Ivyiyumviro vyinshi vy’ubuhinga bwo kubika inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo vyanditswe kuva muri fizike gushika hasi: ng’ubu uburyo butanu ingufu zishobora gufatwa, ng’ubu ivyo umwe wese akora, ng’ubu urutonde rw’uburemere bw’inguvu. Uwo mubumbe ni uwushitse, kandi uri hafi y’ubusa iyo uriko uradondora uburyo butegerezwa gutegekwa, gushikirizwa, kwemererwa, gukoreshwa no guhabwa amahera.
Iryo suzuma ry’inyongera ryatunganijwe mu buryo butandukanye. Ivuga ku miryango imwe nyene y’inyishu zo kubika inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo, ariko ubishire mu rutonde hakurikijwe ikibazo kigaragaza nimba ubuhinga bushobora kuboneka mu mugambi wawe na gato:woba ushobora kuyironka, ukayishiramwo, ukayironka biciye mu mategeko y'umuriro n'isuzuma ry'ubuhinga ry'umuguzi mu mezi mirongo ibiri-ane azoza?Nk’ibice bibiri vya gatatu vy’ubuhinga buboneka mu bitabu vy’ububiko vy’ibintu vyose ntibishobora guca muri ico kigeragezo mu 2026, kandi kuvuga ivyo mu buryo butomoye ni ngirakamaro kuruta kubidondora vyose mu burebure bungana.
Uburebure, inkomoko n'ingene iyo mibare yava
Imibare y’ugushiraho n’isoko ishirwa mu murongo ku Buyobozi bw’Inguvu bwa Amerika, Ishirahamwe Mpuzamakungu ry’Ingufu, Ishirahamwe Mpuzamakungu ry’Inguvu z’Amazi, Igisata c’Ingufu ca Amerika n’Ikigo c’Igihugu c’Ingufu Zishobora Gusubirwamwo, umwaka n’aho bizobera bivugwa muri buri nkuru. Ivyiyumviro vy'ibikorwa bidondora uburyo bushitse, butangwa mu bucuruzi aho gukoresha ingingo canke ibigereranyo vyo muri laboratwari, kandi igiharuro cose c'ubushobozi kivuga urubibi rw'ingero gikoresha ku - ingingo, uburyo bwa DC, canke ahantu h'uguhuza AC. Yashizwe hamwe muri 2026.
Ivyiyumviro bibiri vy’ugukuraho n’ibigirankana. Iyi nsiguro y’inyongera ntivuga ku bikoresho vy’amashanyarazi, ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi canke ubushakashatsi bw’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa nano; ivyo bitabu ni vyinshi, bisubirwamwo n'abandi- kandi bisomwa neza aho biva. Ntigerageza kandi gupima ubunini bw’isoko canke gutegekanya iterambere. Ico gipfuka ni ikinogo kiri hagati y’ico ubuhinga bushobora gukora mu mpapuro n’ico butanga ku ntumbero y’uguhuza.
Imiryango itanu y'ububiko
Ikorabuhanga ryose ryo kubika rifata inguvu muri bumwe mu buryo butanu, kandi ubwo buryo ni bwo bugena uburyo bw’ibibujijwe kuruta kure cane uko ikimenyetso canke ubuhinga bw’imiti bubigira.
| Umugyango | Inguvu zifatwa nk' | Ubuhinga buserukira | Inkomezi z'imibumbe | Imipaka y'imiterere |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ivy'umuyagankuba | Ubushobozi bw'imiti imbere mu ngingo | Litiyumu-iyoni, sodiyumu-iyoni, aside y'amabuye y'agaciro, sodiyumu{3}}ikibiriti, uruja n'uruza rw'ibinyabuzima | Modular, iri hafi aho hose, yihuta, ishingiro ry'abaguzi ryinshi | Ubushobozi bw’inguvu butwara amahera mu buryo bw’umurongo; Ugusenyuka ntibishobora kwirindwa |
| Ivy'amashini | Uburebure, umukazo canke uguhinduka | Ipompa y'amazi, umuyaga ufunze, umuyaga w'amazi, uburemere bw'isi, amapine aguruka | Ubuzima buramba cane bw'umutungo, ubushobozi bwinshi cane aho ubutaka buvyemerera | Urubuga-ruboshe; urubuga, si ubuhinga, ni bwo bufata ingingo y'uko bishoboka |
| Ubushuhe | Ubushuhe bugaragara, bwihishije canke bushingiye ku bushuhe | Amazi ashushe kandi akanye, umunyu ushonze, ibikoresho vyo guhindura inzira- | Igiciro gito cane ku nguvu zibitswe iyo umuzigo ari ubushuhe | Amashanyarazi mabi-ku-ibikorwa vy'amashanyarazi; ikoresha ubushuhe, si ububasha |
| Abatwara imiti | Igitoro | Ihidrojeni, amoniya, metane y'ubuhinga | Inzira yonyene ishoboka y'igihe c'ibihe n'ugutanga -umuce | Intambwe nyinshi zo guhinduka; ubushobozi-ku-ubushobozi bw'ubushobozi buri hasi kubera ubwubatsi |
| Ivy'umuyagankuba | Umuyagankuba canke umuyagankuba | Ivyuma bikomeye, ububiko bw'umuyagankuba | Inyishu ya milisegonda, gutwara ikinga ataco bimaze | Inguvu-ni nke; bipimwa mu masegonda, si amasaha |
Inkurikizi ngirakamaro y’ukwo gushikiriza abantu mu migwi ni mbi aho kuba nziza. Bikubwira ico umuryango .ntibishoborabe argued into doing: nta n’uburyo bwo kubika amashanyarazi buzokwigera buhindura amasaha ane y’izuba; nta bubiko bw’ubushuhe buzokwigera butanga inyishu y’incuro ku muntu akoresha uruzitiro; nta bateri izokwigera ifata inguvu kuva muri Nyakanga gushika muri Mukakaro kugiciro cemewe. Iyo igitekerezo gisaba umuryango gukora hanze y’urugero rwawo rw’imiterere, ico ciyumviro kiba ari ikinyoma imbere y’uko hasuzumwa ido n’ido ryose ry’igicuruzwa.
Ukwitegurira ubudandaji: Ivyo ushobora kugura mu vy’ukuri muri 2026
Ico ni co gice benshi mu biganiro vy’ubuhinga bwa none basiga, kandi ni co gihindura urutonde rw’abatowe. Ivyiyumviro biri aha hepfo bidondora ukuri kw’amasoko y’umugambi uzoshika ku mpera y’ivy’ubutunzi mu myaka ibiri izoza - atari ubuhinga, kandi atari ubushobozi bw’igihe kirekire-.
Tier 1 - Ishobora kuronswa ku rugero, abaguzi benshi, kode yashinzwe n'inzira y'amahera
- Litiyumu icuma fosifate (LFP) litiyumu-iyoni- ivy'ikintu cose kuva ku mirongo ya kWh gushika ku rugero rwa GWh, ku bihe bishika nk'amasaha umunani.
- Ipompa y'amazi- irakuze, ariko gusa ku migambi iri ku rugero rw'uruzitiro ifise ubutaka busanzweho n'inzira y'indege yemererwa imyaka myinshi-.
- Ububiko bw'ubushuhe bubereye(amazi ashushe, amazi akonje, barafu, umunyu ushonze) - bikomeye, bihendutse, kandi bikunda kwirengagizwa kubera ko bidahiganwa n’amabateri cane nk’uko bisubirira ikibazo.
- Ivyuma biguruka n'ibikoresho bikomeye- gukura mu gihe c'amasegonda-ku-iminota y'ububasha. Gukura ntibisigura gukoreshwa cane.
- Asidi y'amabuye y'agaciro- iracari ishobora kuronswa kandi iracari ibereye ku bikorwa bitobito vy'inyuma, ariko ubuzima bwayo bw'ingendo butuma idakwiriye gukoreshwa ku ngendo zishobora gusubirwamwo ku musi ku musi.
Tier 2 - Iboneka mu bucuruzi, abaguzi bake, ubushobozi bwo gukoresha banki buracariko burashingwa
- Vanadium redox itemba- ivy'ugushiraho vy'ukuri, amateka y'ibikorwa vy'ukuri, inyungu nyazo zirenga amasaha atandatu; inzitizi ni ikirenge, ubushobozi n'ingene abaguzi bakeyi bashobora kwikorera inshingano y'imyaka mirongo ibiri-y'igikorwa.
- Zinki-uburome bugenda- imyaka mike y'umurima-kurusha vanadium; gusuzuma ububandanya bw’abaguzi nk’uko usuzuma ubuhinga.
- iyoni ya sodiyumu-- kuva mu mudereva vyihuta, bikwegera kubera ibikoresho bitagira agaciro n'inyifato y'ubushuhe bukonje, ariko n'amakuru y'ubuzima bw'ingendo-aguma ava cane cane mu kugerageza kw'abaguzi aho kuva ku bumenyi bw'ubwato.
- Sodiyumu-ikibiriti- long-ishizweho mu mubare mutoyi w'ibikoresho binini, mu vy'ukuri isoko imwe-, n'ubushuhe bwinshi-bisabwa gukoresha bibuza gushinga ahantu.
- Umuyaga ufunze n'umuyaga w'amazi- uruganda-imigambi y'urugero n'urutonde rwa EPC, atari ugugura ibikoresho.
- Ububiko bw'uburemere- imigambi y'iyerekanwa ry'ukuri; amakuru y'ibikorwa vy'igihe kirekire-yigenga aguma ari make.
- Inguvu z'iyidrojeni-ku-inguvu- igice cose kirashobora kugurwa; urugendo rwo kugaruka rwo ku rugero rw’umugambi ni co kiguma ari gito.
Urugero 3 - Ubushakashatsi n'iyerekanwa; ntibisobanurwa ku mugambi ushitse kuri FID ubu
Bateri zikomeye, ivyuma -imiti y'umuyaga, ivyuma -ivyuma vy'umuyagankuba, ububiko bw'inguvu z'umuyagankuba, ububiko bw'ubushuhe bw'umuyagankuba, ububiko bw'inguvu z'ubushuhe zipompa, amabateri akoreshwa na graphene n'amabateri akoreshwa n'umuyagankuba ku rugero rw'uruzitiro canke vyose, mu gusubiramwo ububiko bushitse. Gushiramwo kwabo ng’aho birabereye - isubiramwo ry’ubushakashatsi rikwiye gushushanya umupaka. Ariko gusobanura ico ari co cose muri vyo uno musi bisigura kwemera ko ata bwato bukora, ko ata n’umwe akora, ko ata nzira y’ugutanga ibikorwa, kandi kenshi na kenshi ata nzira yo kwemeza hakurikijwe amategeko agenga umuriro.
Itegeko ngirakamaro: ubuhinga bufise umuhango ntibushobora guhindurwa mu vy’ubudandaji n’ubuhinga bukomeye. Imbere y'uko ubuhinga bwinjira mu rutonde rugufi, suzuma amateka y'ibikorwa vy'ubudandaji mu gihe c'ibikorwa bitegekanijwe, ukuntu igicuruzwa kiboneka kw'itariki yawe yo gutanga, icemezo c'urugero rwa sisitemu-, amasezerano y'igarantiya, ubushobozi bwa serivisi mu karere kawe, n'ingene wobisubirira. Ikoranabuhanga rinanirwa bine muri ivyo bitandatu ni ikintu co gukora ubushakashatsi, si uburyo bwo kugura.
Sisitemu-Igereranyo ry'Ibikorwa
Ubushobozi ni AC round-trip ku ntumbero y’uguhuza harimwo n’ugukoresha kw’inyongera, ivyo bikaba ari ibice bitanu gushika ku cumi kw’ijana munsi y’imibare y’urugero rwa DC canke cell-ivugwa mu bitabu vy’ubuhinga no mu bikoresho vyo kwamamaza.
| Ubuhinga | Igihe c'ibikorwa | Igihe co gusubiza | AC urugendo-ubushobozi bw'urugendo | Inzinguzingu / ubuzima bw'imiterere | Urugero rukora | Ikirenge kuri MWh | Ukwitegura |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Litiyumu -iyoni, LFP | 0.5–4 h, gushika ku masaha 8 | Amamilisegonda | 82–90% | 4.000–8.000 z’ingendo ku bushobozi bwa 70–80%; 15–20 imyaka n'ukwongerwa | 100 kWh – ama GWh menshi | Umurongo w'intango | 1 |
| Litiyumu -iyoni, NMC | 0.5–4 h | Amamilisegonda | 85–92% | Inzinguzingu 2.000–5.000 | 100 kWh – amajana y’ama MWh | Munsi y'umurongo w'ishimikiro | 1, ariko bikuweho na LFP mu gukoresha bihagaze |
| iyoni ya sodiyumu- | 1–4 h | Amamilisegonda | 80–88% | Amakuru y’ubwato bwa kera; umuguzi-yatangaje ubuzima bw'ingendo | kWh – mirongo ya MWh | Hejuru gato ya LFP | 2 |
| Asidi y'amabuye y'agaciro | 1–8 h | Sub-isegonda | 70–85% | 500–1.500 inzinguzingu ku burebure buringaniye bw'ugusohoka | kWh – MWh nke | 2-3× | 1, ahantu |
| Sodiyumu-ikibiriti | 6–8 h | Sub-isegonda | 70–80% | ~4.500 z’ingendo; ~imyaka 15 | MW – mirongo ya MW | ~2× RFP | 2, mu vy'ukuri isoko imwe - |
| Vanadium redox itemba | 4–12 h | Munsi y'isegonda imwe | 60–75% | 15.000–20, 000+ inzinguzingu; 20–25 yr n'ugusubirira ikirundo | 100 kW – ~100 MW | 3-5× | 2 |
| Zinki-uburome bugenda | 4–12 h | Munsi y'isegonda imwe | 60–70% | Ubuhinga bwa shimi-bushingiye; umurima ufise aho ugarukira-imyaka | mirongo ya kW – mirongo ya MW | 3-5× | 2 |
| Ipompa y'amazi | 6–24 h+ | Amasegonda ku minota | 70–80% | 50-100 y'ubuzima bw'umutungo | 100 MW – 3 GW | Urubuga-urugero rw'ibikorwa vy'abanyagihugu | 1, ubutaka-bushingiye |
| Umuyaga ufunze, diabatique | 4–24 h | Iminota | 40–55% | 30+ umwaka | 100 MW+ | Bisaba ivy'ubutaka bikwiye | 2 |
| Umuyaga w'amazi | 4–12 h | Iminota | ~50–60% | ~Imyaka 30 | mirongo – amajana ya MW | Ikirenge kinini c'igitegwa | 2 |
| Inguvu zikwegera hasi | 2–8 h | Amasegonda | 75–85% vyamenyeshejwe; amakuru yigenga make | Ubuzima buramba bw'ubuhinga buvugwa | MW-iyerekanwa ry'urugero | Igishushanyo kinini canke umugozi | 2 |
| Amapine aguruka | Amasegonda – ~15 iminota | Amamilisegonda | 80–90% mu gikorwa; hasi ku gihe kirekire | 100,000+ inzinguzingu; ~imyaka 20 | 100 kW – ~20 MW | Ntibigereranywa - inguvu-ubukene | 1, ahantu |
| Ivyuma bikomeye | Amasegonda – iminota mike | Amamilisegonda | 90–95% | 500, 000+ inzinguzingu | kW – MW nke | Ntibigereranywa - inguvu-ubukene | 1, ahantu |
| Ubushuhe bugaragara | Amasaha – imisi myinshi | Iminota | 50–90% ubushuhe-ku-ubushuhe | Imyaka 25-30 | kWh{0}}ya – GWh{1}}ya | Itanki-umuvuduko utwara | 1, imizigo y'ubushuhe gusa |
| Ivyihishije / inzira-ihinduka | Amasaha – imisi | Iminota | Ibikoresho-bishingiye | Bihinduka cane bivanye n'ibintu | Igice -bishingiye | Ibikoresho-bishingiye | 2–3 |
| Inguvu z'iyidrojeni-ku-inguvu | Imisi – amezi | Amasegonda ku minota ku gusubira guhinduka | 30–45% | Gusubirira ikirundo ku masaha y'ibikorwa yasobanuwe | MW – urugero rw'inganda | Ububiko-umubare utwara | 2 |
Urubibi rwa Sisitemu
Ivyo ububiko bukora birasubirwamwo ku mipaka itanu itandukanye, kandi igikoresho kimwe c’umubiri kiratanga imibare itanu itandukanye. Aha niho hari ivyerekanwa vy’uburyo bugurishwa nk’ubushobozi bwa 2.000 kWh:
- Inguvu z'izina DC, intango y'ubuzima:2.000 kWh - umubare uri ku rupapuro rw'amakuru.
- Gubanura uburebure bukoreshwa-bw'idirisha ry'ugusohoka kuri 90%:1.800 kw’isaha.
- Ivyiyumviro bike vy'ibiciro ku mizigo ikomeye kuri 15%:1.530 kw’isaha.
- Gukuraho iherezo-rya-ubushobozi bw'ubuzima ku 70%:1.071 kWh mu mwaka wa nyuma w’uburenganzira.
- Guhindura DC-ku-AC n'ugukoresha kw'inyongera hafi 8%:hafi985 kWh zishikirizwa aho AC ihurizwa.
Urupapuro rw’amakuru ruvuga ko ari 2.000. Ivyo iyo sisitemu izozana mu muzigo wawe mu mwaka wa cumi n'itanu biri munsi y'1.000. Nta n’umwe muri abo babiri ari abahemu; ni inyishu z’ibibazo bitandukanye. Ingorane zitangura iyo uwutanga amasoko umwe avuze ica mbere uwundi na we asubiramwo ica gatanu, maze ivyo vyiyumviro bibiri bikagereranywa ku giciro ku kWh.
Ubushobozi bw'urugendo rw'inyuma- bwigenza gutyo nyene. Igitigiri c'urugero rw'agace- kiri hejuru ya 95%, igitigiri c'urugero rwa DC-mu myaka ya 80 yo hejuru, n'igitigiri c'urugendo rwa AC round-harimwo HVAC n'ibigenzura mu myaka ya 80 iri hasi-kugeza -hagati, vyose birashobora gusobanura neza igicuruzwa kimwe. Ku 45 degrees design ambient, ugukoresha kw’inyongera kuraduga cane kandi igiharuro ca AC kigasubira kugwa. Igitigiri cose c’ubushobozi kigaragazwa ata rugabano rwaco, urugero rw’ububasha n’ubushuhe ntibigereranywa n’iyindi mibare yose y’ubushobozi. Nimba ikipe yawe ikiriko irapima ibice vy’ishimikiro, itandukaniro hagati y’kW na kWhni ahantu heza ho gutangura, kuko amakosa y’ububasha n’inguvu n’amakosa y’imipaka araterana.
Ububiko bw'umuyagankuba
Litiyumu-ion: ivyo amakuru y'ugushiraho avuga mu vy'ukuri
Ububasha bwa Litiyumu-ion buranditswe neza kandi burabereye kuvugwa n'amasoko aho kubivuga nk'ivyiyumviro. Ishirahamwe ry’Amerika ryitaho amakuru y’inguvu ryabonye ko .ibice birenga 90% vy'ubushobozi bwa bateri zikoreshwa muri Amerika zikoreshwa ubuhinga bwa litiyumu -bipimwa n’ububasha n’inguvu - isuzuma ryo mu 2019 ry’ubwato bwa Amerika - kandi EIA yarabandanije kuvuga koamabateri menshi yo muri Amerika akoresha litiyumu -ionnk’uko ubwato bwakuze mu rutonde rw’ubunini kuva ico gihe.
Ku isi yose, IEA yandika ko .108 GW z'ububiko bushasha bwa bateri zashizweho kw'isi yose mu 2025, hafi 40% kurusha umwaka uheze, n’ubushobozi bushizweho bugera ku ncuro cumi n’imwe z’urugero rwayo rwo mu 2021. Ibintu bibiri biri muri iyo nkuru birahambaye kuruta umutwe w’inkuru. Litiyumu iron phosphate ubu ifise hafi 90% vy’ibikoresho bikoreshwa, bivuye ku myaka itanu imbere y’aho - LFP irafise inguvu nkeyi kuruta ivyuma bikoreshwa mu modoka, ariko irahenda kandi ikaba ibereye gukoreshwa kenshi. umutungo uhagaze ushaka n’uwutari wo ku modoka. Kandi hafi 80% vy’ivyongeweko mu 2025 vyari ivy’ubuhinga-, ibindi bikaba biri inyuma y’igipimo.
Igisomwa gikora: iyo umuguzi asaba NMC ku mugambi wo gutwara amagare buri musi, ubaze ingorane itorera umuti LFP idashobora gutorera umuti, kuko uburemere bw’inguvu ni gake cane bufata ingingo ku kibanza kidahinduka.
Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri bushitse na bwo nyene buraruta cane utugingo ngengabuzima. Harimwo n’ivyo .uburyo bwo guhindura ubushobozi, gucunga amabateri, gucunga inguvu, gucunga ubushuhe, kumenya umuriro no kuwuzimya, ibikoresho vyo guhindura umuriro, ibikoresho vyo guhindura umuriro, ivy’itumanaho, uruzitiro n’inguvu z’inyongera. Ivyiyumviro bibiri bitandukanye n’ibice 30% akenshi bitandukanye mu rugero, atari mu giciro.
Bateri zitemba
Bateri zigenda zitandukanya ububasha n’inguvu: umunzane w’ububasha n’ikirundo c’ingingo, ingufu n’umubare w’amazi. Igiciro c’inyongera c’isaha ya gatandatu, iya munani n’iya cumi rero ni gito cane kuruta ica litiyumu-ion, kandi ubuzima bw’ingendo busanzwe burenze ingendo 15.000 burabereye itunga rizokorwa cane mu myaka mirongo ibiri.
Imigambi irayanka kubera imvo zitatu zihuye: ikirenge gikubye incuro zitatu canke zitanu z’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu-ion bungana, AC round-trip efficiency y’ibice 60–75% ku 82–90%, n’igitigiri c’abaguzi gito cane ku buryo bisaba inshingano z’imyaka mirongo ibiri y’intambara n’ibikorwa vy’intambara. Vanadium redox ni yo ikora neza cane; zinc-bromine ifise imyaka mike y'umurima-; ivyuma-chromium na polysulfide{11}}bromide biguma ahanini mu rwego rw'iyerekanwa naho bikunda kugaragara mu biganiro vy'ubuhinga. Ugutemba birafise insiguro hejuru y’amasaha nk’atandatu n’ugutwara amagare ku musi ku musi n’ubutaka buriho. Gake cane biragira insiguro munsi y’ine.
Sodiyumu-iyoni, sodiyumu-ikibiriti n'aside y'amabuye y'agaciro
Sodium-ion ni co kintu cizewe cane co kwongerwa ku rwego rwa mbere: nta litiyumu, nta cobalt, inyifato nziza y’ubushuhe bukonje, n’uburyo bwo gukora buhuye cane n’imirongo ya litiyumu{4}}ion iriho. Ico ibuze ni imyaka y’ubwato-. Fata amatangazo y'ubuzima bw'abaguzi-nk'amatangazo gushika amakuru y'ibikorwa yigenga ariho.
Sodium-sulfur ifise imyaka mirongo y’ibikoresho binini inyuma yayo ariko ikora ku bushuhe bwinshi kandi ni inkomoko imwe, ivyo bikaba vyibanda ku kaga k’ugutanga mu buryo benshi mu baguzi bazobivuga.
Lead-acid iguma ari ngirakamaro vy'ukuri ku bikorwa bitobito, bidakunda gukoreshwa kandi iraronswa bimwe bishitse. Ni umukino mubi ku bijanye n'ugusubiramwo ku musi ku musi kubera ubuzima bw'ingendo n'uburebure bukoreshwa bw'ugusohoka - atari kubera ko ari ubuhinga bwa kera. Igereranyo hagati y’ubuhinga bwa shimi ni ngirakamaro cane iyo rishingiye ku nzira y’ibikorwa kuruta iyo rishingiye ku ruvyaro, ni co gituma kuraba mu buryo butunganyeubwoko butandukanye bwa bateri zikoreshwa mu kubika inguvuni agaciro kuruta gushirwa ku rutonde.
Ububiko bw'amashini
Ipompa y'amazi
Ububiko bukoreshwa n’ipompa buracari uburyo buhambaye bwo kubika inguvu kw’isi biciye ku bushobozi bw’inguvu bushizweho. Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ry’inguvu z’amazi ryatangaje ko .Ubushobozi bwo kubika amazi kw'isi yose bwarengeye 200 GW muri 2025, n’izindi 243 GW ziriko zirakorwa, inyuma y’aho 11,7 GW zatanzwe mu mwaka umwe.
Soma neza ishingiro ry’ingero, kuko ni ho ukugereranya ububiko kenshi kuzimiza. Iyo 200 GW ni ubushobozi bw’amashanyarazi mu bihe bisanzwe vy’amasaha umunani gushika ku cumi n’abiri canke arenga. Bateri ziriko ziraronka ubushobozi vyihuta cane mu mwaka ariko zimara amasaha abiri n’ane. Bivanye n’uko ugereranya inguvu zashizweho, inguvu zibitswe, canke ivyongewe ku mwaka, amazi apompa n’amabateri birahinduranya urutonde. Ivyo vyose umuntu avuga ko "ayobora" ububiko bw'isi yose atazi izina ry'ishimikiro bikwiye gufatwa nk'ibitaraheza.
Ku migambi y’ubudandaji n’inganda, amazi akoreshwa n’amazi ntabwo ari umukandida kandi ntabwo akwiye gutwara umwanya wo gusuzuma.
Umuyaga uhagaze, umuyaga w'amazi, uburemere bw'isi n'amaguru
Umuyaga usanzwe ufise urubibi rw'ubuhinga bw'ubutaka - ubuhinga bwiza bwo munsi y'ubutaka, canke nta mugambi. Umuyaga w’amazi ukuraho iyo nzitizi ku giciro c’ubushobozi bwo gukora urugendo rwo kuzunguruka-hafi 50–60%. Ivyo vyose ni amashirahamwe y’amashanyarazi afise urutonde rwa EPC kandi bikwiye gusuzumwa nk’uko biri. Ububiko bw'uburemere bw'isi burafise ivyerekanwa bikora n'ibibazo bitaratowe umuti ku bijanye n'amakuru y'ibikorwa vy'igihe kirekire-yigenga.
Ivyuma biguruka birakuze kandi ni vyiza cane mu mpapuro zavyo: amamilisegonda y’inyishu, gutembera neza ata n’aho bigarukira, n’amasegonda gushika ku minota cumi n’itanu y’inguvu. Ntizihangana n'ububiko bw'amasaha menshi- kandi ntizikwiye kwigera zisuzumwa.
Ububiko bw'ubushuhe
Ububiko bw'ubushuhe ni umuryango uhora ufise uburemere buke mu nsiguro z'ububiko, kuko ntiwishura ikibazo "ni iyihe bateri" - bibaza nimba bateri ari igikoresho kibereye na gato.
Ubushuhe bushobora kubikwa mu mazi, mu barafu canke mu munyu ushonze burakura, ntibuzimvye ku nguvu zibitswe, kandi buramara imyaka 25–30. Ububiko bw’ubushuhe bwihishije mu bikoresho bihinduka mu gihe -butanga uburemere bwinshi ku bushuhe bumwe, n’ugukura guhinduka cane ku bikoresho. Ububiko bw’imiti y’ubushuhe buratanga uburemere bw’ivyiyumviro burengeye ubundi bwose kandi buguma ahanini mu rwego rw’ubushakashatsi.
Itegeko ry’ingingo ryoroshe kandi rirabura kenshi. Iyo umuzigo uriko urakoreshwa ari ubushuhe, ubukonje canke umuyaga, urubibi rw’urutonde rubereye ni urw’ubushuhe. Guhindura umuyagankuba kugira ngo uwubike muri bateri no kuwuhindura ngo usubire mu gutwara igikoresho co gukonjesha bisigura kwishura ibihombo vyo guhindura incuro zibiri ku gikorwa itangi ry’amazi akonjejwe-ritanga ataco rihinduye. Ikibanza c’inganda gifise ubushuhe bukenewe mw’ijoro ryose 8 MWh-n’izuba ry’umutaga rikwiye kuba ririko rigereranya amaduka y’ubushuhe mbere, no kwongerako bateri gusa iyo hariho igikorwa c’amashanyarazi gitandukanye gishobora gutuma umuntu agira ico akora.
Ivyo bitwara imiti: Ihidrojeni
Inguvu z’ihydrogène 30–45%-ku-inguvu si akaga k’ubuhinga karindiriye gukosorwa. Ni igiciro c’imbere c’inzira ishobora gufata inguvu amezi menshi kandi igafasha ivyifuzo vy’uko umuyagankuba udashobora gushika ku - ibikoresho vy’inganda, ubushuhe bwinshi-ubushuhe bw’ibikorwa, gutwara ibintu bikomeye.
Gusuzuma ivyuma vy’amazi igihe umugambi ukeneye igihe c’ibihe, inguvu zishobora gutwarwa, canke gufatanya hagati y’umuyagankuba n’uwundi muce. Uyisuzume ugereranije n’ibati gusa umaze kwemeza ko iyo bateri idashobora gushika ku kiringo gikenewe, kuko igihe cose bateri ishobora gukoresha, ihydrogène iratakaza ubushobozi bwayo ku rugero runini.
Ububiko bw'umuyagankuba
Supercapacitors zitanga inyishu y’amamilisegonda n’ibihumbi amajana vy’ingendo ku bushobozi bwa 90–95%, n’inguvu zipimwa mu masegonda. Ni inyishu ibereye ku buryo bw'ububasha, gutwara-biciye, n'incuro nyinshi cane zo gutwara ikinga, n'inyishu mbi ku kintu cose gipimwa mu masaha. Ububiko bw’inguvu z’umuyagankuba burengeye ubw’abandi buguma ari ubuhinga bwo gukora ubushakashatsi n’abahinga-; ibisabwa vy’ubuhinga bwa cryogenic bituma biguma hanze y’amasoko y’umugambi rusangi.
Igihe kigena urutonde rugufi
| Igihe gikenewe | Bishoboka | Yakuweho mu gihe co gusuzuma |
|---|---|---|
| Mu minota 15 | Ivyuma bikomeye, amapine aguruka, ubushobozi bwinshi -litiyumu -ion | Ugutemba, amazi apompa, CAES, amazi, ubushuhe - ubushobozi bw'inguvu bwishyuwe kandi ntibwigeze bukoreshwa |
| Iminota 15 – amasaha 4 | Litiyumu-iyoni, sodiyumu-iyoni; gutemba ku mpera yo hejuru | Ivyuma bikomeye cane, amaguru (inguvu); amazi apompa, CAES (urugero) |
| 4 – 10 h | Ugutemba, litiyumu-iyoni, amazi apompa, CAES, ubushuhe aho umuzigo ari ubushuhe | Ivyuma biguruka, ivyuma bikomeye cane; hydrogène (ugutakaza ni kwo gusumba) |
| 10 h n'ibindi | Amazi apompa, CAES, LAES, uruja n’uruza, ubushuhe; ihydrogène ku rugero rwo hejuru | Litiyumu-ion igira ingorane mu vy'ubutunzi - igiciro c'inguvu kigabanuka mu gihe ugutwara ikinga bigwa |
| Imisi myinshi-kugeza ku bihe | Ihydrogène, ubushuhe bw'ibihe, ibitwara imiti | Amahitamwo yose y'umuyagankuba n'ay'ubuhinga |
Umurongo w'amasaha cumi-ni uruzitiro rusanzwe aho kuba uruzitiro rw'amajambo: Igisata c'Inguvu ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerikaisobanura igihe kirekire-ububiko bw'inguvu nk'uburyo bwo gutanga umuyagankuba amasaha cumi canke arenga. Ivyerekeye bivuga ngo "long-duration" ata mubare bizosobanurwa n'abatanga amasoko nk'ikintu cose kuva ku masaha ane gushika ku misi ine, rero vuga amasaha. Ubutunzi bushingiyeko bwaigihe kirekire-ububiko bwa bateribitandukanye bihagije n'itunga ry'igihe gito-ku buryo abo babiri badakwiye gusangira urugero rw'ivy'amahera.
Igiciro cigenza ku nzira imwe. Igiciro c’umutungo ushizweho ku kWh kigabanuka uko igihe kigenda mu gihe igiciro ku kWh kiduga, ni co gituma NREL’sIshingiro ry'ubuhinga bw'umwakaububiko bw'ibigereranyo mu bice vyose bibiri bitandukanye, kandi kubera iki2025 igiciro gitegekanijwe kuvugururwa- hagati-ikibazo $247/kWh mu 2035 ugereranije n'ikibazo gito c'amadolari 152/kWh - kigaragaza ukwiragira kwagutse bihagije kugira ngo kumire vyinshi mu bigereranyo vy'ubuhinga bwa none. Igitigiri c’amadolari/kWh kivugwa ata gihe caco si igiharuro gikoreshwa.
Uburyo buvanze
Ivyiyumviro vy'ubuhinga bubiri bikorana n'ubuhinga bubiri kugira ngo umwe wese akore igice c'ingendo y'igikorwa akora neza: supercapacitor ifata ingendo z'amasegonda makeyi mu gihe bateri ikora ingendo z'amasaha menshi, canke bateri ikora amasaha menshi, canke bateri igendagenda ku musi ku musi mu gihe igihe kirekire-igikorwa gipfutse.
Hybridisation ironka uburemere bwayo iyo igikorwa kirimwo vy’ukuri imiterere ibiri itandukanye kandi gupima ubuhinga bumwe kuri vyose vyoba bisobanura kubugira ubunini burenze urugero ku bumwe. Ntibironka uburemere bwavyo iyo ubuhinga bumwe busanzwe bukora igikorwa cose, igihe umugambi ari muto cane ku buryo udashobora gushingira intahe uburyo bugira kabiri bwo kugenzura, canke igihe umutungo wa kabiri wogenda gake cane ku buryo umutungo wawo udashobora guhera.
Igiciro canyegejwe ni co gice c’ubugenzuzi. Ni uwuhe mutungo wishura, mu rutonde uruhe, ingene ubuzima buringaniye hagati yavyo, ni igikorwa ikihe gifata imbere mu ntambara, ingene ugusenyuka guhabwa, n’ingene ikosa ku mutungo umwe rifatwa n’uwundi - vyose bitegerezwa gusobanurwamwo, bikageragezwa mu kwemerwa n’uruganda no kwemerwa -kugeragezwa ku kibanza. Imigambi ifata nk'ido n'ido ry'ugutanga usanga mu gihe c'ikintu nyaco ca mbere ko iyo sisitemu idakora nk'uko igishushanyo c'umurongo umwe-cavyerekana.
Kuva ku buhinga gushika ku gukoresha
Ibintu bitatu vy’ukuri vy’ugushiraho bifata ingingo nimba uguhitamwo gutunganye mu buryo bw’ubuhinga kurokoka guhura n’urubuga.
Ikintu c'ibara.Ubwo buhinga nyene bwa litiyumu-ion burashika nk’uburyo bwo gukoreshaku gipande categuwe, canke nk’igipande .ububiko bwo hanzeivyo bihuye n’ikigo c’inganda gifise uburenganzira aho igikoresho kitazobikora. Ivy’ubuhinga bwa shimi akenshi biratorwa kera cane imbere y’ikibazo gikomeye kuruta c’ico gihuye n’aho hantu, inzira yo gushikako n’ingendo zo gutandukanya umuriro.
Kode n’icemezo.Gutandukanya umuriro, isesengura ryo kugabanya ingorane n’ugutegura inyishu zihutirwa munsi y’NFPA 855canke ikigereranyo co mu karere gikwiye kugeragezwa ku bijanye n’imiterere y’urubuga imbere y’uko imiterere ishirwaho, atari inyuma. Urugingo rwemejwe si uburyo bwemejwe, kandi gutahura icoIcemezo ca UL ca BESSmu vy'ukuri ibipfukisho bitandukanya isuzuma ry'inyandiko rikurinda n'iritakurinda.
Gusanura urugero.Imbere yo kugereranya ivyiyumviro bibiri vyose, wemeze ko inguvu zompi zikoreshwa mu mwaka wa nyuma, ku rugero rwawe rwo guhingura no ku rugero rwawe nyarwo rwa C-, n'urubibi rw'ibikoresho rumwe. Itandukaniro ryinshi ry’ibiciro risa n’akarusho k’ubudandaji ni itandukaniro ry’uburebure. Kuberaububiko bw'ubudandaji n'ingandacane cane, ikinogo kiri hagati y'ijambo ry'ibateri-gusa n'ijambo ry'urufunguzo ryuzuye ry'urufunguzo rw'urufunguzo ry'urufunguzo rwuzuye rihora rirenga itandukaniro hagati y'ubuhinga bubiri buhanganye.
IBIBAZO bibazwa
Ikibazo: Kubera iki ibiharuro vy'ubuzima n'ingendo-vyasohowe bitandukanye cane n'ivyo abaguzi batanga?
I: Kubera ko bapima ibintu bitandukanye mu bihe bitandukanye. Ubuzima bw’ingendo yasohotse akenshi bushingwa ku bushuhe bugenzuwe, uburebure buringaniye bw’ugusohoka n’igipimo c’i C-. Garantiya itegerezwa kurokoka ubushuhe bwo mu karere kawe, uburebure bw’ibisohoka vyawe n’urugero rw’ugutwara amagare yawe, rero igiharuro c’igarantiya kirazigama kubera ubuhinga. Nta na kimwe muri vyo ari kibi. Basabe ivyangombwa vy'ikigeragezo inyuma y'ingendo iyo ari yo yose-ikirego c'ubuzima, maze usuzume ko umusaruro w'umwaka ushobora gukorwa uhuye n'ingendo ubucuruzi bwawe bwiyumvira - nimba ikigereranyo gikeneye ingendo 320 ku mwaka kandi ingwati yemerera 250, kimwe muri ivyo bibiri ni ikinyoma.
Ikibazo: Ni ryari Lithium-Ion Ihagarika Kuba Ihitamwo ry’Ubutunzi?
I: Nta nzira y’ugucapura kw’isi yose, ariko imiterere irahuye: igiciro c’inguvu za litiyumu-ion kigera hafi y’umurongo n’igihe, mu gihe uburyo bwo gutembera n’ubuhinga bwongera amasaha ku giciro gito. Mu masoko menshi ukugereranya guca kuba uguhiganwa vy’ukuri hagati y’amasaha atandatu n’icumi; hejuru y’amasaha cumi litiyumu-ion akenshi ni igikoresho kitari co; munsi y’amasaha ane biragoye cane gukubita. Hagati y’ine n’itandatu, ushire imibare ugereranije n’igiciro cawe n’igiciro c’ubutaka aho gukoresha itegeko ry’urukumu.
Ikibazo: Ni gute ubuhinga bushasha bukwiye gufatwa mu nsiguro?
I: Vuga igisubizo gikenewe, si ubuhinga bwa shimi. Ivyerekeye bivuga ngo "sodium-ion" bikuraho amahitamwo meza kandi bikagufunga ku ruhererekane rumwe rw'ibikoresho; ivyagezwe bivuga ngo "4 MWh AC ikoreshwa ku mpera y'ubuzima butegekanijwe, 320 cycles ku mwaka, 45 degrees design ambient, mu 200 m2 footprint, yemejwe n'itegeko ry'umuriro rikoreshwa" bituma ubuhinga bwose bushobora guhura na bwo bushobora guhangana. Iyo ubuhinga bushasha butsinze kuri ayo majambo, ibibazo vy’umwete ni ivy’ubudandaji aho kuba ivy’ubuhinga: ubwato bukoresha, umubare w’abaguzi, uruja n’uruza rw’ibikorwa, n’ibishika iyo umuguzi atabaho mu mwaka w’umunani.
Ikibazo: Mbega Ugusenyuka Gukwiye Gufatwa Mu Gushiramwo Ubunini Burenze Canke Mu Gukuraho?
I: Vyompi birabereye kandi bifise ingorane zitandukanye. Gukora cane ku musi wa mbere bisigura kwishura ubushobozi butakoreshejwe mu myaka cumi ariko ukirinda ibikorwa vyo ku kibanza vyo muri kazoza. Ukwongerekana bisigura kwongerako amamodule mu nyuma, ivyo bikaba bisaba ikibanza c’umubiri, ubushobozi bw’amashanyarazi bubitswe, imyaka y’uguhuza amamodule muri kazoza, n’amasezerano y’igiciro. Ico cama ari kibi ni igitekerezo kidashobora gutorera umuti ivyo bibiri.
Ikibazo: Mbega Sisitemu y’Ububiko Yoba Itanga Inguvu Zo Gucungera?
I: Oya. Gusubiza inyuma bisaba islanding-inverters zishobora, ibikoresho vyo kwimurira canke kwitandukanya, ikibanza c'umuzigo gikomeye-, n'inguvu zigumye mu bubiko rero zigafatwa ku bindi bikorwa - hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo gutangura bw'umwirabura-iyo ata yindi nkuru iriho. Uburyo butunganijwe kugira ngo ubusabe-kugabanya amafaranga si uburyo bwo gusubiza inyuma kiretse bwakozwe nk'ubumwe, kandi uburyo bwo gusubiza inyuma bushoboka ni inguvu nyene zihagarika kuboneka ku bijanye n'ubukemurampaka.
Icegeranyo
Urutonde rwuzuye rw’imiti yo kubika inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo ruvuga kumbure ubuhinga mirongo ibiri. Urutonde rw’ubuhinga ushobora kuronka, gushiramwo, kwemerera no gutanga amahera mu 2026 ni hafi y’umunani, kandi ku mugambi umwe wose ufise igihe gitegekanijwe, incuro umuntu akoresha amagare, ahantu n’iherezo ry’inguvu, akenshi ni bibiri canke bitatu.
Incamake iri hejuru itunganijwe kugira ngo ikugere kuri ivyo bibiri canke bitatu vyihuse: menya umuryango uhuye n’imiterere y’ivyo bikorwa, usuzume urugero rw’ukwitegura kw’ubudandaji, ukoreshe akayunguruzo k’igihe, hanyuma ushimike ku vy’uko umubare wose uri muri buri ciyumviro uvuga urubibi rwawo rw’ingero. Ivyuma ntibituma imigambi inanirwa hafi kenshi nk’uko imipaka itasobanuwe ibigira.