Ububiko bw’inguvu za bateri ya litiyumu bufata inguvu z’umuyagankuba biciye mu bikorwa vy’imiti bishobora guhinduka hagati ya katode irimwo litiyumu-n’anode ishingiye kuri karboni-, n’iyon za litiyumu zica mu gikoresho c’umuyagankuba mu gihe c’ingendo z’ugushaja n’ugusohora. Ivyo bihindura inguvu z’umuyagankuba zikaba inguvu zishobora gukoreshwa mu kubika, hanyuma zigasubira kuba umuyagankuba iyo bikenewe.
Ishirahamwe ry'ubuhinga bw'amashanyarazi
Ivyuma bifasha ububiko bw’inguvu bwa bateri ya litiyumu bishingiye ku nzira z’uguhindura ivyuka -igabanya ivyuka bibera ku bikoresho bibiri vy’amashanyarazi vyibiye mu munyuro w’ivyuma vy’amashanyarazi. Iyo bateri isohotse kugira ngo ikoreshe umuzigo, iyoni za litiyumu (Li+) ziva ku nzira y’umuyagankuba y’amazi zija ku nzira y’umuyagankuba y’amazi zija ku nzira y’umuyagankuba y’amazi. Ico gihe nyene, ama elegitoroni araca mu nzira y’inyuma mu nzira imwe, agatuma haba umuyagankuba.
Iryo anode rigizwe n’ivyuma vyitwa graphite, aho atome za litiyumu zifatanya-zinjira mu buryo bw’umubiri-hagati y’ibice vy’atome za karboni mu buryo bugereranywa na LiC6 (atome imwe ya litiyumu ku atome zitandatu za karboni). Mu gihe c’ugusohoka, izo atome za litiyumu ziragira oxidation, zigatakaza ama elegitoroni kugira ngo zibe iyoni za litiyumu zifise ubushobozi bwiza. Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri bibohotse bica mu nzira y’inyuma, bikajana ububasha ku bikoresho canke ku nzira zihuye.
Ku katode, habaho inyishu z’ugugabanya. Ibikoresho vya katode bimenyerewe ni nk’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (LiCoO2), ivyuma vy’ivyuma (LiFePO4), canke ivyuma vy’ivyuma (NMC). Iyo iyoni za litiyumu zishitse kuri katode zihejeje guca muri electrolyte, zica zikira electrons zaciye mu nzira y’inyuma, zigaheza zigaheza zigakora. Ukwo guhinduranya ama electrons hagati ya anode na cathode-gufashwa n’uguhinduka kw’ama ions ya litiyumu-ni kwo gutuma haba inguvu z’umuyagankuba dukoresha.
Ico gikoresho gikora nk’inzira ndende y’iyon. Amabateri menshi ya litiyumu-iyon akoresha litiyumu hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) iyunguruwe mu bihimba vy’umubiri biva mu bihimba vy’umubiri. Ivyo bikoresho vy’amazi bituma iyoni za litiyumu zigenda neza hagati y’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi mu gihe zibuza gukorana n’amashanyarazi bishobora gutuma bateri idakora neza. Igikoresho gitandukanya ibintu bifise uturongo dutoduto cane kiragabanya mu buryo bw’umubiri anode na cathode, kigatuma ion zigenda mu gihe zibuza elegitoroni guca.
Igikoresho-Ikizunguruko co gusohora
Igituma ububiko bw’inguvu bwa bateri ya litiyumu bugira agaciro cane ni uko bushobora gusubira inyuma. Iyo ihujwe n’inkomoko y’amashanyarazi-amatara y’izuba, amatara y’umuyaga, canke uruzitiro rw’amashanyarazi-ivyo vyose birahinduka. Iyon za litiyumu zisubira inyuma zivuye muri cathode zija muri anode, aho zibikwa nk’ibara ry’umuhondo. Electrons zica mu nzira iteye kubiri n'iyo nzira, mu vy'ukuri "zisunika" inguvu zigasubira muri bateri.
Ubwo bushobozi bwo gukoresha inzira zibiri ni co gituma izo sisitemu ziruta ayandi mu kubika ibintu ku ruzitiro. Mu bihe vy’amashanyarazi menshi ashobora gusubirwamwo canke amashanyarazi make, amabateri arashaja mu gufata amashanyarazi arenze urugero. Iyo ivyifuzo bishitse ku rwego rwo hejuru canke umusaruro ushobora gusubirwamwo ugabanutse, igikorwa co gusohora inguvu zibitswe zigasubira ku ruzitiro. Ico gice gishobora gusubiramwo incuro ibihumbi-amabateri ya litiyumu-ion yo muri iki gihe ashika ku 2.000 gushika ku 5.000 y’ugucapura kwuzuye-imbere y’uko ubushobozi bugenda buhungabana cane.
Ubushobozi bw'iyi nzira y'urugendo rw'uruziga- (inguvu zisohoka zigabanywe n'inguvu zinjira) mu bisanzwe bushika kuri 85% ku mirongo y'uruzitiro-. Ukwo gutakaza 15% kugaragara nk’ubushuhe, ni co gituma uburongozi bw’ubushuhe buba ikintu gihambaye cane mu bikoresho bininibinini. Inguvu zimwe zimwe zirazimangana ata kabuza mu gihe c’uguhindura ibintu vy’imiti be n’ugutwara ions biciye mu gikoresho c’umuyagankuba.
Uburyo bwo gucunga bateri
Nta buryo bwo kubika inguvu za bateri ya litiyumu bukora ata bikoresho vy’ubwenge bigenzura. Uburyo bwo gucunga amabateri (BMS) bugenzura amajana y'ibipimo mu gihe nyaco-: amashanyarazi y'ingingo z'umubiri, ubushuhe, uruja n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi, n'ingene umuriro uri. Ukwo kugenzura kurakingira ibintu vyoshobora kwonona bateri canke bikazana ingorane z’umutekano.
Gusaba amahera menshi cane bigereranya ikintu nyamukuru gihangayikishije. Iyo inguvu nyinshi cane zitemba muri bateri yuzuye, iyoni za litiyumu zirenga aho zishobora kwinjira, bishobora gutuma litiyumu y’icuma-itera ku ruhande rw’anode aho kwinjira hagati y’ibipande vya graphite. Ivyo bihimba bishobora guhingura dendrites, utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto dumeze nk’urushinge-dushobora gutobora igitandukanya maze tugatuma bateri igira umuriro mutoyi, bigatuma ubushuhe buhunga.
BMS na yo nyene iracungera uburinganire bw’ingingo ngenderwako. Mu gitereko c’amabateri kirimwo amajana canke ibihumbi vy’utugingo ngengabuzima tw’umuntu ku giti ciwe dufatanye mu buryo bukurikirana kandi buhuye, uguhinduka gutoyi kw’ubushobozi n’ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibintu biri imbere ni ikintu kidashobora gukurwaho. Iyo ataco bikoze, utugingo ngengabuzima tumwetumwe twoba dufise ubushobozi burenze urugero mu gihe ubundi bwoba burengeje urugero mu gihe c’ingendo imwe imwe, ivyo bikaba bituma utugingo ngengabuzima twihuta kwonona. BMS iringaniza ingero z’amashanyarazi mu ngingo zose, bigatuma iyo sisitemu imara igihe kirekire.
Gucungera ubushuhe ni ikindi gikorwa gihambaye cane. Bateri za litiyumu zikora neza hagati ya degre 15 na degre 35 . Munsi ya 0℃, ingorane zo gutera litiyumu ziragwira cane kubera ko ukugenda kw’iyon mu mazi y’umuyagankuba kugabanuka. Hejuru ya degre 45 , ibintu bitari vyiza bica vyihuta, bikarya litiyumu ikora kandi bikasenya ibihimba vy’amazi. Uburyo bunini bwo kubika inguvu za bateri bushiramwo uburyo bwo gukonjesha amazi, ugutembera kw’umuyaga, canke ibikoresho vyo guhindura inzira-kugira ngo ubushuhe bube bwiza.
Kuva ku ngingo gushika ku mirongo
Gutahura ingene igice kimwe c’ibati gikora, bica bimurikira igice gusa c’ivyo bintu. Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z'amabateri ya litiyumu ku rugero rw'uruzitiro-bukoranya ibihumbi vy'utugingo ngengabuzima mu bice, bifatanya bikagira ibitereko, vyuzuza ibice vy'ubunini bw'ibikoresho vyo gutwara ibintu -. Ugushiraho urugero rw'ubuhinga-gushobora kubamwo amajana y'ivyo bikoresho.
Uburyo bwo guhindura amashanyarazi (PCS) burahuza urutonde rw’amabateri n’uruzitiro rw’amashanyarazi. Kubera ko amabateri akoresha umuriro utaziguye (DC) mu gihe uruzitiro rukoresha umuriro uhinduka (AC), ama inverter arahindura inguvu ziri hagati y’izo nzira. Inverters za none zitanga kandi ibikorwa vy’uruzitiro birenze gushaja no gukuraho -zishobora gutera canke gufata ubushobozi bwo gusubiza kugira ngo zitunganye umuriro, zitunganye isohoka ryazo kugira ngo zigumye incuro z’uruzitiro, no kwishura ku bihungabanya uruzitiro mu masegonda makeyi.
California yashizeho ubushobozi bwo kubika amabateri 7.3 GW mu mwaka w’2024, ahanini ikoresheje ubuhinga bwa litiyumu-ion. Texas yongeyeko 3,2 GW. Izo nzira ntizibika gusa inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo kugira ngo zizokoreshwe mu nyuma; zisubirira amahinguriro "peaker" ya gaze kamere yahora atanga ubushobozi bwo gusubiza inyuma mu bihe vy'ugusaba cane-. Bateri y’amasaha 4 irashobora gusohoka ku nguvu zose mu kiringo c’amasaha ane imbere y’uko ihera, ivyo bikaba bituma ishobora gupfuka ibihe vy’ugusaba vyinshi ku mugoroba iyo izuba rigabanutse ariko ikoreshwa ry’amashanyarazi riguma ari ryinshi.
Ubuhinga bwa shimi bw'ibikoresho
Si amabateri yose ya litiyumu-ion akoresha ubuhinga bumwe. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ibara ry’agahama ni vyo bigena ibiranga ibikorwa nyamukuru. Bateri za litiyumu iron phosphate (LFP) zacitse zihambaye mu bikorwa vyo kubika ibintu bihagaze, zifata 80% vy’ibintu bishasha vyashizweho mu 2023. ubuzima, akenshi bukaba burenga inzinguzingu 5.000.
Ico bihindura ni uburemere bw’inguvu. LFP ibika nk’ibice 160 Wh/kg ku rugero rw’ingingo, ugereranyije n’ibice 200-300 Wh/kg ku bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa shimi vya NMC. Ivyo birahambaye cane ku modoka zikoresha umuyagankuba aho uburemere n’ubunini bigoranye, ariko ntaco bimaze cane ku bubiko bw’amashanyarazi aho umwanya w’umubiri ari mwinshi kandi umutekano, ubuzima buramba, n’igiciro bifata imbere.
Nickel-rich cathodes zitanga uburemere bwinshi bw'inguvu kandi zirakundwa ku bikorwa bisaba ububiko bwinshi mu kibanza gitoyi. Ariko rero, zirazimvye cane kubera ko zirimwo cobalt na nickel, kandi zisaba ubuhinga buhambaye bwo gucungera ubushuhe. Cathode ifata hafi 30% vy’igiciro cose c’amabateri, rero uguhitamwo ibikoresho biragira ingaruka nyinshi ku bukungu bw’umugambi.
Ubushakashatsi burabandanya ku bindi bikoresho vyo gukoresha anode. Silikoni ishobora kubika incuro cumi litiyumu kuruta graphite ku buremere bw’ikintu kimwe, ariko iravyimba cane mu gihe c’uguhindura litiyumu, bikaba bituma haba umubabaro w’ubuhinga ucagura ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba inyuma y’ingendo zisubirwamwo. Uburyo bukoreshwa ubu buravanga utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto tw’ivyuma bita silikoni n’ivyuma bita graphite, bikaba bituma ubushobozi bugenda buratera imbere mu gihe umuntu ariko aracungera ingorane yo kwagura. Lithium titanate anodes zitanga umutekano udasanzwe kandi zishobora gucakira ningoga cane, ariko uburemere bwazo bw’inguvu buke n’igiciro kinini biragabanya ukwemerwa.
Ugusenyuka kw'ibikorwa n'ubuzima
Ubushobozi bwa bateri buragabanuka buhoro buhoro biciye mu gukoresha. Buri nzira y’ugusohoka kw’umuriro-ifata agace gatoyi k’umuriro ukora biciye mu bikorwa vy’inyuma bidashobora gusubira inyuma. Igikoresho gikomeye-igice c'umubiri gikorana n'umuyagankuba (SEI)-igice c'uburinzi gica ku ruhande rw'anode-gikomeza gukura, kikarya iyoni za litiyumu. Ibikoresho vya katode birasenyuka buhoro buhoro, bikarekura ions z’ivyuma zija muri anode aho zishobora gutuma habaho ibintu bidakenewe.
Igipimo c’ubushobozi buzimangana kivana cane n’ingene bikora. Bateri zigenda hagati ya 20% na 80% y’ubushobozi zigenda zigabanuka buhoro cane kuruta izo zisanzwe zishaja gushika ku 100% zigasohoka gushika ku 0%. Ubushuhe bwinshi bwihuta gusenyuka cane-gukora kuri degre 45 ugereranije na degre 25 bishobora kugabanya igice c'ubuzima bukoreshwa. Igitigiri kinini co gushaja no gusohora (C-rates) na co nyene kiratuma umuntu agira ububabare, naho nyene utugingo ngengabuzima two muri iki gihe dushobora gukora neza cane igitigiri ca 1C (ugushaja canke gusohora mw’isaha imwe).
Uburyo bwo gupima uruzitiro-busanzwe buhagarika amabateri iyo ubushobozi bugabanutse kuri 70-80% y'umwimerere. Ariko amabateri ntaco amaze muri iki gihe. Isoko ry'ubuzima bwa kabiri ririko rirakura risubira gukoresha amabateri y'imodoka kugira ngo abike ahantu hadahinduka. Bateri z’ibinyabiziga vy’umuyagankuba zacitse intege, zitagikwiriye ibikorwa bisaba cane vyo gutwara abantu n’ibintu, zirashobora gukora imyaka myinshi mu bikorwa vy’umuyagankuba bitasaba cane. Ivyo bikoresho bitera imbere mu vy’ubutunzi n’ubuzima buramba bw’ubuhinga bwa bateri ya litiyumu.
Ugushiramwo uburyo bwo kubika inguvu
Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu za bateri ya litiyumu ntibukora ubwabwo. Bifatanya n’amashanyarazi ashobora gusubirwamwo, amahinguriro asanzwe, ibikorwa remezo vyo gutanga amashanyarazi, n’amasoko y’amashanyarazi. Itongo ry’izuba ryifatanijwe n’ububiko bwa bateri rishobora gutanga ubushobozi bukomeye-bushobora gutanga amashanyarazi mu masaha yihariye-aho gutanga amashanyarazi agenda arahinduka bivanye n’ikirere. Ivyo bihindura izuba kuva ku kintu gishingiye ku kirere-kigira ikintu cegera uruganda rw'amashanyarazi rushobora gurungikwa.
Ikoreshwa ryihuta-rikura ni ugutegeka incuro. Ivyuma vy’amashanyarazi bitegerezwa kuguma bifise incuro zibereye (60 Hz muri Amerika y’Uburaruko, 50 Hz mu bindi bice vyinshi) mu kwama biringaniza amashanyarazi n’umuzigo. Iyo ivyipfuzo vyiyongereye bukwi na bukwi, incuro ziragabanuka; iyo uruvyaro rurenze ivyo rusaba, incuro ziraduga. Mu migenzo, amahinguriro manini manini akoresha ubushuhe yarahindura ivyo akora kugira ngo akosore ukudahukana. Ivyuma vy’amabateri birashobora kwishura mu milisegonda aho kwishura mu minota, bikaba bitanga uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha incuro zikoresheje ubushobozi buke cane.
Igihe-guhindura kigereranya ikindi gikorwa gihambaye. Mu masoko afise igihe-co-gukoresha igiciro c'amashanyarazi, amabateri arashaja iyo ibiciro biri hasi (mu bisanzwe mu masaha y'amashanyarazi menshi ashobora gusubirwamwo) kandi agaca ashaja iyo ibiciro biri ku rugero rwo hejuru. California ihora itanga inguvu z’izuba zirengeye mu gihe c’umuhingamo-rimwe na rimwe itanga ingufu nyinshi kuruta izo uruzitiro rushobora gukoresha. Uburyo bwo kubika ibintu buranywa ivyo birenze urugero, hanyuma bikabisohora mu masaha y’umugoroba igihe izuba rikoreshwa rigabanuka cane ariko ivyifuzo bikaguma ari vyinshi.
Umutekano n'Ubushuhe Buhunga
Ubushuhe buhunga-ubushuhe bwihuta -uruhererekane aho ubushuhe buva burengeye ubushuhe buva mu bushuhe-bugereranya ikibazo gikomeye cane c'umutekano ku kubika inguvu za bateri ya litiyumu. Iyo umuntu amaze gutangura, ubushuhe bwo mu mutima burashobora kurenga degre 800 , bugatuma haba imyuka ishobora kwaka kandi bishobora gutuma haba umuriro.
Ico kivyura gishobora kuba imbere canke hanze. Ivyuma bigufi vyo mu mutima bishobora guterwa n’uguhingura ama dendrite, ukunanirwa kw’ibitandukanya canke ukudakora neza kw’ivyo bikoresho. Ibintu vyo hanze ni nk’uko umuntu yononekara, akayikoresha cane canke akayikoresha mu bushuhe bwinshi. Igihe ingingo imwe yinjiye mu nzira y’ubushuhe, ubushuhe burashobora gukwiragira mu ngingo ziri hafi, bukaba bushobora guca mu gice cose canke mu gitereko.
Ubuhinga bwo kwikingira bwa none bukoresha ibice vyinshi vyo kwikingira. Ku rugero rw’ingingo, abatandukanya bakoresha ibikoresho vy’ivyuma-bipfutse iyo ubushuhe burengeye, bikabuza gutwara iyoni. Ku rugero rw'ibice, inzitizi zishobora guhangana n'umuriro{3}}n'ibice vy'ubushuhe bibuza ubushuhe gukwiragira hagati y'ingingo. Uburinzi bw'urugero rwa sisitemu-burimwo gutahura ubushuhe bwinshi, gucapura ubwavyo ibice bifise amakosa, n'uburyo bwihariye bwo kuzimya umuriro.
Ivyago vy’umuriro vyaragabanutse cane uko ubuhinga bwagenda burakura. Igitigiri c’ibintu bikomeye vyabaye mu bijanye n’umutekano wo kubika amabateri caragabanutse mu 2024 ugereranyije n’imyaka iheze, hari ibintu bitanu gusa bikomeye vyabaye kw’isi yose. Ivyuma vya kera vyakoresha kenshi ubuhinga bwa nickel-manganese-cobalt mu mibumbe idashobora gutorera umuti neza ubushuhe. Imigambi yo muri iki gihe ikoresha cane cane ubuhinga bwa LFP bufise imiterere y’ibice, ifise umwuka mwiza ugabanya cane ingorane z’umuriro.
Umuriro wo muri Mukakaro 2025 ku kibanza ca Moss Landing muri California-watumye abaturage 1.200 bahunga -wari ufise ubuhinga bwa kera. Amategeko agenga umutekano yo muri iki gihe, canecane NFPA 855 yemejwe mu bihugu vyinshi, asaba ko habaho itandukaniro hagati y’ibitereko vy’amabateri, ugushiramwo umwuka mwiza, n’uburyo bwo gukingira umuriro bugenewe canecane gukingira umuriro gukwiragira. Ivyo bipimo birabandanya gutera imbere uko iyo nganda yirundanira ubumenyi mu bijanye n’ibikorwa.
Ibikorwa vy'ubutunzi
Ibiciro vyo kubika inguvu z’amabateri ya litiyumu vyaragabanutse cane. Igiciro cagabanutse kiva ku madolari 1.400 ku kilowatt{3}}isaha mu 2010 kija ku madolari 139/kWh mu 2023, hakaba hariho ivyitezwe ko kizogabanuka 40% mu 2030. gutera imbere, n’uguhiganwa gukomeye hagati y’abahingura.
Ubushinwa ni bwo burongoye ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga kw’isi yose, bukora hafi 70% vy’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion yinjira mw’isoko. Igihugu gifise ubuhinga bwo gutanga ibikoresho, kuva ku gucukura no gutunganya litiyumu gushika mu guhingura amaseli n’ugushiramwo ubuhinga, biratanga inyungu nyinshi ku giciro. Isoko ryo mu Bushinwa ryo mu kwezi kwa kigarama 2024 ry’ibibanza vyo gukingira amabateri hamwe n’uburyo bwo guhindura amashanyarazi ryari rifise amadolari 66/kWh, ni nk’igice c’amahera yo kw’isi yose iyo hatarimwo amahera yo gushiramwo n’ayo gufatanya amashanyarazi.
Igiciro c'ububiko (LCOS)-igiciro cose -ku kilowatt-isaha y'inguvu zitangwa mu kiringo c'ubuzima bw'umurongo-gihinduka bivanye n'ikoreshwa n'aho biherereye. Ubu ubuhinga bwa litiyumu-ion burahangana n’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa gaze kavukire mu kiringo c’amasaha ashika kuri 4-8. Igihe kirekire kiraba urugamba; isano hagati y’ubushobozi bwo kubika n’igiciro bisigura ko uburyo bw’amasaha 10 bugura nk’incuro 2,5 uburyo bw’amasaha 4 mu gihe amahirwe y’inyongera y’inyungu ashobora kutagira urugero rujanye n’ivyo.
Ivyo vy’ukuri vy’ubutunzi birasigura igituma amashirahamwe menshi y’ububiko bw’amazi akoresha uburyo bw’amasaha 2-4. Igihe c’amasaha gisanzwe cavuye ku masaha 1,8 mu 2020 kija ku masaha 2,4 mu 2024, ariko gushika ku masaha 10+ bisaba ubuhinga butandukanye. Bateri zigenda, ububiko bw'umuyaga, canke ihydrogène y'icatsi kibisi bica bihenda cane-ku bikorwa vy'igihe kirekire cane, naho litiyumu-ion iguma itera imbere mu bukungu bwayo mu bihe bishika amasaha 8-10.
Ukwiyongera kw'isoko n'inzira ya kazoza
Ikoreshwa ry’ububiko bw’inguvu z’amabateri kw’isi yose ryashitse kuri 160 GW z’ubushobozi bwo gukorana mu 2024, 72 GW zongewe muri uwo mwaka gusa-bigereranya ibirenga 45% vy’inguvu zose zashizweho mu mateka. Ubushinwa ni bwo bwarongoye n’ubushobozi bushasha bwa 36 GW, bukurikirwa na Amerika n’ubushobozi bwa 13 GW, Uburayi bufise 10 GW. Ukwo kwiyongera gukomeye kwerekana ibiciro bigabanutse, politike zifasha, n’ukwiyongera kw’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo zisaba ububiko kugira ngo uruja n’uruza rw’inguvu rube rudahungabana.
Isoko ritegerezwa kwaguka kuva ku madolari 13,7 miliyaridi mu 2024 gushika ku madolari 43,4 miliyaridi mu 2030, rizokura ku rugero rwa 21% ku mwaka. Infashanyo y’ingingo mfatirwako yihutisha kwemerwa-intara cumi n’ibiri za Amerika zashizeho intumbero zo gukoresha ububiko bw’inguvu, kandi amategeko nk’ayo arahari kw’isi yose. Ubumwe bw’Uburayi bwatanze 20% y’IVA ku bikoresho vyo kubika amabateri mu 2023, mu gihe Ubushinwa butanga infashanyo nyinshi ku bikoresho vyo gushiramwo amabateri ku rugero rw’uruzitiro-.
Lithium-ion birashoboka ko izoguma ihambaye gushika muri 2030 ku bikorwa vyinshi, ariko ubundi buryo buraza. Bateri za sodium-ion, zikoresheje sodium nyinshi aho gukoresha litiyumu, zishobora gufata ibice 10% vy’isoko ryo kubika inguvu mu mwaka w’2030, cane cane ku bikorwa aho uburemere bw’inguvu buke bwemewe. Izo bateri zigura nk’ibice 30 kw’ijana bikeyi kuruta ibindi bihuye n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma.
Bateri zikomeye-zigereranya igihe kirekire-ihinduka. Mu gusubirira amazi y’umuyagankuba n’ibikoresho bikomeye vy’umuyagankuba, bisezerana uburemere bw’inguvu nyinshi (bishobora kurenga 400 Wh/kg), umutekano mwiza kubera amazi y’umuyagankuba adashobora kwaka, n’ubuzima buramba bw’ingendo. Abahinguzi bakuru b’imiduga baratangaje imigambi yo gucuruza mu mpera z’imyaka ya 2020, kandi ibikorwa vyo kubika ibintu bihagaze vyokurikira. Ariko rero, gukora amabateri akomeye-ku rugero n’ibiciro vyemewe biracari bitaratorera umuti.
Ibibazo bikunze kwibazwa
Ni gute uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri ya litiyumu bukora neza ugereranije n’ubundi buhinga bwo kubika inguvu?
Lithium-ion systems zishika ku 85% z'urugendo-rugendo nk'urugero rw'ugushiraho ibikoresho-, ziruta ubundi buryo bwinshi. Ububiko bw’amashanyarazi y’amazi bupompa buva kuri 70-80% y’ubushobozi, ububiko bw’umuyaga ufise ubushobozi bushika kuri 42-55%, kandi amabateri agendagenda atanga 60-80%. Ni uburyo bumwe bumwe bwo kubika ibintu nk’amapine y’umuyaga gusa buhuye canke burengeye ubushobozi bwa litiyumu-ion, ariko bugarukira ku bihe bigufi cane vy’ugusohoka kw’iminota aho gusohoka amasaha.
Ni igiki gituma ubushobozi bwa bateri ya litiyumu bugabanuka uko igihe kigenda kirarenga?
Uburyo bwinshi buratuma ubushobozi buzimangana. Igipande gikomeye-c’interphase y’amashanyarazi kiri ku anode gikomeza gukura, kikarya ions za litiyumu mu bikorwa vyo ku ruhande. Ibikoresho vy’ivyuma bigenda birabora buhorobuhoro, bikarekura ivyuma bigenda bimukira muri anode maze bikaba bituma bikomeza gusenyuka. Ivyo bihimba vy’umuyagankuba birasenyuka iyo bishikiwe n’umuyagankuba, bikagira ibisigazwa vy’umuyagankuba ku bipande vy’umuyagankuba. Gukora ku bushuhe bwinshi, ibihe vy'umuriro wuzuye, canke umuriro wihuta-ibiciro vy'ugusohoka vyihuta ivyo bikorwa vyose.
Amabateri ya litiyumu yoba ashobora guturika, kandi ivyo bishobora gute gukingirwa?
Ubushuhe bushobora gutuma haba umuriro n’ibiturika iyo imyuka ya bateri ituritse mu bibanza bigoye, naho ivyo ari bike cane iyo bikozwe neza. Uburyo bwo muri iki gihe burabibuza biciye ku buryo bwinshi bwo kwirinda: ibikoresho bitandukanya ibintu vy’ibara ry’agahama bishobora gufunga iyo ubushuhe buri hejuru, inzitizi z’ubushuhe hagati y’ingingo, ugukurikirana cane ubushuhe, gucapura ibice vy’umubiri, uburyo bwihariye bwo kuzimya umuriro, n’uguhitamwo neza ubuhinga bw’ingingo (LFP chemistry is mostly gridable used inra).
Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’amabateri ya litiyumu bumara igihe kingana iki?
Uburyo bw'urugero rwa litiyumu-ion bukora imyaka 10-15 imbere y'uko bisaba gusubirizwa bateri, bushika ku 2.000{9}}5.000 z'ingendo z'ugushaja kwuzuye-bivanye n'ubuhinga n'imiterere y'ibikorwa. Bateri za LFP muri rusangi zimara igihe kirekire kuruta izindi za NMC. Ivyo bikoresho-inverters, uburyo bwo kugenzura, inzu-kenshi bimara imyaka 20-25, bikaba vyemerera gusubirizwa amabateri ata gusubira kwubaka ivyumba vyose. Ivy’ugukora biragira ingaruka nyinshi ku buzima; guhagarika ibice vy’amashanyarazi ku 20-80% aho kugera kuri 0-100% birashobora gutuma ubuzima bw’ingendo bugira kabiri.
Inkurikizi zagutse
Uburyo bwo gukora bw’ububiko bw’inguvu za bateri ya litiyumu-iyon za litiyumu zigendagenda hagati y’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi mu gihe ama elegitoroni agendagenda mu mirongo y’inyuma-bwacitse umushinge w’uguhinduka kw’inguvu. Izo nzira ntizitanga umuyagankuba, ariko ubushobozi bwazo bwo gutandukanya igihe co gutanga umuyagankuba n’ugukoresha butuma inkomoko z’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo zitanga umuyagankuba wizigirwa naho zishobora guhinduka.
Abakoresha amashanyarazi bararushiriza kubona ko ububiko bw’amabateri atari ubuhinga bushasha ahubwo ari ibikorwa remezo bihambaye. Ishirahamwe ry’Amerika ryitaho amakuru y’inguvu rivuga ko ubushobozi bwa bateri buzorenga ubw’amageneratore akoreshwa na peteroli mu mwaka w’2025.
Ivyo bikoresho birabandanya gutera imbere cane. Ubushakashatsi bwibanda ku kwongerera uburemere bw’inguvu, kugabanya ibiciro, gutuma habaho umutekano mwiza, no gutegura ibikoresho bishobora kuramba. Kugira ngo umuntu ashike ku rugero rw’amasaha y’ububiko bukenewe ku bikoresho bifise ubushobozi bwo kubika 930 GW muri Amerika yonyene mu mwaka w’2050-bizosaba ko habaho ugukomeza gukora ibintu bishasha mu vy’ubuhinga bw’ibikoresho, uburyo bwo gukora, no gukorana n’ibindi bikoresho.
Hagati aho, ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi bibera imbere mu bihimba vy’amabateri amamiliyoni kw’isi yose, bitaboneka ku bakoresha ariko bikaba bikora ubudasiba, birarushiriza kumenya igihe amatara yacu aguma yaka, amahinguriro yacu akora, n’inguvu zacu zishobora gusubirwamwo zigashika kuri twebwe.