Ububiko bw’inguvu z’izuba bufata amashanyarazi arenze urugero ava ku bikoresho vy’izuba ku murango, bukayabika mu mabati kugira ngo akoreshe iyo izuba ritariko rirakayangana. Ivyo bikorwa birimwo guhindura umuriro uva ku bipande ukawugira ubushobozi bubitswe canke umuriro uhinduka kugira ngo ukoreshe ubwo nyene, hakaba hariho uburyo buhambaye bwo gucunga amabateri bugenzura inzinguzingu z’ugushaja n’ugusohoka kugira ngo iyo nzira ikomeze gukora neza kandi ikomeze kubaho igihe kirekire. Kugira ngo umuntu atahure ububiko bw’inguvu z’izuba bisaba gusuzuma ubuhinga ubwabwo be n’ingene bufatanya n’inguvu zo mu nzu.
Igihe-Ingorane yo Guhindura Ububiko Butorera umuti
Amatara y’izuba atanga amashanyarazi menshi cane mu masaha yo mu gicugu igihe umuco w’izuba uba ukomeye cane, yamara rero, amashanyarazi yo mu rugo akenshi akenera cane mu gitondo no ku mugoroba igihe abantu bari muhira. Ukwo kudahuza kw'ishimikiro gutuma habaho ico abahinga mu vy'inguvu bita "duck curve"-igipimo c'ugusaba kw'umugoroba gikomeye gihuye n'ugugwa kw'umusaruro w'izuba. Ububiko bw’inguvu z’izuba burazimanganya ico kinogo mu gufata inguvu zisigaye zo mu gicugu maze zikazirekura mu masaha y’ugukoresha cane.
Mu mwaka w’2024, ubushobozi bwo kubika amabateri muri Amerika bwariyongereye hafi incuro zibiri kuva kuri 15,5 GW gushika kuri 29,8 GW, ivyo bikaba vyatumye iki kibazo c’igihe gitorwa ku rugero runini. Iryo terambere ryerekana ko ibiciro vy’amabateri bigabanutse-lithium-ion vyagabanutse bishika ku madolari 115 ku kilowatt{9}}isaha mu Bushinwa mu ntango za 2024-n’ukwemera ko ububiko buhindura izuba ry’ibihe bimwe bimwe rikaba inguvu zishobora gukoreshwa. Abafise amazu barabona iyo nyungu ata guca ku ruhande: aho kohereza amashanyarazi arenga ku murango ku ruzitiro ku giciro gitoyi c’indishi, barashobora kuyabika kugira ngo bakoreshe ku mugoroba igihe amashanyarazi y’uruzitiro atwara amahera menshi.
Ivyihutirwa birarushiriza gutomoka mu gihe c’ibintu vy’ikirere bimara igihe kirekire. Igikoresho gikoresha izuba-gusa kiraca mu mwijima mu gihe umuyagankuba uhagaze, mbere no ku misi y'izuba, kubera ko ama inverter yifunga ubwayo kugira ngo akingire abakozi b'amazi. Ububiko-bufise ibikoresho bugumya ubushobozi biciye muri ivyo bicitse, buva ku mabati yari yashizwemwo mbere. Ukwo kwihangana kurarushiriza kuba ikintu gihambaye uko amashanyarazi ajanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere-agenda arakura kenshi-California yarazimye amashanyarazi arenga 25.000 mu 2023 kubera ingorane z’umuriro w’ishamba.
Ibice nyamukuru bikora mu buryo bukurikiranye
Uburyo bwo kubika amashanyarazi yuzuye y’izuba-plus-burimwo ibintu bitanu vy’ingenzi bikorana kugira ngo bifate, bihindure, bibike, kandi bigabanye amashanyarazi. Ivyo bihimba ni vyo bishingira intahe umuti wose mwiza wo kubika inguvu z’izuba.
Amatara y'izubaguhindura umuco w’izuba ukaba umuyagankuba w’amashanyarazi biciye ku ngaruka y’umuyagankuba w’izuba. Ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa none bikoresha ubuhinga bwa TOPCon birashika ku bushobozi bwo guhindura bugera kuri 24%, bivuye ku 20% mu myaka itatu gusa iheze. Uburyo busanzwe bwo kubamwo butanga amasaha 8-12 ya kilowatt ku musi ku kilowatt y’ubushobozi bushizweho, naho ivyo bitandukanye cane bivanye n’aho umuntu ari n’igihe c’umwaka.
Abagenzuzi b'amashajagutunganya uruja n’uruza rw’umuyagankuba uva ku bipande uja ku mabati, gukingira ivyago vy’ugushaja birenze urugero mu gihe bituma amashanyarazi agenda neza bishingiye ku buhinga bwa bateri n’ingene amabateri ameze. Ivyo bikoresho birongereza umuriro usohoka buhoro buhoro uko amabateri yuzuye, hanyuma bikahindukira bikaja ku gucapura iyo ubushobozi bwose bushitse. Iyo ata n’umwe agenzura neza ingene amabateri akora, arashobora gushuha cane, akabora ningoga canke akabura ubushuhe mu bihe bikomeye cane.
Amabanki y'amabaterikubika inguvu z’umuyagankuba mu buryo bw’imiti. Bateri za litiyumu-ion ni zo ziganza isoko ry’amazu kuko zitanga 95-99% y’ubushobozi bwo gukora urugendo-bisobanura ko zitakaza inguvu nkeyi mu gihe co kubika no kugarura. Ivyuma vyinshi vyo mu rugo bikoresha utugingo ngengabuzima twa litiyumu iron phosphate (LiFePO4), dutanga inzinguzingu z’ugushaja 4.000-6.000 ku burebure bwa 80% bw’ugusohoka imbere y’uko ubushobozi buja munsi ya 80% y’ivyo bwari bwategekanijwe. Bateri y’amashanyarazi 10 kWh ishobora gutanga ubushobozi ku bikoresho bihambaye mu masaha 10-12, bivanye n’umuzigo.
Abahinduraguhindura umuyagankuba wa DC mu nguvu za AC zihuye n’ibikoresho vyo mu nzu be n’uruzitiro. Inverters zikorana n’izuba n’ugushaja/gukuraho amabateri biciye mu gikoresho kimwe, bikagabanya igiciro c’ibikoresho no gutuma ubuhinga bukora neza. Inverters z'uburemere bwinshi-zigumya 96-98% y'ubushobozi bwo guhindura kandi zirimwo ugukurikirana kw'inguvu nyinshi kugira ngo zikore neza mu bihe bitandukanye.
Uburyo bwo gucunga bateri(BMS) zikora nk’ubwonko bw’ibikorwa vyo kubika. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none biragenzura ubushobozi bw’umuriro w’ingingo z’umubiri, ubushuhe, n’ingene umuriro uri, bikagira uburinganire mu ngingo kugira ngo ntihagire ubushobozi buhungabana kandi bikavyura uguhagarika kw’umutekano iyo ibipimo birenze urugero rw’umutekano. Ivyuma vya BMS biteye imbere biravugana n’ibikoresho bihindura amashanyarazi be n’ibikoresho vyo mu nzu vy’ubwenge kugira ngo bishobore gutuma urutonde rwo gushaja rugenda neza bivanye n’ibiciro vy’amashanyarazi, ibihe vy’ikirere be n’ingene bikoreshwa.
Ubwubatsi bubiri bw'ishimikiro
Ububiko bw’inguvu z’izuba burashobora gukorana n’ibikoresho vy’izuba biciye mu miterere ya DC-ifatanye canke AC-ifatanye, imwe yose itanga inyungu zitandukanye bivanye n’aho ishizweho.
DC-Uburyo bufatanye
Mu mirongo y’amashanyarazi DC-, amatara y’izuba afatanya n’umuhinduzi w’amashanyarazi afise umugenzuzi w’amashanyarazi. Amashanyarazi ava ku bipande aja ku ma bateri ataco ahinduye, hanyuma akaja muri inverter rimwe iyo ariko aratanga amashanyarazi ku mizigo ya AC. Iyi nzira imwe-y'uguhindura ishika ku bushobozi bwinshi muri rusangi-mu bisanzwe 89-92% kuva ku gipande gushika ku gikoresho-ugereranyije n'ubundi buryo bufatanye n'umuyagankuba.
Ubwubatsi burakora neza cane ku bibanza bishasha aho izuba n’ububiko bikoreshwa hamwe. Gupima ubunini bwa sisitemu birarushiriza kworoha kubera ko inverter imwe ikora ibikorwa vyose vy’amashanyarazi, kandi ibihimba bikeyi bigabanya amafaranga y’imbere n’aho bishobora gusenyuka. Ariko rero, inverter hybride itegerezwa kuba ifise ubunini bushobora gukorana n’izuba ryinshi, gushaja amabateri, n’imitwaro yo mu nzu icarimwe, ivyo bishobora gusaba igice kinini, gizimvye kuruta izuba-gukoresha gusa.
DC coupling na yo nyene iratuma amabateri ashobora gushaja mbere n’igihe uruzitiro rwacitse, igihe cose amapaneli atanga inguvu zihagije. Ubwo bushobozi buragaragaza ko ari ngirakamaro mu gihe c’uguzima kw’izuba igihe kirekire mu bihe vy’izuba, igihe ubuhinga bufatanye n’amashanyarazi AC-budashobora kwimbura inguvu z’izuba iyo amabateri amaze guhera.
AC-Uburyo bufatanye
AC-imiterere ifatanye ikoresha ibihindura bitandukanye vy'amatara y'izuba n'amabateri. Amashanyarazi y’izuba ahinduka AC ubwo nyene amaze kuva mu bipande, agatanga amashanyarazi mu nzu canke agaha amashanyarazi uruzitiro. Igikoresho gihindura amabateri gitandukanye gifatanya n’umuyagankuba wo mu nzu, kigaca gicapura amabateri kivuye ku nguvu z’umuyagankuba ziriho (yaba zivuye ku bikoresho vy’izuba canke ku ruzitiro rw’amashanyarazi) kigaca gisohora inguvu zibitswe iyo bikenewe.
Iyi nyubakwa izana intambwe y’inyongera yo guhindura-DC gushika kuri AC kuva ku zuba, hanyuma AC gushika kuri DC igihe umuntu ariko arashaja amabateri-bigabanya ubushobozi bwose kugera kuri 85-89%. Ico bifasha ni uguhinduranya: AC coupling yongera mu buryo bworoshe ububiko ku bikoresho vy’izuba biriho ata gusubirira inverter y’intango. Bituma kandi amabateri ashobora gushaja avuye mu bintu vyinshi icarimwe, harimwo n’izuba, uruzitiro rw’amashanyarazi, eka mbere n’amageneratore y’inyuma.
Ku bijanye n’ugusubiramwo, AC coupling akenshi irafise insiguro mu vy’ubutunzi. Igiciro co kwongerako inverter yihariye ya bateri-mu bisanzwe gikora gitoyi kuruta gusubirira inverter y'izuba ikora n'igikoresho c'ivyuma, cane cane iyo turimbuye igiciro c'abakozi bo gusubiramwo amashanyarazi.
Inzinguzingu yo gushaja no gukuraho bateri
Gutahura ingene amabateri abika inguvu kandi akarekura, biratwereka igituma uburyo bumwebumwe bwo gukoresha butuma umuntu amara igihe kirekire mu gihe ubundi bwihuta gusenyuka.
Uburyo bwo gushaja: Iyo amatara y’izuba atanga umuyagankuba urenze urugero urugero rw’ivyo urugo rukeneye ubwo nyene, igikoresho kigenzura umuriro kirarungika umuyagankuba kuri bateri. Imbere mu ngingo za litiyumu-iyoni, izo nguvu z’umuyagankuba zituma habaho igikorwa c’imiti. Iyoni za litiyumu ziva muri katode zica mu munyuro w’amazi zija muri anode, aho zica zija mu gice c’ivyuma bita graphite. Uwo muvuduko w'iyon ubika inguvu zishobora kubaho-wiyumvire nk'ugufatanya isoko.
Ico gikoresho kigenzura umuriro wa bateri kiguma kigenzura umuriro wa bateri, ukaba ugenda uraduga uko umuriro uriko uraduga. Ku banki y’amabateri ya litiyumu y’amavolte 48, gucagura vyoshobora gutangura ku mavolte 50 iyo ipfuye, bikaduga bikaja ku mavolte 58 iyo yuzuye. Abagenzuzi barahindura uruja n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi kugira ngo bihure n’imiterere y’ubuhinga bwa bateri, mu bisanzwe bagashaja ku rugero rwo hejuru gushika bashitse nko ku bice 90 kw’ijana vy’ubushobozi, hanyuma bagaca bagabanya urugero rutoyi ku bice 10 kw’ijana vya nyuma kugira ngo ntibononekare imiterere y’ingingo.
Uburyo bwo gusohora: Iyo inzu isaba umuyagankuba kandi amatara y’izuba atariko aratanga umuyagankuba uhagije, inverter ikura muri bateri. Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri vyibitswe bihindura-iyoni za litiyumu zisubira inyuma ziva kuri anode zija kuri cathode, zikarekura ama electrons aca mu nzira y’inyuma nk’umuyagankuba ukoreshwa. Inguvu za bateri zigabanuka uko umuriro ugenda urasohoka, kuva ku nguvu z’umuriro wuzuye-gushika ku rugero rwo hasi rwo gukingira, mu bisanzwe hafi 44-46 volts ku nzira y’amavolt 48.
Ivyuma vya BMS vya none birabuza -gusohoka birenze urugero mu guca ubushobozi iyo umuriro ugabanutse cane. Ubwo burinzi burahambaye cane-gukura amabateri ya litiyumu munsi y’umuriro wayo mutoyi bishobora gutuma ubushobozi butagira uko bungana canke utugingo ngengabuzima tugakora nabi. Ivyinshi mu bikoresho bigabanya ubushobozi bwo gusohora umuriro ku 80-90% vy’ubushobozi bwose, ivyo bikaba bisigura igituma bateri y’amazina y’ama kWh 10 itanga gusa 8-9 kWh z’inguvu zikoreshwa.
Uburebure bw'ibisohoka: Ubuzima bwa bateri bujanye n’ingene zisohoka cane igihe cose zigenda zihinduka. Bateri ihinduwe kuva ku 100% gushika ku 50% ku musi (50% y’uburebure bw’ugusohoka) izomara igihe kirekire cane kuruta iyo ihinduwe kuva ku 100% gushika ku 20% (80% y’uburebure bw’ugusohoka). Bateri za LiFePO4 zishobora gukora inzinguzingu 6.000 ku 80% y’uburebure bw’amazi zishobora gushika ku nzinguzingu 10.000 ku 50% y’uburebure bw’amazi.
Ubu bucuti buratuma umuntu afata ingingo yo gupima: gushiramwo ubushobozi bwa bateri burengeye ubwo bikenewe cane bituma habaho inzinguzingu z’ugusohoka kw’amazi zidakomeye, bigatuma umuntu amara igihe kirekire akoresheje amahera menshi. Benshi mu bashiramwo basaba ko bogira ubunini burenze urugero na 30-50% kugira ngo ubuzima bube bwiza-n'igiciro.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha bugena inyifato ya sisitemu
Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’izuba burashobora gukora mu buryo butandukanye bivanye n’ivyo nyen’inzu ashira imbere be n’imiterere y’ibiciro vy’amazi.
Uburyo bwo kwikoresha -n’ugukoresha cane amashanyarazi y’izuba akomoka mu gihugu. Uwo murongo ubanza guha inzu amashanyarazi akoresheje amatara y’izuba, hanyuma ugahindura amashanyarazi arengeje urugero ukayajana mu mabati, ugatuma gusa amashanyarazi arengeye ayo akoreshwa mu gukoresha amabateri inyuma y’aho amabateri ashitse ku bushobozi bwose. Mu masaha atari-izuba, inzu ikoresha amabateri imbere yo gukoresha amashanyarazi y'uruzitiro. Ubu buryo bwo kubika inguvu z’izuba burafise insiguro y’ubutunzi mu bice bifise indishi mbi y’ubuhinga bwo gupima canke igihe kinini-co-koresha, aho amashanyarazi y’izuba yoherezwa hanze afise agaciro gatoyi kuruta igiciro c’amashanyarazi y’uruzitiro mu masaha y’ijoro.
Muri California mu gihe c’ibipimo vya NEM 3.0 vyashizwe mu ngiro mu 2024, ibiciro vyo gushora ibintu hanze mu gicugu vyagabanutse bishika ku madolari 0.02-0.04 ku kWh mu gihe ibiciro vyo gutwara ibintu hanze ku mugoroba bishika ku madolari 0.45-0.60 ku kWh. Uburyo bwo kwikoresha -bufata iyo ntandukaniro y'igiciro 10-15x mu guhindura inguvu z'izuba kuva ku masaha y'agaciro gatoyi yo mu gicugu gushika ku masaha y'agaciro kanini yo ku mugoroba. Abafise amazu bavuga ko bazigama amadolari 150-300 ku kwezi ugereranyije n’ingene bohereza ibintu hanze.
Uburyo bwo gusubiza inyuma ubushoboziiguma icumbitse amabateri canke hafi y’ubushobozi bwayo 100%, igabika inguvu zibitswe ku bijanye n’ugucika kw’uruzitiro. Ubuhinga bushira imbere ugushikama kw'uruzitiro ku kuzigama amafaranga-amabateri asohoka gusa mu gihe umuyagankuba uzimiye. Ubu buryo bwo kubungabunga buratuma igihe kirekire co gusubiza inyuma igihe bikenewe ariko bugatanga ibiciro vyo kugabanya amafaranga y’ibikorwa. Bikora neza ku miryango ishira imbere ukwihangana kuruta ubutunzi, cane cane mu turere dukunda guhagarara canke tugamara igihe kirekire.
Ivyuma vy’umuzigo bikomeye bifatanye n’uburyo bwo gusubiza inyuma ni vyo bigena imirongo ironka amashanyarazi mu gihe c’uguzima. Aho kugerageza gukoresha inzu yose ukoresheje amabateri (ivyo vyotuma ububiko buhera vuba), izo nzira zirungika umuyagankuba gusa ku bintu bihambaye-amafirigo, ibikoresho vy’ubuvuzi, amatara, ibikoresho vyo guhanahana amakuru. Bateri y’amashanyarazi 10 kWh itunganijwe neza irashobora kuguma ikora neza imisi 1-3, ugereranyije n’amasaha 4-8 gusa iyo ugerageza gutanga ubushobozi ku kintu cose.
Igihe-ca-koresha uburyo bwo gutumaishaja amabateri ava ku zuba n’uruzitiro, ikoresha neza igihe co gushaja no gusohora kugira ngo igabanye igiciro c’umuyagankuba. Ubuhinga buca buva ku nguvu z'uruja n'uruza zitari nyinshi mu masaha y'ijoro (kenshi mw'ijoro), bukabika ibikorwa vy'izuba vyo mu gicugu, kandi bukabisohora mu bihe vy'ijoro bizimvye. Abagenzuzi b'ubwenge bariga uburyo bwo gukoresha no gutunganya urutonde ubwabo.
Ubu buryo bugaragaza agaciro kanini aho igihe-c'-igipimo c'ikoreshwa gitandukanye ari kinini. Muri Texas, aho ibiciro vy’amashanyarazi vy’ingero rimwe na rimwe biva ku madolari 0,02 bikaja ku madolari 0,50 ku kWh mu masaha make, guhindura neza bishobora kugabanya amafaranga 50-70% ugereranyije n’imigambi isanzwe y’igiciro c’amashanyarazi. Ingamba zisaba urutonde rw'ibiciro vy'amazi yemerera kwishura bivuye ku ruzitiro-ibiciro bimwe bimwe vy'izuba birabuza iyo ngeso.
Ingano y'uburyo: Guhuza ubushobozi n'ivyo ukeneye vy'ukuri
Ububiko bwiza bw'inguvu z'izuba buraringaniza igihe c'ububiko, igiciro, n'ubuzima buramba bw'ingendo. Sisitemu zidakomeye cane zirahemukira igihe gitoyi co gusubiza inyuma, mu gihe sisitemu nini cane zitakaza amahera ku bushobozi butakoreshwa.
Isesengura ry'inguvu zikoreshwa ku musi: Tangana n’uguharura umuyagankuba ukoresha ku musi. Ingo nyinshi zo muri Amerika zikoresha 25-35 kWh ku musi, naho ivyo bitandukanye cane bivanye n’ubunini bw’inzu, ikirere, n’ibikoresho. Amakuru y’ibipimo vy’ubwenge ava ku kigo cawe atanga imibare y’ukuri, igabanywamwo amasaha kugira ngo umenye ibihe vy’ikoreshwa ry’isonga.
Ku bijanye n’ugupima ubunini bw’inyuma, wibande ku mitwaro y’ingenzi aho kwibanda ku gukoresha vyose. Amafirigo akoresha kWh 1-2 ku musi, amatara ya LED kumbure 1-2 kWh, na internet/itumanaho 0.5-1 kWh. Ivy’ingenzi vy’ishimikiro bishobora kuba vyose hamwe 8-12 kWh ku musi, bisobanura ko bateri 10 kWh ishobora gufasha umusi umwe wo kugabanya ubuzima canke imisi 2-3 yo gukoresha bike cane mu gihe c’ivyihutirwa.
Uburyo bwo gukora izuba: Ubwinshi bwa bateri bukwiye guhura n’ivyo izuba rikora birenze urugero. Igikoresho c’izuba gifise ubushobozi bwa 6 kW muri California coshobora gutanga 25-30 kWh ku misi y’izuba ryinshi mu ci ariko 8-12 kWh gusa mu misi mikeyi y’imbeho. Iyo inzu ikoresheje kWh 8-10 mu masaha y’izuba, ivy’izuba birenze bishika ku 15-20 kWh mu gihe mu rushana bitanga ivy’irenga bike.
Gupima amabateri kugira ngo umuntu afate isonga ry’icuma bitakaza ubushobozi igice kinini c’umwaka. Uburyo bwiza bwo gupima ubunini bw’ibihe vy’ibitugu (impeshi/impeshi), gufata 70-80% vy’umwimbu urenze urugero mu mwaka mu gihe wirinda ubushobozi bwo gukora ataco bukora mu gihe c’imbeho. Ku karorero kari hejuru, bateri y’amashanyarazi 10-12 kWh ihuye n’ivyo umuntu akeneye kuruta ubuhinga bwa 20 kWh bwicaye ubusa imisi myinshi.
Ivyiyumviro vyo gushingira intahe muri kazoza: Amabateri ashobora kumara imyaka 10-15, rero gupima ubunini bikwiye kuba ari vyo bituma haba amahinduka yitezwe. Imigambi yo kwongerako imodoka ikoresha umuyagankuba ishobora kwongerako 8-12 kWh z’umuyagankuba ku musi. Kuva ku gazi ukaja ku gushushanya canke guteka ku muyagankuba birongereza cane imizigo. Bamwe mu bashiramwo ibintu barasaba gutegura 25-30% vy’iterambere ry’ikoreshwa mu kiringo cose iyo sisitemu izomara.
Ivyiyumviro vy’amabateri bishobora gutorera umuti ivyo bintu bidatomoye mu kwemera ko ubushobozi bwongerwa uko ivya nkenerwa bigenda birahinduka. Abahinguzi benshi batanga amabateri ashobora guterwa hamwe-utangura n’ama kWh 10, wongereko ayandi 5-10 kWh mu nyuma iyo ikoreshwa ryiyongereye. Ubwo buryo burakwiragiza ibiciro mu gihe c’igihe mu gihe umuntu yirinda gukoresha ibintu vyinshi cane imbere y’igihe.
Ibintu bitera ibikorwa bigira ingaruka ku bushobozi
Ibintu vyinshi bihinduka biragira ico bikoze ku kuntu uburyo bwo kubika bukora neza mu bihe vy'isi vy'ukuri-.
Ugutahura ubushuhe: Bateri za litiyumu zikora neza cane ku bushuhe bwa degre 15-25 (59-77 degre F). Ubushuhe bwinshi bwihuta gusenyuka kw’ubushobozi-buri degre 10 hejuru y’ivyo vyiza bishobora kugabanya igice c’ubuzima bwa bateri. Bateri zishizwe mu magaraje atagira ivyuma canke mu bibanza vyo hanze mu bihe vy’ubushuhe nka Arizona canke Texas zishobora gutakaza ubushobozi 20-30% ku mwaka kurusha ashizwe mu bibanza bigenzurwa n’ikirere.
Ubushuhe bukonje buragabanya ubushobozi buriho mu gihe gito ataco bwononekaye ubudasiba. Bateri ifise ubushobozi bwa kWh 10 ku bushuhe bwa degre 25 ishobora gutanga ubushobozi bwa kWh 7-8 gusa ku bushuhe bwa degre -10 . Ibikorwa birasubirana uko ubushuhe bugenda buraduga, ariko guca ku nzira y’ubukonje idahinduka biracariko biragira ico bikoze ku buzima buramba. Ivyumba vy’amabateri bikingiye canke ibikoresho bigenzurwa ubushuhe birakingira ivyo bintu vyose birengeje urugero.
Ibiciro vyo kwishura/gusohoka: Amabateri aratakaza ubushobozi iyo ariko arashaja canke ariko arasohora vuba. Bateri y’amashanyarazi 10 kWh ikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi 2 kW (igipimo c’amasaha 5) yoshobora gushika ku bushobozi bwa 98%, mu gihe iyo bateri nyene ikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi 6 kW (igipimo c’amasaha 1,7) igabanuka ikagera ku bushobozi bwa 92-94%. Itandukaniro rikomoka ku nzira y’imbere itanga ubushuhe ku nzira nyinshi z’amashanyarazi.
Ku bikorwa vyinshi vyo mu nzu, ibiciro vy'amahera biringaniye 0.3-0.5C (aho C=ubushobozi) bituma ubushobozi-bugenda neza. Ivyo bisigura ko bateri y’ama kWh 10 ishaja ku 3-5 kW, igaheza ishaja yose mu masaha 2-3 kuva ku bikorwa vy’izuba bisanzwe. Ibiciro vyihuta birafise insiguro gusa igihe ugerageza gufata ibihe bigufi vy’uruvyaro rwo hejuru imbere y’uko ikirere gihinduka.
Ikirangamisi gikura: Amabateri arasenyuka buhoro buhoro mbere n’igihe wicaye ataco ukora. Bateri idakoreshwa iratakaza ubushobozi bwayo 2-5% ku mwaka biciye mu bikorwa vy’imiti mu ngingo. Ivyo bituma amabateri aherutse gukorwa agira akamaro ku bikoresho vyo mu nzu-ibateri yicaye mu rutonde rw’ibintu imyaka ibiri itangura ubuzima bwayo bumaze kugabanuka.
Gukoresha cane mu vy’ukuri bigabanya ubusaza bw’ikirangamisi ugereranyije n’ububiko butagira ico bukora, kuko gukoresha amagare ubudasiba bibuza uburyo bumwebumwe bwo kwonona gutera imbere. Uburyo bwiza cane ni uguhinduranya amabateri ubudasiba (gukoresha ku musi) ariko bukarinda gusohoka cane (kuguma afise umuriro hejuru ya 20%) n’ubushuhe bukaze.
Iterambere ry'ubuhinga bushasha rihindura ububiko
Ivyerekeye ububiko bw’inguvu z’izuba vyarateye imbere cane hagati ya 2023 na 2025, bishingiye ku gutera imbere kw’inguvu z’ubuhinga n’ubuhinga bushasha bwo gukora ibikoresho.
Inzira z'igiciro: Ibiciro vya bateri ya Lithium-ion vyagabanutse 43% kuva mu 2023 gushika mu ntango za 2024 mu Bushinwa, bishika ku madolari 115/kWh ku bikoresho vyuzuye. Ibiciro vyo muri Amerika biguma ari hejuru cane ku madolari 200-250/kWh kubera ubudasa bw’urugero rw’ibikorwa n’ibintu bifasha mu gutanga ibikoresho, ariko ubushobozi bwo gukora ibikorwa mu gihugu bwarongerekanye incuro zitanu hagati ya 2022 na 2024 hakurikijwe inzego z’Itegeko ryo Kugabanya Inflation. Ivyo bigabanya amafaranga bituma ububiko bushobora gukoreshwa mu vy’ubutunzi ku miryango myinshi-igihe co kwishura co gushiramwo ibintu vyagabanutse kuva ku myaka 12-15 gushika ku myaka 7-10 mu masoko menshi.
Ubundi buhinga bwa shimi buriko buraseruka: Mu gihe litiyumu-ion ari yo iganza ibikoresho vy'ubu, amabateri ya sodium{1}}ion n'ay'amazi akomeye yinjiye mu bucuruzi bwa kera mu 2024. urugendo-ubushobozi (60-92% ugereranije 95-99% vy’ivyo bita litiyumu. Birerekana umuhango w’ububiko buhagaze aho umwanya utagira aho ugarukira.
Bateri zikomeye-zisubirira amazi y’umuyagankuba n’ibikoresho bikomeye, bishobora gutanga uburemere bw’inguvu nyinshi n’umutekano mwiza. Abahinguzi benshi bamenyesheje ibintu vyo mu nzu vyo mu 2025-2026, naho ubu igiciro kinini co gukora ibintu bigabanya kwinjira mw’isoko.
Ubufatanye bw'uruzitiro rw'ubwenge: Uburyo bwa none bwo gukoresha amabateri burarushiriza kugira uruhara mu bikorwa vy’uruja n’uruza birenze ivyo mu rugo. Porogarama z’uruganda rw’amashanyarazi zikoranya amabateri yo mu nzu ibihumbi n’ibihumbi mu bushobozi bushobora kugenzurwa amashirahamwe y’amashanyarazi ashobora gutanga mu gihe abantu bakeneye cane. Abafise inzu bararonka amahera kubera ukuboneka kw’uruzitiro-Porogarama z’uruganda rw’amashanyarazi rwo muri California zitanga amadolari 100-300 ku mwaka kuri bateri yanditswe, mu gihe porogarama zo muri Texas zitanga amadolari 200-500 bivanye n’ubushobozi n’imihango y’ukuboneka.
Ubu buryo bwo gukoresha kabiri-butuma amabateri agira amahera n'igihe inzu idakeneye ubushobozi bwo gusubiza inyuma, bigatuma ubutunzi bw'umugambi butera imbere. Porogarama ziteye imbere zo gucunga amabateri zihuza ubuhinga bwo mu nzu kugira ngo zishobore kwishura mu masegonda makeyi ku bimenyetso vy’abakoresha uruja n’uruza, mu vy’ukuri zigatuma habaho uruganda rw’amashanyarazi rwo mu nzu.
Ivyiyumviro bitari vyo ku bijanye n'ububiko bw'inguvu z'izuba
Ivyizerwa vyinshi vyakwiragiye ku bijanye n’ububiko bw’inguvu z’izuba ntibihuye n’ingene inguvu zikora mu vy’ukuri.
"Amabateri atanga ubwigenge bw'inguvu": Naho ububiko bwongerera -ukwihagira, ubwigenge nyakuri bwo hanze y'uruzitiro busaba ubushobozi burenze urugero kubera uguhinduka kw'ibihe n'ibihe bibi vy'igihe kirekire. Uburyo bugenewe ivy’icuma burashobora kubura mu gihe c’imbeho izuba rigabanuka be n’ivyo gushushanya vyiyongera. Ukwigenga kw'inguvu nyakuri gutwara 2-3x kurusha ububiko buhuye n'uruzitiro butunganijwe kugira ngo umuntu yikoreshe ku musi.
Uburyo bwinshi bwo kubika amazi mu nzu buradondorwa neza nk'"ukwigenga kw'uruzitiro mu gihe c'uguhagarara" aho kwigenga kw'inguvu ubudasiba. Bagumya ububasha biciye mu guhungabana kw'igihe gito mu gihe baguma bahuye kugira ngo bashobore gutanga ububasha mu gihe kirekire-.
"Izuba ryose rirenze rija mu ma bateri": Amategeko y’ugupima uruja n’uruza n’imipaka y’ubushobozi bwa bateri akenshi bituma umuntu yohereza izuba ryinshi ku ruzitiro mbere n’aho hari ububiko bushizweho. Amabateri amaze gushika ku ntumbero yuzuye (mu bisanzwe mu gicugu ku misi y’izuba), izindi nzira z’izuba zigaburira uruzitiro rw’amazi kiretse iyo imizigo yo mu nzu yongerekanye. Ivyo biguma ari vyiza mu vy’ubutunzi mu gihe c’amajambo meza yo gupima urusenga, hakoreshejwe neza uruzitiro nk’ububiko bw’ubuntu butagira iherezo.
Mu gihe ca NEM 3.0 muri California, ibiciro bito vy’ivyoherezwa hanze bituma ivyoherezwa hanze vy’uruzitiro bidakwegera cane, ariko ubushobozi bw’amabateri buracari bugoberera ivyoherezwa hanze mu masaha y’isonga ry’ibikorwa. Gukoresha amabateri menshi cane kugira ngo afate amababi yose y’icuma arenga ubushobozi bukoreshwa nabi mu bindi bihe.
"Amabateri atuma izuba rikora mu gihe c'amazi": Iki ni igice-ukuri. Amabateri aratuma umuriro ushobora gukoreshwa mu gihe uzimye, mugabo amatara y’izuba arasaba ko abigira. Uburyo bw'izuba-gusa butagira amabateri ntibushobora gukora mu gihe uruzitiro rudakora neza, mbere no ku misi y'izuba, kubera uburinzi busabwa bwo kurwanya -izinga. Ihuriro ry’izuba n’ububiko rituma umuriro uzima, nta na kimwe muri vyo conyene gitanga iyo nzira ata nkomanzi.
Ukwitaho n'ubuzima buramba
Uburyo bwo kubika bushingiye kuri litiyumu-busaba gutunganirizwa guke ariko burangukira ku kugenzura no gukoreshwa rimwe na rimwe.
Ivyipfuzo vyo kwitaho: Bitandukanye n'amabateri y'amabuye y'agaciro-aside asaba kwongerwako amazi no gusukura amabarabara, ubuhinga bwa litiyumu mu vy'ukuri ntibukeneye kwitaho-kuva ku mbonerahamwe y'ukoresha. Ibikorwa vyemewe birimwo gusuzuma n’amaso ko ataco vyononekaye, gusuzuma ubushuhe bwo mu nzitiro za bateri, no gusubiramwo amakuru y’ukugenzura ubuhinga bwo gukora ko ataco bihinduye. Benshi mu bahinga basaba ko umuntu asuzumwa n’abahinga inyuma y’imyaka 2-3 kugira ngo asuzume ko akora neza be n’uko porogarama zihindurwa.
Ivyuma bigenzura sisitemu bikurikirana ibimenyetso nyamukuru vy'ibikorwa: inguvu zikoreshwa n'izisohoka ku musi, ubushobozi bwo gusubira inyuma-, ubushobozi burazimangana uko igihe kigenda kirarenga, n'ibara ry'ingendo. Gukevya gukomeye ku bikorwa vy’intango bishobora kwerekana ibibazo vy’ibice bisaba gukoreshwa imbere y’uko bituma sisitemu idakora neza.
Ivyitezwe vy'ubuzima vy'ukuri: Amabateri y’inzu y’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu-ion ashobora kumara imyaka 10 afise ubushobozi bwo kugumaho 70-80%, naho ubuzima nyabwo bushika imyaka 12-15. Ubushobozi buragabanuka buhoro buhoro aho gusenyuka bukwi na bukwi-bateri y’amashanyarazi 10 kWh yoshobora gutanga 8 kWh inyuma y’imyaka 10 na 6-7 kWh inyuma y’imyaka 15, iguma ikora ariko igabanywa igihe co gusubiza inyuma.
Itegeko ryo gusubirira rikwiye gutuma ubushobozi bugabanuka. Sisitemu ishobora gutanga imisi 2 iyo ari nshasha ishobora gutanga imisi 1.5 gusa inyuma y'imyaka 8-10. Bamwe mu bafise inzu bongerako ubushobozi hagati y’ubuzima aho gusubirira amabanki yose, cane cane n’uburyo bw’ibice bugenewe kwaguka.
Ivyiyumviro vyerekeye garanti: Ivyiyumviro vyinshi vy’amabateri bifata imyaka 10 canke 4.000-6.000 y’ingendo (ivyo vyose bizoshika ubwa mbere) n’ubushobozi bukeyi bushobora kugumaho bwa 70-80%. Amasezerano ya garanti aratandukanye cane-bamwe bamwe baratanga ubufasha bujanye n’igihe mu gihe abandi batanga ugusubirizwa kwose mu kiringo ca garanti iyo ubushobozi bugabanutse munsi y’urugero.
Soma neza ibisobanuro vy’igarantiya ku bijanye n’ingene bikoreshwa. Benshi ntibashiramwo ivy’ugukingira amabateri ashikiwe n’ubushuhe bukaze, ashizweho nabi, canke akoreshwa hanze y’imipaka y’umuriro/amashanyarazi yategekanijwe. Gushiramwo neza no kugenzura bifasha kumenya neza ko uburinzi bwa garanti buguma bukora.
Ibibazo bikunze kwibazwa
Bateri yuzuye umuriro imara igihe kingana iki?
Igihe bateri yuzuye kivana n’inguvu zikoreshwa. Bateri y’ama kWh 10 ikoresha frigo (150W), urumuri (200W), n’umurongo wa internet (50W) yomara nk’amasaha 25. Gukoresha ivyuma bikoresha umuyaga (2.000W) vyongeyeko bigabanya igihe kigashika ku masaha nka 5. Ivyinshi mu bikoresho bitanga amasaha 8-16 y’amashanyarazi ku mizigo y’ingenzi mu gihe c’uguhagarara.
Amatara y’izuba yoba ashobora gushaja amabateri mu gihe uruzitiro rwacitse?
Ego, ariko iyo gusa iyo nzira igenewe ivyo. DC-uburyo bufatanye n’uburyo bumwe bumwe buteye imbere bufatanye AC-bufise ibihimba vyihariye burashobora gucakira amabateri akoresheje izuba mu gihe izuba rizimye. Uburyo busanzwe buboshe bw'uruzitiro-ntibushobora-inverter y'izuba izima iyo itamenye umuriro w'uruzitiro, bikabuza bateri gucagura no ku misi y'izuba.
Amabateri yoba akora mu bihe vy’ubushuhe bukaze cane?
Bateri za litiyumu zikora mu bushuhe bwinshi ariko zitakaza ubushobozi n’ubuzima iyo zirengeje urugero. Ibikorwa bigabanuka 20-30% munsi ya degre -10 kandi ugusenyuka kwihuta hejuru ya degre 40 . Amabateri ashizwe mu bibanza bigenzurwa n’ikirere akora neza cane. Ivyo gushiramwo hanze canke mu garaje mu bihe vy’ikirere bikomeye cane bikwiye kubamwo ivyuma bizibira ubushuhe canke ivyuma bigenzura ubushuhe kugira ngo bibeho igihe kirekire.
Mbega birabereye kwongerako amabateri ku bijanye n’izuba ririho?
Ivy’ubutunzi vyo gusubiramwo ububiko bw’inguvu z’izuba bivana n’ibintu vyinshi: ibiciro vy’amashanyarazi yo mu karere (na cane cane igihe-c’itandukaniro ry’ugukoresha), indishi y’ugupima, incuro amashanyarazi azima, n’inkurikizi ziriho. Mu bice bifise ibiciro bitari vyo vyoherezwa hanze canke bikunda guhagarara, igihe co kwishura kimara imyaka 7-10. Kubera ko hariho ubuhinga bwo gupima neza n’ubuhinga bwo kwizigirwa, gushingira intahe ivy’amahera gusa biratuma umuntu agira ubushobozi bwo kwihangana kandi ubwigenge bw’inguvu buraca buba ikintu nyamukuru kivyura umutima.
Inguvu zigenda mu bikorwa vya misi yose
Mu musi usanzwe, uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’izuba buragendagenda mu bihugu vyinshi bikora uko uburyo bwo guhingura n’ugukoresha buhinduka.
Igitondo (6 z'ijoro - 9 z'ijoro): Amatara y’izuba atangura gutanga umuyagankuba uko izuba rirasa, naho nyene umusaruro uguma ari muto. Inzu ikura amashanyarazi ahanini ku ruzitiro canke ku mabati (iyo apfuye mw’ijoro). Uko izuba rigenda ryiyongera, ritangura guhura n’imitwaro yo mu rugo ataco rihinduye. Bateri yose isohoka mu ijoro ryose irahagarara uko izuba rifata.
Sasita (9 z'ijoro - 4 z'ijoro): Inguvu z’izuba zishika ku rwego rwo hejuru mu gihe imizigo yo mu rugo akenshi iguma iri hagati (na cane cane mu misi y’indwi). Izuba rirenze urugero ribanza gushaja amabateri ku rugero rwa 3-5 kW. Igihe amabateri ashitse ku charge yuzuye-kenshi nko ku muhingamo-ibindi bifungurwa vy'inyongera ku ruzitiro. Muri ayo masaha, iyo nzu ikoreshwa n’inguvu z’izuba gusa, amabateri arashaja yose, kandi uruzitiro ruraronka inguvu zirenga urugero.
Ku mugoroba (4 z'ijoro - 10 z'ijoro): Ivyo izuba rikora biragabanuka uko izuba rirenga mu gihe ivyo abantu bakeneye mu rugo bigenda biraduga uko abantu basubira muhira. Ubuhinga burahinduka kuva ku gushaja gushika ku gukuraho-amabateri arekura inguvu zibitswe kugira ngo zihe ubushobozi ibikorwa vyo ku mugoroba. Bivanye n’ubunini bwa bateri n’imitwaro yo mu nzu, inguvu zibitswe zishobora gupfuka isonga ryose ry’umugoroba canke zigashiramwo izuba hamwe n’inguvu zimwe zimwe zifata uruzitiro.
Ijoro (10 z'ijoro - 6 z'umuhingamo): Kubera ko ata n’izuba rikoreshwa, amazu arakoresha amabateri gushika apfuye, hanyuma agahindukira akaja ku ruzitiro, canke mu buryo bwo gusubiza inyuma, ahanini akoresha amashanyarazi y’uruzitiro mu gihe azigama umuriro w’amabateri iyo azimye. Sisitemu z'ubwenge zitunganijwe ku gihe-c'-ibiciro vy'ikoreshwa zishobora gusaba amashanyarazi y'ijoro atari make muri aya masaha.
Iyi nzira y'umusi iserukira ibikorwa bisanzwe mu buryo bwo kwikoresha.{0}}. Impinduka zishika bivanye n’ikirere (ibicu bigabanya amafaranga yo mu gicugu), itandukaniro ry’ibihe (imisi mikeyi y’urushana irahindura igihe c’ingendo), n’ingene umuntu wese akoresha. Ubuhinga burahinduka, bukaringaniza amasoko menshi y’ububasha n’imitwaro biciye ku BMS n’ubugenzuzi bw’inverter.
Gutahura izo nzira z'inguvu birafasha mu vyitezwe vy'ukuri-. Uburyo bwo kubika ntibukuraho ukuvyifatamwo ku ruzitiro ahubwo buratuma uruzitiro rugenda neza iyo ukoresheje uruzitiro, ruhindura ugukoresha kuva ku masaha azimvye gushika ku masaha atari make mu gihe utanga ubushobozi bwo gusubiza inyuma mu gihe umuriro uhagaze.
Ububiko bw’inguvu z’izuba buratorera umuti ukudahuza kw’igihe kw’ishimikiro hagati y’ugukoresha izuba n’ugukoresha umuyagankuba, bihindura inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo zigahinduka zishobora kwizigirwa, zikora isaha yose. Iryo koraniro ryarakuze cane-ibiciro vyagabanutse n’igice hagati ya 2020 na 2024, mu gihe ubushobozi n’ubuzima vyarateye imbere cane. Ku bafise inzu, ihitamwo rigenda rirushirizaho si nimba ububiko bufise insiguro mu vy’ubuhinga ahubwo ni nimba inyungu z’ubutunzi n’ukwihangana zituma umuntu ashobora gushiramwo amahera imbere y’igihe mu mibereho yabo.