A bateri ya litiyumuni bateri ishobora gusubirwamwo umuriro ikoresha ibikoresho bibiri bishobora gusubiramwo no gukuraho ions za litiyumu nk’ivyuma vy’amashanyarazi vyiza n’ivyiza bibi, uko bikurikirana. Mu gihe c’ugushaja, atome za litiyumu ziri mu nzira y’ubuhinga bwiza zirahinduka iyon zikaba iyon za litiyumu n’iyon za litiyumu zitagira aho zigarukira.
Izo ions za litiyumu zica zija ku nzira y’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga, zigafatanya n’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga. Ku rundi ruhande, mu gihe c’ugusohoka, atome za litiyumu ziri ku nzira y’ubuhinga butari bwiza zisubira guhinduka ions za litiyumu n’ama elegitoroni y’ubuntu, hanyuma zigasubira gufatanya ku nzira y’ubuhinga bwiza kugira ngo zisubire gukora atome za litiyumu. Rero, mu gihe cose c’ingendo y’ugushaja-ugusohoka, litiyumu yama iriho mu buryo bw’iyoni kandi ntiyigera iba mu buryo bw’ivyuma, ni co gituma ubwo bwoko bwa bateri bwitwa litiyumu-iyoni. Hashingiwe ku mibumbe itandukanye, amabateri ya litiyumu-ion asanzwe ari ku isoko ni amabateri y’imifuko, amabateri y’imifuko, n’amabateri y’ubuto. Ibikoresho vyiza vy'amashanyarazi vy'amabateri y'iyon akenshi ni ikintu gifise litiyumu, nka LiCoO2, LiFePO4, LiNiO, na LiMnzO2. Ivyo bikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vy’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion ahanini bishingiye ku giti citwa graphite. Ku bijanye n’ivyo bita electrolyte, muri rusangi hakoreshwa imiti y’umunyu wihariye wa litiyumu (nka LiPF6, LiASF6, na LiCIO4) ivanze mu binyabuzima. Ivyo binyabuzima bishobora kuba ari carbonate d’éthylène (EC) canke carbonate de diéthyl (DEC), n’ibindi Iyo bateri iri mu nzira y’ugukuraho umuriro-, ions za litiyumu zigenda zigaruka hagati y’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba vyiza n’ivy’umuyagankuba bibi. Ivyo bigenda bivugwa mu buryo bw’ikigereranyo nk’“ibateri y’intebe izunguruka,” nk’uko vyerekanwa ku kigereranyo kiri aha hepfo.
Dufashe amabateri ya litiyumu-iyoni afise litiyumu kobalt oxide (LiCoO2) nk’umuyagankuba mwiza na graphite nk’umuyagankuba mubi nk’akarorero, invugo yayo y’umuyagankuba ni: (-)CI LiPF(EC+ DEC) / LiCoO2(+).
Inyishu nziza y'umuyagankuba:
Inyishu mbi y'umuyagankuba:5.2
Inyishu muri rusangi:5.3
Mu vy’ukuri, bateri ya litiyumu-iyoni ishobora kubonwa nk’igikoresho gikora bishingiye ku gutandukanya kw’ingero za litiyumu-iyoni. Mu gihe co gucapura, ions za litiyumu zirekurwa zivuye mu kintu c’amashanyarazi ciza, zica mu gikoresho c’amashanyarazi, zigaca zija mu gikoresho c’amashanyarazi kibi, bigatuma ivyuma vy’amashanyarazi bibi bigira litiyumu-ubutunzi mu gihe ivyuma vyiza bifise litiyumu-kene. Ico gihe nyene, kugira ngo uburinganire bw’umuriro w’urutonde rwose bubeho, ama elegitoroni ahuye n’ayo arashirwa ku nzira y’umuyagankuba ishingiye kuri carbone- biciye ku nzira y’inyuma. Ku rundi ruhande, mu gihe c’ugusohoka, iyoni za litiyumu ziva ku nzira y’umuriro mbi zija ku nzira y’umuyagankuba nziza, bigatuma iyo nzira y’umuyagankuba nziza iba umutunzi wa litiyumu-. Mu bisanzwe, mu gihe c’ingendo zisanzwe z’ugusohora umuriro-, iyoni za litiyumu zisubiramwo zigasohoka hagati y’ibikoresho vya karboni n’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba. Ivyo bigaragara canecane nk’uguhinduka kw’ibibanza biri hagati y’ibice kandi ntibihungabanya imiterere y’ishimikiro y’ibikoresho. Rero, uhereye ku bijanye n’ugusubira inyuma kw’ibintu, amahinduka y’imiti ari muri bateri ya litiyumu-ion abonwa ko ari uburyo bwiza cane bwo gusubira inyuma. Bateri ya litiyumu-ion igizwe n’ibintu bine vy’ishimikiro: ivyuma bifata umuyagankuba, ivyuma bifata umuyagankuba, igitandukanya, n’igipfukisho. Ivyo bikoresho ni vyo bihimba nyamukuru vy’ibati y’i litiyumu-ion, igizwe n’ibikoresho bikora, ibintu bijana umuriro, ibintu bifatanya umuriro, n’ibintu bifatanya umuriro. Ibikoresho bikora (canke ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi) ni ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi biri mu mabati ya litiyumu-ion arekura inguvu z’amashanyarazi biciye mu bikorwa vy’amashanyarazi mu gihe co gushaja no gukuraho. Ni vyo bigena ubushobozi bw’amashanyarazi n’ibiranga amabateri ya litiyumu-ion. Ibikoresho bikora birimwo ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vyiza n’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi bibi. Ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vyiza ni ahanini ivyuma vy’amavuta bifise ubushobozi bwinshi cane (bigereranywa n’ivyuma vy’amashanyarazi vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma), nka LiCoO2, LiMnO4, LiNi1-x-Co:MnyO2, LiCo:Ni}e{26,
Ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi bitari vyiza birimwo ibikoresho vy’ivyuma, ibikoresho vy’ivyuma, n’ibikoresho vy’ivyuma. Ubu, ibikoresho nyamukuru vy’amashanyarazi vyiza n’ibibi vy’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion akoreshwa cane mu bikoresho vy’amaboko ni LiCoO2 na graphite, uko bikurikirana. Ikindi, ibintu bishobora gutwara umuriro (nk’umukara wa acetylene) akenshi vyongerwa mu gihe co guhingura ama electrode kugira ngo bifashe mu gutuma ibikoresho vy’ama electrode vyiza n’ibibi bishobora gutwara umuriro kugira ngo bishobore gushitsa neza ivyipfuzo vy’ikoreshwa ry’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion. Kugira ngo ibikoresho vy’ama electrode vyiza n’ibibi be n’ibintu bijana umuyagankuba bifatanye neza n’ivyo bikoresho bifatanya umuriro, mu bisanzwe hongerwako ikintu gifatanya. Ivyo bifatanya ibintu bisanzwe bishirwa mu migwi y’amavuta-n’amazi-. Ivyuma bifatanya amavuta- ahanini birimwo ivyuma bifatanya amazi (PVDF) n’ivyuma bifatanya amazi (PTFE), mu gihe ivyuma bifatanya amazi bishingiye ahanini birimwo ivyuma bifatanya amazi (CMC/SBR). Igikorwa nkuru c’ico gikoresho co gukoranya amashanyarazi ni ukuyobora ama elegitoroni ava mu kintu gikora no gutanga amashanyarazi mu buryo buringaniye, mu gihe kandi gifasha ibikoresho bikora. Mu bisanzwe, ibikoresho bikoranya amashanyarazi bisabwa kugira inkomezi nyinshi z’ubuhinga, ubushobozi bwiza bwo gukomera, n’ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuriro bwinshi. Igikoresho co gukoranya umuriro w’ibarabara ryiza ni igipande c’aluminium, igikoresho co gukoranya umuriro w’ibarabara ribi ni igipande c’umuringa.
Uruhara rw’ivyo bikoresho ni ugutwara ions za litiyumu hagati y’ivyo bikoresho vyiza n’ibibi. Ihitamwo ry’umuyagankuba ni ryo rigena cane cane ingingo ngenderwako y’ugukora kwa bateri kandi rigira ico rihinduye ku nguvu zayo zidasanzwe, ku bushobozi bwo gukingira, ku bushobozi bwo gukora, ku bushobozi bwo ku rugero, ku bushobozi bwo ku bushuhe buke-, no ku bushobozi bwo kubika. Ubu, amabateri ya litiyumu-ion ashobora kugurishwa ahanini akoresha ubuhinga bw’amazi butagiramwo amazi, burimwo ibintu biva mu mazi n’umunyu wa litiyumu ushobora gutwara umuriro. Igikoresho co gukuraho amazi ni co gice nyamukuru c’ivyo binyabuzima kandi gifitaniye isano cane n’ingene gikora; mu bisanzwe ni uruvange rw’ibintu bifise ubuzima nk’ivyo bita éthylène carbonate, propylène carbonate, diméthyl carbonate n’ivyo bita methyl carbonate. Umunyu wa litiyumu utwara umuyagankuba niwo utanga iyon za litiyumu zitwarwa hagati y’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa electrode vyiza n’ibibi kandi ugizwe n’ibinyabuzima bitagira ubuzima canke bifise ubuzima n’iyon za litiyumu. Ubu, umunyu wa litiyumu ushobora gutwara umuriro ni LiPF6. Mu gihe gishasha, kugira ngo amabateri ya litiyumu-ion ashobore gukora neza mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi no gushika ku bikorwa bimwebimwe bidasanzwe, akenshi iyo mabati y’amashanyarazi yongerwako ibintu bikora, nk’ibintu bigabanya umuriro.
Mu guhingura amabateri ya litiyumu-ion, igitandukanya kiri hagati y’ibikoresho vyiza n’ibibi, kandi igikorwa caco nyamukuru ni ukubuza gukorana ata guca ku ruhande hagati y’ivyo bikoresho bibiri, gutyo bigatuma hatagira amashanyarazi make. Ico gihe nyene, ubuhinga budasanzwe bw’ico kintu bufise uturongo dutoduto buratuma ions za litiyumu zica muri vyo ata co zitwaye.Ico gitandukanya gifise uruhara runini mu bushobozi bwa bateri bwo kubika, mu buzima bw’ingendo, no mu mutekano muri rusangi; rero, gukoresha igitandukanya c’agaciro kanini-birashobora gutuma ubushobozi bwose bw’amashanyarazi bwa bateri butera imbere cane. Ubu, ubwoko bw’ibitandukanya bukoreshwa cane kw’isoko ni amafilime y’inkomezi nyinshi-kozwe mu bihimba vy’umubiri bita polyolefines, harimwo ibintu bifise utunogo bikozwe mu bihimba vy’umubiri bita polypropylène na polyéthylène, hamwe n’ibintu bikoreshwa biciye mu gukoranya propylène na éthylène canke hakoreshejwe polyethylene allopomer. Ikoreshwa ry’ibinyobwa bitagira amazi mu mabati ya litiyumu-ion bituma ubushobozi bwo gutwara litiyumu-ion bugabanuka, gutyo bikaba bisaba ahantu hanini h’amashanyarazi. Ikindi kandi, gukoresha igihimba c’umubiri gifise ibikomere vy’uruzitiro-mu gihe co gukoranya amabateri bisigura ko ubushobozi bwa bateri butavana gusa n’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi ubwavyo ariko kandi buvana n’ibikoresho bifatanya bikoreshwa mu gukora amabateri. Ivyo bifatanya bitegerezwa gutuma ibikoresho bikora bihuye kandi bitekanye mu gihe co gukora ama electrode, bikafatanya neza ibikoresho bikora n’ivyo bikoresho bikorana, bifasha guhingura igipande co gukingira SEI (solid-clectrolyte interphase) ku anode ya graphite, bikaguma bifise ubushuhe buhagije, bikaguma bifise ubushuhe buhagije, bikaguma bifise ubushuhe buhagije.
Igipfukisho co hanze ni igikoresho c'ibati y'i litiyumu-ion. Ivyuma bikoreshwa cane ni ivyuma, ivyuma vy’aluminiyumu, n’ivyuma vy’aluminiyumu-vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Mu bisanzwe, igipfukisho gikenewe kugira ngo gishobore kwihanganira amahinduka y’ubushuhe bwinshi n’ubuke be n’ugusenyuka kw’ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri.