Ibikoresho vy'amabateri ya litiyumu

◆Ivyuma -ubwoko bw'ibikoresho vya anode

◆Guhindura -ubwoko bw'ibikoresho vya anode

◆Ibikoresho vy'ivyuma vya litiyumu

Mu nzira yo gushaja 2019.amabateri ya litiyumu, igikoresho c’ivyuma bitari vyiza gifise uruhara runini mu gutwara ama ions ya litiyumu n’ama electrons, kandi ni ngirakamaro mu kubika no kurekura inguvu. Uravye mu bijanye n’igiciro, ivyo bikoresho bifata 5% gushika kuri 15% vy’igiciro cose co gukora amabateri kandi bifatwa nk’ikimwe mu bikoresho nyamukuru bihambaye vyo gukora amabateri ya litiyumu-ion. Cokimwe n’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vyiza, ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi bibi birafise uruhara runini cane mu guteza imbere ubuhinga bwa bateri ya litiyumu-ion. Mu myaka ya vuba, n’ukwiyongera kw’abasaba ko amabateri akora neza-vyihariye, ugukurikirana uburemere bw’inguvu bwinshi, uburemere bw’inguvu, n’ugushikama kw’ingendo nziza n’umutekano-abashakashatsi baratayeho cane ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi bitari vyiza, kimwe mu bihimba nyamukuru vya litiyumu{}}.

amabateri. Igikoresho ciza cane c'umuyagankuba w'umuyagankuba gikwiye kuba gifise ibi bikurikira:

(1) Iremereye, ishobora kwakira Li nyinshi bishoboka kugira ngo ubushobozi bumwe bumwe bube bwiza.

(2) Ubushobozi buke bwa redox bwo kwinjiza no gukuraho ion za litiyumu, ivyo bikaba bifasha kuronka umuriro mwinshi w’isohoka rya bateri.

(3) Ubushobozi bwiza bwo gutwara umuyagankuba n’ubuhinga bwa iyoni.

(4) Ntiyinyura mu binyobwa vy’amazi kandi ntiyifatanya n’umunyu wa litiyumu. (5) Ugushikama neza cane kw’imiti inyuma yo gushaja no gusohora, ubushobozi bwo gukingira cane n’ubuzima bw’ingendo, n’igipimo gito co kwisohora.

(6) Bitazimvye, birafise ubutunzi bwinshi kandi ntibibangamira ibidukikije.

Ibikoresho vy’anode bishobora guca mu mice ibiri nyamukuru bishingiye ku mibumbe yavyo: ibikoresho bishingiye kuri carbone-n’ibikoresho bitagira -carbon-. Ibikoresho bishingiye kuri karboni-bishobora gusubira gucagurwamwo ibikoresho vy’ikariboni y’ibara ry’agahama n’ibikoresho vy’ikariboni bitagira ishusho. Ibikoresho bitagira -karboni-birimwo silikoni-, titanium-, n'ivyuma bitandukanye. Ubu, ibikoresho vy’anode bikoreshwa cane kw’isoko ahanini birimwo ubwoko butatu: ibikoresho bishingiye kuri carbone-, litiyumu titanate (LiTisOi2), n’ibikoresho bishingiye kuri carbone birimwo silikoni. Ibikoresho bishingiye kuri carbone-bishobora gusubira gucagurwamwo graphite (graphite kamere n’iy’abantu), carbone yoroshe, na carbone ikomeye. Muri ivyo bice, graphite y’ubuhinga ni yo ifise umugabane munini w’isoko.

Ibikoresho vy'anode vyinjijwemwo

Ibikoresho vy'umuyagankuba

Mu gutegura amabateri ya litiyumu-ion, ubuhinga bushasha bwo gukoresha ibikoresho bishingiye kuri carbone-bisubirira litiyumu y’icuma nk’anode ni ikimenyetso c’iterambere rikomeye muri ubwo buhinga. Kugeza ubu, nta bundi bwoko bw’ibikoresho vy’anode bushobora guhura n’igiciro-ubushobozi bwavyo n’ubushobozi bwavyo; rero, vyitezwe ko ibikoresho bishingiye kuri carbone-bizoguma ari vyo bihitamwo cane mu bikorwa vy’ubudandaji vy’urugero runini-mu kiringo kirekire. Hashingiwe ku rugero rw’uguhinduka kw’ivyuma, ibikoresho bishingiye kuri carbone-bikoreshwa nk’ama anode bishobora gushirwa mu mice itatu: graphite, carbone yoroshe, na carbone ikomeye. Ibikoresho bitari -vy’ibara ry’agahama vyose vyerekana impengamiro yo guhinduka ibara ry’agahama mu gihe c’ugutunganya ubushuhe bwinshi-; ariko rero, hari ibintu bimwebimwe bishobora guhinduka cane kandi bisobanurwa ko ari carbone yoroshe; mu gihe izo zigoye guheza iyo nzira zitwa carbone ikomeye. Mu bisanzwe, carbone yoroshe ishobora kuronswa mu bikoresho bitagira agaciro nk’amakara canke ivu rya peteroli; mu buryo butandukanye n’ubwo, carbone ikomeye ikoreshwa cane cane mu bihimba nk’ivyuma vyitwa phenolic resin canke sucrose. Ubu, kimwe mu bintu vyigwa cane mu bijanye n’ivy’umuyagankuba woroshe ni ivy’umuyagankuba w’imigera y’imigera y’imigera. Ivyo bikoresho vyose bibiri vy’umuyagankuba n’ibitari -vy’umuyagankuba birafise ivyiza n’ibibi vyavyo iyo bikoreshejwe nk’ibikoresho vy’umuyagankuba bitari vyiza mu mabati ya litiyumu-ion. Hashingiwe kuri ivyo, abashakashatsi barakunda gukoresha ibice bitandukanye kugira ngo bahindure kandi bahindure ubuso bw’ivyo bikoresho vy’umuyagankuba kugira ngo bishobore gukora neza.

Graphite, nk’ikintu gifise ibice (Ishusho 5-8), gifise imiterere y’imbere igizwe n’inzego z’imirongo itandatu z’amaatome atunganijwe mu buryo bw’imirongo itandatu ya sp2, zigashika mu bipimo bibiri. Muri buri rwego, atome za karboni zikora uruzitiro rukomeye rw’imirongo itandatu rufise urugendo rw’atome ya karboni n’uruzitiro rwa 0,142 nm n’inguvu z’ubufatanye ziri 345 kJ/mol, zigaragaza ugushikama gukomeye cane. Mu buryo bunyuranye, atome za karboni hagati y’ibice bitandukanye zihuzwa n’inguvu za van der Waals zigoyagoya kuruta, zifise inguvu z’ugukorana zingana na 16,7 kJ/mol gusa, zihuye n’itandukaniro ry’ibice hagati y’ibice bigereranywa ry’ibice 0,3354 nm. Iyon za litiyumu zishobora gusubira kwinjira no gukurwa hagati y’ibice bitandatu vya karboni vy’ibara ry’agahama, bikagira ibihimba vya LiC6 vyo kubika litiyumu. Muri iyo nzira, ikibanza kiri hagati y’ibipande kirahinduka cane; ku LiC6, iyo nkuru iba 0,37 nm, gutyo igashika ku bushobozi bwihariye bwo hejuru bw’ivyiyumviro bwa 372 mA·h/g. Vyongeye, ubushobozi bwiza cane bwa graphite bwo gutwara umuyagankuba buratuma ama elegitoroni ashobora kwimuka ningoga muri ico kintu. Ariko iyo ikoreshejwe nk’ikintu c’ivyuma bitari vyiza, graphite na yo nyene irafise ingorane zimwe zimwe: igitigiri cayo c’umuriro wo kwinjiza/gukuramwo litiyumu kiri hasi cane gishobora gutuma habaho ukukura kw’ibihimba vy’umuyagankuba vy’i litiyumu mu gihe co gushaja canke gusohora. Iyo izo dendrites zimaze kwinjira mu gikoresho gitandukanya amabateri, zirashobora gutuma haba amashanyarazi make imbere mu mubiri, bikaba bishobora gutuma haba umuriro canke mbere bigaturika, bikaba bishobora gutuma amabateri adashobora guhungabana.

Igishushanyo 5-8 Igishushanyo c'imiterere y'amabuye y'agaciro

Graphite ahanini igabanywamwo ibice bibiri: graphite kavukire n’iyikozwe n’abantu. Graphite kamere, ivugwa mu buryo bugufi ngo NG (graphite kamere), yerekeza ku kintu gifise -carbone nyinshi gikuwe mu kamere kikaronswa biciye mu gutunganya ibintu mu buryo bworoshe. Ifise imiterere ibiri itandukanye y’imiterere y’amabuye y’agaciro: hexagonale na rhombique. Ivyo bikoresho ntivyinshi gusa mu bibanza vy’ububiko, ariko kandi birahenda kandi ntibibangamira ibidukikije. Ariko rero, mu gukoresha amabateri ya litiyumu-ion, kubera ukuntu ibikorwa vyo ku ruhande bitaringaniye be n’ubunini buhambaye bw’intete z’ibice vy’ifu ya graphite, imiterere yayo y’ikibiriti yo ku ruhande irashobora kwononekara bitagoranye mu gihe c’ingendo z’ugushaja, bikaba bituma amabateri y’ibara ry’agahama ataringaniye kandi bikaba bigira ico bikoze ku bijanye n’ugupfuka amabateri y’amafilime ya SEI kandi bikagira ico bikoze ku bijanye n’ugupfuka kw’ibara ry’agahama. Kugira ngo abashakashatsi bashobore gutsinda izo ngorane, barateguye ubuhinga butandukanye bwo gutuma graphite kavukire igira akamaro kanini, nk’uguhindura ibara ry’umupira, gutera imbere mu buryo bw’umuyagankuba, gutera fluorine, no gutera ivyatsi vy’umuyagankuba, kugira ngo bibe vyiza cane ku ruhande rwayo be n’imiterere yayo mikeyi.

Graphite y’ubuhinga ishobora gukorwa n’ugukoresha graphite y’ubushuhe bwinshi-y’ibikoresho vya carbone bishobora gukorwa mu buryo bworoshe. Ubwo bwoko bw’ibikoresho burakoreshwa cane nk’ibikoresho vy’anode mu mabati ya litiyumu-ion. Ugereranije na graphite kavukire, graphite y’ubuhinga yerekana ivyiza vyinshi mu bijanye n’ubuzima buramba, ubushobozi bwo kubika ubushuhe bwinshi, n’ubushobozi bwinshi, bikaba biyigira kimwe mu bikoresho vy’anode bikundwa cane ku mabati ya litiyumu -ion akoreshwa mu modoka nshasha zikoresha inguvu z’Ubushinwa. Kubera ubushobozi bwayo buhambaye bwihariye n’igiciro gito, graphite y’ubuhinga na yo nyene ikoreshwa cane mu mabati y’amashanyarazi no mu bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vy’ubuhinga bwa none. Imibare yerekana ko mu mwaka w’2021, graphite artificielle yari 84% vy’ibikoresho vyose vy’anode vyarungitswe.

Ibikoresho bitagira -karboni ya graphite ahanini bigabanywamwo ibice bibiri: karboni ikomeye n’ikariboni yoroshe. Carbone ikomeye yerekeza ku bwoko bw’ikintu ca carbone kigoye guhinduka igishushanyo c’ibara ry’agahama mbere n’aho ubushuhe buri hejuru cane (burengeye degre 2800 ). Ivyo bikoresho akenshi biva mu gutera umuriro mu binyabuzima bimwebimwe bita polymères. Mu buryo bwihariye, inkomoko zisanzwe z’umuyagankuba ukomeye ni nk’umuyagankuba utandukanye (nk’umuyagankuba wa phenolic, umuyagankuba w’inzoga ya polyfurfuryl PFA-C, n’umuyagankuba wa epoxy), umuyagankuba ukomoka ku gusenyuka kw’ibinyabuzima vyihariye (nk’umuyagankuba wa polyvinyl (PVA), umuyagankuba wa polyvinylidene n’uw’inzoga ya polyvinyl (PVN) asetileni yirabura). Mu gihe c’ugutegura, umubare munini w’utunenge tw’uruzitiro turaboneka imbere muri carbone ikomeye, ivyo bikaba bituma ions za litiyumu zidashobora gusa kwinjira hagati y’ibice vy’umuyagankuba ariko kandi zigashobora kwuzuza izo ntara zifise utunenge, gutyo zigatuma anode zikozwe muri ico kintu zigira ubushobozi bwinshi (hagati ya 350 na 500 mA·b/g), amabateri ya litiyumu-iyoni. Ariko rero, ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri vyavuzwe haruguru na vyo nyene bituma ubushobozi bwa coulombic bwo mu ntango buba buke be n’uko inzinguzingu zidashikama neza iyo carbone ikomeye ikoreshejwe nk’ikintu c’anode. Gushika ubu, kubera izo ngorane, carbone ikomeye ntiyakoreshejwe cane mu mabati ya litiyumu-ion akoreshwa mu bucuruzi, kandi haracariho intambamyi zimwe zimwe imbere y’uko ikoreshwa ku rugero runini.

Carbone yoroshe yerekeza ku bikoresho vya carbone bitagira ishusho bishobora guhinduka graphite bitagoranye mu bihe vy’ubushuhe bwinshi- (hejuru ya degre 2800 ). Ivyo bikoresho birimwo ivyuma vy’umuringa, ivyuma vy’urushinge, ivyuma vy’amavuta ya peteroli be n’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba. Kubera ko graphitization iri mu carbone yoroshe iri hasi, imiterere yayo irimwo utunenge twinshi, bikaba bituma ishobora kwakira mu buryo bushobora gusubira inyuma ions nyinshi za litiyumu; icarimwe, ikibanza kinini kiri hagati y’ibice vy’umubiri kiratuma amazi yinjira mu mubiri. Ku bw’ivyo, bishingiye kuri ivyo bimenyetso, ibikoresho vy’umuyagankuba vyoroshe vyerekana ubushobozi bwinshi mu gihe c’ugusohoka kw’intango. Ariko rero, kubera nyene ukudashikama kw’imiterere yayo, ubushobozi bwayo bwo kudasubira inyuma na bwo nyene burarengeye urugero. Ikindi kandi, ukudatunganye kw’imiterere y’imbere y’umuyagankuba woroshe bituma habaho ugusangira kw’inguvu gutandukanye kw’ibibanza bikora vya litiyumu-ion, bikaba bituma hatagira urugero rw’umuriro rusobanuwe mu gihe c’ugushaja n’ugusohora, ivyo bikaba bigabanya ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukoreshwa.

Titaniyumu

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) yerekana ubushobozi bukomeye nk’igikoresho c’amashanyarazi c’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion, atari kubera gusa ko gishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ku rugero runini-n’igiciro gito, ariko kandi kubera ko kigaragaza umutekano mwiza cane n’ugushikama ku nkomezi zikoreshwa ziri kuri 1.5V to Li/re). Ikindi, TiO2 irafise urutonde rw’ibintu bitangaje: ubushobozi bwinshi bw’ubuhinga bw’umuyagankuba, ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutuma ibintu bimera nk’ibinyabuzima, ugushikama neza kw’ubuhinga bw’umuyagankuba, ubutunzi bwinshi bw’ibidukikije, n’imiterere itandukanye y’amabuye y’agaciro.

Ivyo vyiza vyose hamwe bituma TiO2 iba kimwe mu bikoresho vyiza vyo gukoresha mu gukoresha amabateri ya litiyumu-ion (na cane cane mu bijanye n’ibinyabiziga bikoresha umuyagankuba).

Mu vy’impwemu, uburemere bumwe bumwe bwa TiO2 burashobora kubika ion imwe ya litiyumu, ihuye n’ubushobozi bwa 330 mA·h/g, bukaba ari hafi incuro zibiri z’ubushobozi bwa LiTiO2. Ariko mu bikorwa, vyabonetse ko gushika ku bushobozi bwo kubika litiyumu burengeye ubw’ivyo vyiyumviro bigoye cane. Ibintu vyinshi biragira ico bikoze ku bijanye n’ukwinjiza no gukura ion za litiyumu mu titanium dioxide, harimwo ariko bitagarukiye ku bushobozi bw’ico kintu, ubunini bw’ibice, ibiranga imiterere y’imbere, n’uburebure bw’ubutaka bwihariye. Birabereye kumenya ko TiO2 iriho mu bice bitandukanye vy’amabuye y’agaciro, iyo izwi cane-ni ubwoko bwa rutile na anatase mu nzira y’amabuye y’agaciro y’imirongo ine, n’ubwoko bwa brookite mu nzira y’amabuye y’agaciro y’imirongo ine.