Ubuhinga bwo kubika ubushuhe

Inguvu z'ubushuhe, nk’imwe mu nzira zihambaye cane zikoreshwa n’abantu, ahanini ishirwa mu mice itatu ishingiye ku ngingo ngenderwako zayo zikora: ububiko bw’ubushuhe bufise ubwenge, ububiko bw’ubushuhe bunyegeje (uguhinduka kw’inzira), n’ububiko bw’ubushuhe bushingiye ku buhinga. Ifata 40% gushika kuri 50% vy'inguvu zikoreshwa mu nyuma, kandi ibikorwa vyayo ni vyinshi cane-. Mu buryo bwo gutegura no gukoresha inguvu buriho ubu, hafi ibikorwa vyose vyo guhindura inguvu bikoreshwa n’inguvu z’ubushuhe. Ariko rero, kubera ugutakaza inguvu ataco bimaze mu gihe co guhindura inguvu, ubuhinga bwo kubika ubushuhe burakoreshwa gake mu buryo butaziguye mu kubika inguvu z’umuyagankuba (ni ukuvuga, ibintu aho ivyo kwinjira n’ivyo gusohoka vyose ari inguvu z’umuyagankuba). Ahubwo, rikoreshwa cane nk’uruzitiro rwo guhindura inguvu canke rikoreshwa gusa ku bikoresho vy’ubushuhe.

Ububiko bw'ubushuhe bubereye

Ubuhinga bwo kubika ubushuhe bushingiye ku vyo umuntu abona ni uburyo bwo kubika no kurekura ubushuhe hakoreshejwe amahinduka y’ubushuhe bw’ikintu. Uburyo bwayo bwo gukora burasanzwe: kubika canke kurekura ubushuhe bishikwako mu gushusha canke gukonjesha ikintu. Muri iyo nzira, iyo nzira ntigira ihinduka ry’imiti canke ihinduka ry’inzira, ivyo bikaba bituma iyo nzira yose yoroha kugenzura no gukora neza. Ikindi kandi, hari ubwoko bwinshi bw’ivyo bikoresho vyo kubika ubushuhe biboneka kugiciro gito, bikaba bituma bishobora gukoreshwa mu bikorwa vyinshi-. Ubu buhinga ntibukomeye cane gusa ariko kandi buragaragaza ubushobozi bwagutse bwo gukoreshwa mu bikorwa vyinshi. Ariko rero, ububiko bw’ubushuhe bubereye na bwo burahura n’ingorane zimwe zimwe, nk’uburemere buke bw’inguvu, ubunini bw’ibikoresho, ugutakaza ubushuhe bwinshi mu gihe c’ububiko bw’igihe kirekire-, n’ubushuhe budashikamye bw’isohoka. Ivyuma bishobora kubika ubushuhe bishobora gushirwa mu mice ibiri: amazi n’ibintu bikomeye. Ibikoresho bisanzwe vyo kubika ubushuhe bw’amazi birimwo amazi, amavuta y’ubushuhe, umunyu ushonze, n’ivyuma bifise amazi. Muri ivyo, amazi, kubera umutekano wayo mwiza n’ugushikama kwayo, be n’uko ubushuhe bwayo bwo kubika ubushuhe mu bisanzwe butarenga degre 100 , arakoreshwa cane mu gushusha amazi n’izuba no mu gushusha ikirere. Amavuta y’ubushuhe, afise ubushobozi bwiza cane bwo gutwara ubushuhe n’ubushuhe bwinshi bwo gukoresha, yarakoreshejwe mu bikorwa vyo kubika inguvu z’ubushuhe vy’ubushuhe buringaniye- n’ubushuhe bwinshi-; ariko, igiciro cavyo kinini, ubushobozi bwo kwaka, n’ingorane zishobora guterwa n’umuvuduko munini -mu mirongo y’uruzitiro rwugarijwe vyatumye buhoro buhoro zisubirizwa n’izindi nzira zisumba izindi. Mu buryo bunyuranye, umunyu ushonze, n’umuvuduko wawo muto w’umwotsi wuzuye, uburemere buke, ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushuhe bwinshi, ubudashobora kwaka, n’ubumara butagira ubumara, ukora neza ku bushuhe buhuye n’ubushuhe busanzwe bw’umwotsi kandi ntuzimvye cane, bikaba bituma ufatwa nk’ubushuhe bwiza cane. Ariko rero, iyo ubushuhe buri hejuru cane, umunyu ushonze urashobora kwonona imiyoboro n’ibikoresho bijanye na vyo, ivyo bikaba bikenerwa ko hakorwa ubushakashatsi bundi no kunoza ukuntu bihuye n’ivyuma bitagira ibara be n’ukuntu bishobora guhangana n’ubushuhe. Ivyuma bifise amazi, kubera ubushobozi bwavyo bwo gutwara ubushuhe bwinshi cane, bifatwa nk’umuti wo kubika ubushuhe burengeye -ubushuhe bwinshi (burengeye degre 600 ); ariko rero, kubera imiterere yavyo y’imiti ishobora gukora cane, birakenewe ko habaho izindi ngingo zo kwirinda kugira ngo ubuhinga bukore neza, kandi igiciro cavyo kinini kituma biguma mu ntambwe za mbere z’ugutohoza.

Ibikoresho bisanzwe vyo kubika ubushuhe bikomeye birimwo beton, ibitandara, n’amatafari adashobora gusha. Ugereranije n’ibikoresho vyo kubika ubushuhe bw’amazi, ibikoresho vyo kubika ubushuhe bikomeye birashobora gukora ku bushuhe bwinshi kandi bikabika ubushuhe bwinshi mu kibanza kimwe, ivyo bikaba bisobanura ko ibikoresho bisabwa bigabanywa kandi n’igiciro cose kigabanuka.

Ubushuhe bwihishije (uguhinduka kw'inzira) ububiko bw'ubushuhe

Ikoranabuhanga ryo kubika inguvu z’ubushuhe ry’uguhindura inzira ryishimikije canecane ubushuhe bwihishije nk’uburyo nyamukuru bwo kubika inguvu. Ubu buhinga bukoresha gufata canke kurekura ubushuhe bwinshi bwihishije mu gihe c’uguhinduka kw’ibice kugira ngo ubushuhe bubikwe. Mu gihe c’ivyo, ubushuhe bw’ico kintu buraguma hafi buhoraho. Ubu buhinga bwo kubika inguvu z’ubushuhe burafise ivyiza vyinshi nk’uburemere bwinshi bw’inguvu n’uburemere buke.

Inzira ikintu gihinduka kikava mu kibanza kimwe kija mu kindi citwa uguhinduka kw’inzira. Mu bisanzwe, iyo mpinduka ibaho mu bihe vy’ubushuhe buringaniye canke hafi y’-ubushuhe buringaniye kandi ijana n’ihinduka rikomeye ry’inguvu-ugufata canke kurekura ubushuhe bwinshi. Izo nguvu zisobanurwa nk’ubushuhe bwihishije bw’uguhinduka kw’inzira. Cane cane, ubushuhe bwihishije buja mu guhindura inzira y’ibikoresho vyinshi buraruta cane ubw’ubushuhe buboneka. Nk’akarorero, amazi arafise ubushobozi bw’ubushuhe bwihariye bugera kuri 4,2 kJ/kg·℃, kandi mu gihe c’uguhinduka kuva ku kintu gikomeye akaja ku kintu gikomeye (urubura ruca ruhinduka amazi), amazi arashobora gufata 355 kJ/kg y’inguvu nk’ubushuhe bwihishije bw’uguhinduka kw’inzira. Ku bw’ivyo, ku bijanye n’uburemere bw’inguvu, gukoresha ubushuhe bwihishije bw’uguhinduka kw’inzira biraruta cane uburyo bwishingikiriza gusa ku bushuhe buboneka.

Impinduka z’inzira z’ibintu ahanini zirimwo ubwoko bune: igikomeye-gikomeye, gikomeye-amazi, igikomeye-gazi, n’amazi-gazi. Naho ihinduka ry’umuyagankuba rikomeye-n’umuyagankuba w’amazi-rifise agaciro kanini k’ubushuhe bwihishije, amahinduka akomeye y’umubare muri ivyo bihe yongera ingorane zo gukoresha mu buryo bubereye, gutyo bikagabanya ugukoreshwa kwavyo. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ihinduka ry’inzira zikomeye-ikomeye, rishika iyo ikintu gikomeye gihindutse kiva mu rwego rumwe rw’ikibiriti kija mu kindi, kigaragaza ihinduka ritoyi ry’ubunini n’ugukonja gukomeye guke, ariko ubushuhe busohoka canke bufatwa muri rusangi buraba buke kuruta ibindi bikorwa vy’ihinduka ry’inzira. Mu mpinduka z'inzira y'ibintu bikomeye-amazi, ibintu birahinduka biva ku bikomeye bikaja mu bihimba vy'amazi. Naho iyo nzira isaba ikintu kinaka co gufata amazi, ihinduka ry’ubunini ni rito cane kuruta mu mpinduka z’inzira y’amazi akomeye-gazi n’amazi-gazi, kandi ubushuhe bwihishije buja muri ivyo burarengeye cane mu mpinduka z’inzira y’amazi akomeye-ikomeye. Hakurikijwe ivyo bimenyetso, uguhinduka kw’inzira zikomeye-amazi ubu ni bwo buryo bukora kandi bukoreshwa cane bwo kubika ubushuhe buhinduka inzira.

Ubu, hari ubwoko bwinshi bw’ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu buhinga bwo kubika ubushuhe buhindura inzira, ahanini bigabanywe mu mice ibiri bishingiye ku mibumbe yavyo: ivy’ibinyabuzima n’ibitagira ibinyabuzima. Ibikoresho bihindura inzira y’ibinyabuzima ahanini birimwo ibintu nk’ibishashara vya parafine, inzoga, n’amavuta y’ibinure; mu gihe ibikoresho bihindura inzira bitagira ubuzima bigereranywa n’umunyu w’amazi w’amabuye y’agaciro, umunyu w’amazi, n’ivyuma canke ivyuma vyavyo. Mu kuvuga muri rusangi, ibikoresho bihindura inzira y’ibinyabuzima birabereye cane mu kubika inguvu z’ubushuhe mu bushuhe buringaniye canke buringaniye, mu gihe ibikoresho bihindura inzira bitagira ubuzima vyerekana ubushobozi bwiza bwo kubika inguvu z’ubushuhe mu bihe vy’ubushuhe buri hagati n’uburengeye.

Ububiko bw'ubushuhe bw'imiti

Ubuhinga bwo kubika inguvu z’ubushuhe bukoresheje ubuhinga bwa thermochemical burafise uburemere bwinshi cane bw’inguvu ku rugero rw’ubunini, bushika ku rutonde rwa GJ/m3. Mu kugereranya, uburemere bw’inguvu z’ibikoresho vy’ububiko bw’ubushuhe bufise ubushobozi bwo gutahura ni nk’ica cumi gusa, ubw’ibikoresho vy’ububiko bw’ubushuhe bwihishije ni igice gusa. Ikindi kandi, mu gutandukanya ibintu bikora, ubu buhinga burashobora gushika ku kubika inguvu z’ubushuhe zitagira ico zitakaza mu bushuhe bwo mu cumba, gutyo bukaba bufatwa cane nk’ubumwe mu buhinga bufise amasezerano menshi bwo kubika inguvu z’ubushuhe ku rugero runini-n’igihe kirekire-. Hashingiwe ku mpinduka zitandukanye z’imigenderanire y’imiti zijanye n’ububiko bw’inguvu, ububiko bw’inguvu z’ubushuhe bw’imiti bushobora gusubira guca mu mice ibiri nyamukuru: ububiko bw’inguvu z’ubushuhe bw’imiti n’ububiko bw’inguvu z’ubushuhe bw’imiti.

Ububiko bw'ubushuhe bw'imiti burabereye cane cane mu bikorwa mu bidukikije vy'ubushuhe buke-. Ishingiye ku guhingura no gusenyuka kw’inguvu z’umubiri canke z’imiti ziri hagati y’ibihimba vy’umubiri (nk’inguvu za van der Waals, inguvu z’umuyagankuba, n’imigenderanire y’iyidrojeni) hagati y’ibintu bikomeye bifata ubushuhe n’ibintu bifata ubushuhe nk’umuyagankuba kugira ngo bishike ku kubika ubushuhe no kurekura. Ubu buhinga ahanini burimwo ivyiciro bibiri vy’uburyo: bumwe ni uburyo bw’umunyu bufise amazi bukoresheje umwotsi w’amazi nk’ikintu gifata amazi; ikindi ni urutonde rw’ibintu bikomeye vy’amoniya bikoresha amamoleke y’amoniya nk’ivyo bifata. Imbonerahamwe 1-2 yerekana ubwoko bwihariye, ubushuhe bwo kubika/gusohora ubushuhe, n’uburemere bw’ububiko bw’inguvu bw’ibikoresho vyinshi bikoreshwa cane mu kubika ubushuhe bw’imiti.

Imbonerahamwe 1-2 Ivyiza vy'ibikoresho vy'ububiko bw'ubushuhe bikoreshwa cane:

Ububiko bw’inguvu z’ubushuhe bukoreshwa cane cane mu bihe vy’ubushuhe buringaniye- n’ubushuhe bwinshi-, kandi uburyo bwabwo buratandukanye, harimwo guhindura metane, gukora no kubora amoniya, ivyuma vy’amazi, ivyuma vy’amazi, ivyuma vy’amazi, n’ivyuma vy’amazi. Ubwo buryo burashika ku kubika no kurekura inguvu z’ubushuhe biciye mu guca no gusubira gukoranya imigenderanire y’imiti. Ubwo bwoko bw’ububiko bw’inguvu burafise agaciro kanini k’inyishu, uburemere bwinshi bw’inguvu, n’ubushuhe bwinshi bwo gukoresha. Ariko rero, mu bikorwa vy’ukuri, ingorane ziracariho, harimwo no kugenzura igiciro, ukubora kw’ibikoresho be n’ukubika gaze. Ni ngombwa rero gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku buryo bwo gusubiza bubereye no gutuma urugendo rw’ibikorwa rugenda neza kugira ngo ibikorwa vyose bibe vyiza.

Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’ubushuhe zikoreshwa n’imiti y’ubushuhe burafise imibumbe igoye be n’ibikoresho vyinshi vy’inyongera, ivyo bikaba bituma umuntu atanga amahera menshi mu ntango. Ubu, uburemere bwabo bw’inguvu nyinshi cane ku buringanire bw’ibintu ntibwakoreshejwe neza. Ikindi kandi, kubera uburyo bwo gusubiza ibintu mu buryo bw’imiti buteye akaga, kugenzura neza ingero z’ugusubiza ibintu mu buryo buragoye, kandi uburyo bumwebumwe bwo gusubiza ibintu burafise ibisabwa bikomeye vyo gukingira, ivyo bikaba bituma ubuhinga bwose bukora neza kuruta. Ni co gituma hakenewe ubushakashatsi bundi bwimbitse ku buhinga bwo kubika inguvu z’ubushuhe zikoresheje ubuhinga bwa thermochemical kugira ngo ivyo bibazo bishobore gutorwa umuti.