingaruka zikomeye ku bubiko bw'uruzitiro gushika mu myaka ya 2030.
Amabateri y'ubuzima ya kabiri-ava mu modoka zikoresha umuyagankuba atanga inzira iryoshe yo kugabanya ibiciro. Bateri za EV zigumya ubushobozi bwa 70-80% iyo zivuye mu bikorwa vy’imodoka, yamara ububiko bw’uruzitiro bugereranya igikorwa kidasaba vyinshi aho ubwo bushobozi bugabanutse buguma ari ngirakamaro imyaka myinshi. Redwood Energy n’abandi bariko barakoresha ubuhinga bwa megawatt-bakoresheje amabateri y’ubuzima bwa kabiri ku giciro c’igice c’ubuhinga bushasha.
Ubwenge bukorano ni ugutuma ibikorwa bigenda neza. Ivyigwa vy’imashini bivuga imbere y’igihe ibikoresho bishobora gusenyuka imbere y’uko bishika, bituma ingingo zifatwa neza zo gutanga amafaranga-zishingiye ku bimenyetso vy’ikirere n’ibiciro, kandi bihindura ingamba uko ivy’isoko bigenda birahinduka. Ubu bushobozi buratuma ubutunzi bw’imigambi butera imbere mu gihe bwongerera ubuzima bw’imigambi.
Ibibazo bikunze kwibazwa
Ni ryari ubuhinga bwo kubika inguvu za bateri bushobora gutanga inguvu?
Igihe kivana n’igipimo c’ubushobozi bw’inguvu (bupimwa mu megawatt-amasaha) n’ubushobozi bw’inguvu (megawatt). Kugira ngo umuntu atahure ingene uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bukora mu bijanye n’igihe bumara bisaba kumenya izo nzira zompi: Uburyo bufise ubushobozi bwa 100 MW / 400 MWh burashobora gusohora inguvu zose mu kiringo c’amasaha ane. Ivyinshi mu bikoresho vy’uruzitiro-scale muri iki gihe bitanga amasaha 2-4 y’ugusohoka, naho uburyo bumara igihe kirekire bushika ku masaha 8-12 bugenda buramenyekana uko ubushobozi bwo gusubira gukoreshwa bugenda burakura kandi n’ugukenera gukuraho ibihengeri vy’ugutanga amazi bikaba bikomeye cane.
Ni igiki kiba ku bikoresho vyo kubika amabateri inyuma y’ubuzima bwavyo bw’ingirakamaro?
Ibikorwa remezo vyo gusubira gukoresha amabateri ya litiyumu-ion biriko biratera imbere cane. Amashirahamwe arakuramwo litiyumu, kobalt, nickel be n’ibindi bintu vy’agaciro kugira ngo asubire kubikoresha mu mabateri mashasha. Uburyo bwo gusubira gukoresha ibintu bushasha burashobora gusubiza 90-95% vy’ibikoresho vy’amabateri, naho nyene ubutunzi buvana n’ibiciro vy’ibicuruzwa be n’uburyo bwo kubikorakoranya. Intara zimwe zimwe ziriko zirashira mu ngiro porogarama zagutse z’inshingano z’abahinguzi zisaba abahinguzi gutanga amahera yo gusubira gukoresha ibintu bishaje.
Mbega ububiko bw’amabateri bwoba bushobora gusubirira burundu amahinguriro y’amashanyarazi akoresha gaze kavukire?
Ntibikiri. Naho amabateri aruta cane mu bikorwa vy’igihe gito-kandi ashobora gusubirira amahinguriro akoresha gazi akora mu gihe c’ugusaba cane ku musi, ntashobora gutanga imisi myinshi y’inguvu z’inyuma mu bihe birebire vy’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo zidakomeye. Ivyo bisigura ko amabarabara agikeneye amashanyarazi yoherezwa-yaba gazi, ivyuma, amazi, canke ubundi buhinga-kugira ngo ashobore kwizigirwa mu gihe c'imisi myinshi-ibihe vy'ikirere bigabanya umusaruro ushobora gusubirwamwo.
Ni gute ububiko bwa bateri bushobora kwishura ningoga ku ngorane z’uruzitiro?
Uburyo bwa bateri burashobora kuva ku ntakora buja ku gusohoka kwuzuye mu gihe c’isegonda imwe-ubunini bwihuta kuruta uruganda rwose rw’amashanyarazi rusanzwe. Iyi nyishu iri hafi-ishobora kuba nziza cane mu gutegeka incuro, aho abakoresha uruzitiro bakeneye gukosora ubusumbasumbane mu masegonda kugira ngo ntihagire ukunanirwa. Ama turbine ya gazi, mu kugereranya, akenshi asaba iminota 10-20 kugira ngo ashike ku ntumbero yuzuye kuva mu ntango y’ubukonje.
Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bwavuye mu buhinga bufise amasezerano buja mu bikorwa remezo vy’ingenzi vy’uruja n’uruza mu myaka itarenga cumi. Uko ugukoresha inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo vyihuta kandi intumbero z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere zisaba gukuraho ivyuka bihumanya ikirere, izo nzira zitanga ubushobozi bwo guhindura ibintu n’umuvuduko nk’uko ubuhinga bwa none bubisaba. Ivy’ishimikiro vy’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi bishobora gutuma inguvu zibikwa-zigenda hagati y’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi no gusubirayo-bishobora gusa n’ibisanzwe, yamara ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bukikuje ivyo bisubizo burabandanya gutera imbere vyihuta, bugatuma habaho imbibe mu bushobozi, mu mutekano no mu vy’ubutunzi.
Iciyumviro gikurikira c’iterambere gishobora kuba kizoba kijanye n’ukwagura igihe co gusohora ibikoresho kirenze amasaha 2-4 asanzwe ariho uno musi, kugabanya ukwizigira ibikoresho bike, no kurushirizaho gutegura neza uburyo bwo gusubira gukoresha ibintu kugira ngo haboneke uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho vy’uruziga vy’ukuri. Ubu, ububiko bwa bateri burafise uruhara runini mu guhindura inguvu, bikaba vyerekana ko iyo nzira nyene y’ishimikiro itanga inguvu ku matelefone ngendanwa ishobora no gutuma amashanyarazi yo mu bihugu bitandukanye aguma ahagaze neza.
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Wikipedia - Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu za bateri (2025)
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