Igikoresho c’amabateri gikora mu gufatanya utugingo ngengabuzima twinshi tw’amabateri biciye mu gukurikirana no mu gutunganya ibintu bihuye kugira ngo umuntu ashike ku nkomezi canke ubushobozi bwinshi kuruta ubwo bateri imwe ishobora gutanga. Amahuza y’urutonde yongera umuriro mu gihe amahuza y’uruhererekane yongera ubushobozi, bikaba bituma urutonde rushobora guhuzwa n’inguvu n’inguvu zikenewe.
Ubwubatsi bw'amabateri
Amabateri akora biciye ku buryo bumwe bumwe bushobora gutuma utugingo ngengabuzima tumwetumwe tugira utugingo ngengabuzima tunini. Ku mushinge, amabateri imwe -mu bisanzwe 3.6V gushika kuri 3.7V ku litiyumu-ion-ntishobora gutanga ubushobozi ku bikorwa vyinshi bisaba amashanyarazi menshi canke igihe kirekire co gukora. Ubwubatsi bw'imirongo buratorera umuti ivyo mu gutunganya utugingo ngengabuzima mu bice, ibice mu mapaki, n'amapaki mu mirongo yuzuye.
Ivyo bikoresho bikurikiza ingingo ngenderwako zisa n’iz’amatara y’izuba. Utugingo ngengabuzima tumwetumwe turarundanya mu buryo bukurikirana kugira ngo twongere umuriro, hanyuma izo nzira z’urutonde zigafatanya mu buryo bumwe kugira ngo zongere ubushobozi. Bateri ya laptop isanzwe ikoresha uburyo bwa 4s2p: amaseli ane mu rutonde (14.4V) n’imigwi ibiri ihuye (ubushobozi bubiri). Ivyo ubishire hejuru incuro ibihumbi, maze ubone amabateri y'ubuhinga nk'aya Tesla Hornsdale Power Reserve afise ubushobozi bwa 150MW.
Uburongozi bw'ibice bitatu-:
Itunganywa ry’umubiri mu bisanzwe rikurikira ivyicaro bitatu. Igipande c'ingingo kirimwo ibice vy'amabateri-ingingo z'umubiri 18650, ingingo z'umubiri, canke ingingo z'umufuko. Ivyo bice bifatanya utugingo ngengabuzima 10-100 hamwe n’ugukurikirana guhuriweko. Igipande c’urutonde gifatanya ibice vyinshi n’uburyo bwo kurongora buhuriweko.
Ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa none bishiramwo ubuhinga buhambaye bwo gucunga amabateri (BMS) ku rugero rwose. Izo sisitemu zigenzura umuriro, umuriro, ubushuhe, n'ingene umuriro uri ku rugingo rwose. Iyo ata gukurikirana, utugingo ngengabuzima turashobora guhungabana, bigatuma utugingo ngengabuzima tudakora neza canke tukagira ibibazo vy’umutekano.
Urutonde n'Ibihuye: Inguvu-Ubucuruzi bw'Ubushobozi-Izimye
Gutahura ingene amahuzu y’urutonde n’ay’uruhererekane akora birerekana igituma amabateri ashobora guhinduka.
Urutonde rw'imiterereihuza amabateri iherezo-ku -iherezo, ihuza iherezo ryiza rya bateri imwe n'iherezo ribi ry'iyindi. Iyi ndinganizo yongerako amashanyarazi mu gihe ubushobozi buguma ari bumwe. Bateri zine z’amashanyarazi 12V 100Ah zikurikiranye zituma habaho ubuhinga bwa 48V 100Ah. Iryo joro ryinshi ni ngirakamaro ku bikorwa nk’ibinyabiziga bikoresha umuyagankuba n’ibikoresho bihindura umuriro w’izuba bikeneye ubushobozi bwinshi ata gukura umuriro mwinshi biciye mu nsinga.
Iryo formule riragororotse: Inguvu zose hamwe=Ingufu ku Seli × Umubare w'Iseli ziri mu Rutonde. Bateri ya Tesla Model 3 irimwo utugingo ngengabuzima nka 4.416 dushizwe mu migwi 96 y’utugingo ngengabuzima 46 kuri buri kimwe cose, kikaba gishika ku bushobozi bw’umuriro bugera kuri 350V.
Gutunganya bihuyeikora mu buryo butandukanye. Ihuza ama terminals yose meza hamwe n’ama terminals yose mabi hamwe. Ivyo bituma umuriro uguma udahinduka mu gihe ubushobozi bugenda buragwiza. Bateri zine za 12V 100Ah zifatanye zigumya 12V ariko zitanga ubushobozi bwose hamwe bwa 400Ah-incuro zine z’igihe co gukora.
Ingano y'ubushobozi: Ubushobozi bwose (Ah)=Ubushobozi ku Seli × Umubare w'Imirongo Ihuye. Iyi ntunganyo irahuye n'ibikorwa bikeneye gukoresha igihe kirekire ku nkomezi zisanzwe, nk'imirongo y'amashanyarazi y'inyuma n'ibikoresho vy'izuba bitari ku rubuga.
Urutonde-Ivyatsi bihuyeimiterere ihuriza hamwe izo nzira zompi. Ivyiyumviro vy'amabateri 8-vyoshobora gukora imigwi ibiri isa n'iyindi y'amabateri ane y'urutonde, bikaba bitanga umuriro n'ubushobozi vyiyongereye. Ukwo guhinduranya bituma abahinguzi bashobora guhuza neza umuriro n'ubushobozi bisabwa. Ico kigo ca Hornsdale gikoresha amajana y’ibice vy’amabateri vy’umuntu ku giti ciwe mu ntunganyo zikomeye zijanye n’urutonde kugira ngo gishike ku nguvu 150MW n’ubushobozi bwo kubika 194MWh.
Ikintu kimwe gihambaye co kwitwararika: amabateri yose ari mu rutonde ategerezwa kuba afise ibisobanuro bihuye. Kuvanga amashanyarazi atandukanye, ubushobozi canke ubuhinga butandukanye bituma habaho ukudahukana bituma umuntu adakora neza kandi bikaba bitera ingorane ku mutekano.
Ingorane yo gucunga amabateri
Gukoresha utugingo ngengabuzima ibihumbi n’ibihumbi nk’ikintu kimwe gifatanye bisaba uburongozi buteye igomwe. Uburyo bwo gucunga amabateri burakora ibikorwa nyamukuru bitatu: gukurikirana, gushiramwo uburinganire no kurinda.
Gukurikirana utugingo ngengabuzimaikurikirana umuriro, umuriro, n'ubushuhe ku rugingo rwose canke umugwi w'urugingo mu gihe nyaco-. Mu rugero rw'ubuhinga-rufise utugingo ngengabuzima 10.000, BMS ikora amamiliyoni y'ibiharuro ku segonda. Ukwo kugenzura kw’utugingo ngengabuzima kuratuma umuntu ashobora kumenya hakiri kare ingingo zidakora neza imbere y’uko zigira ico zikoze ku rutonde rwose.
Gukurikirana ubushuhe ni ikintu gihambaye cane. Bateri za litiyumu zikora neza hagati ya degre 15 na degre 35 . Hanze y’ivyo, ibikorwa biragabanuka kandi ingorane z’umutekano ziragwira. Ivyuma binini birimwo uburyo bwo gukonjesha bukora-ugukonjesha amazi ku bikorwa vy'inguvu nyinshi-, gukonjesha umuyaga ku mizigo iringaniye-birongowe n'amakuru y'ubushuhe bwa BMS.
Uburinganire bw'utugingo ngengabuzimairatorera umuti ingorane nyamukuru: ingingo ngenderwako zimwe zimwe ntizigera zikora mu buryo bumwe. Uguhinduka kw’ibintu, ubushuhe butandukanye be n’ingero z’ugukura bituma utugingo ngengabuzima tudakorana neza. Iyo ataco umuntu akora, ingingo zigoyagoya zica zicika inzitizi.
Uburyo bwo gupima uburinganire bukora bujana inguvu mu ngingo zikomeye cane zija mu ngingo zigoyagoya biciye ku bikoresho bifata inguvu canke bitera inguvu. Ivyo bigumya umuriro umwe mu rwego rwose, bikongera ubuzima kandi bikongera ubushobozi bwo gukoreshwa. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’abahinguzi b’amabateri bwerekana ko gukoresha neza amabateri bishobora kwongera ubuzima bw’amabateri ku rugero rwa 30-40%.
Ugushiramwo uburinganire butagira ico bukora bikoresha ibirwanya kugira ngo bishire inguvu zirenze urugero zivuye mu ngingo zikomeye nk’ubushuhe. Naho vyoroshe kandi bihendutse, ntaco bimaze nk’ugushiramwo uburinganire. Ivyinshi mu bikoresho-bikoresha uburyo bukora kugira ngo bigabanye ubusazi bw'inguvu.
Uburyo bwo kwikingiran’uguhingura igice ca nyuma c’umutekano. BMS irashobora guca iyo nzira iyo ibonye ibintu biteye akaga: umuriro urenze urugero, umuriro urengeje urugero, umuriro urengeje urugero, canke ubushuhe buhunga. Ivyuma bica umuriro n'amafuzi bitanga uburinzi bw'urugero rw'ibikoresho- nk'ububiko.
Ku kibanza c’ububiko bw’amashanyarazi ca Hornsdale, BMS ya Tesla igenzura ibice 2.300 vy’amabateri y’umuntu ku giti ciwe. Ubuhinga bushobora kwishura ku mpinduka z’incuro z’uruzitiro mu masegonda 140-vyihuta cane kuruta igihe co kwishura c’amasegonda 6 c’ibikoresho vya gazi vya kera. Uwo muvuduko utuma amabateri agira agaciro kanini mu gutuma uruzitiro ruguma rudahungabana.
Ubuhinga bwo gutunganya ibikorwa bitandukanye
Ubuhinga bwa bateri buratandukanye cane bivanye n'ibisabwa mu gukoresha. Ikoreshwa ryose risaba umuriro, ubushobozi, n'ibiranga ugusohoka.
Ibinyabiziga bikoresha umuyagankubagushira imbere umuriro mwinshi kugira ngo moteri ikore neza n’inguvu nyinshi kugira ngo umuntu akore neza. Chevrolet Bolt ikoresha utugingo ngengabuzima 288 mu buryo bwa 96s3p, igatuma habaho ubuhinga bwa 350V bufise ubushobozi bwa 60 kWh. Inguvu nyinshi zigabanya ugutakaza kw’amashanyarazi n’ugutakaza ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’amashanyarazi mu mirongo, mu gihe imigwi ihuye itanga ubushobozi buhagije ku 250+ ibilometero vy’urugendo.
EV arrays zihura n’ingorane zidasanzwe z’ubushuhe. Gushaja vyihuta no gusohora cane bitera ubushuhe bwinshi. Abahinguzi bakoresha uburyo bwo gukonjesha amazi afise ibikoresho bikonjesha bishingiye kuri glycol-bigendagenda mu mihora iri hagati y’imigwi y’ingingo. Nk’akarorero, i3 ya BMW, igumya utugingo ngengabuzima mu rugero rw’ubushuhe bwa degre 2 ikoresheje ugukonjesha gukora.
Ububiko bw'inguvusisitemu zisaba ubushobozi bwinshi cane kugira ngo zikore amasaha menshi. Ivyo bikoresho bikoresha amashanyarazi make (1000-1500V DC) ariko ubushobozi buhambaye cane. Ico kigo c’ububiko bw’inguvu ca Gateway muri California carakoresheje amashanyarazi 230MWh hakoreshejwe amabateri 10.080 y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (LFP) mu bibanza bihuye mu bikoresho 56 vya Tesla Megapacks.
Ivyuma vy'uruzitiro bitegerezwa kwishura ubwo nyene ku guhinduka kw'incuro. Iyo incuro z’uruzitiro zigabanutse zishika munsi ya 50 Hz (canke 60 Hz muri Amerika y’Uburaruko), BMS itegeka iyo nzira gutera ububasha mu milisegonda. Ico gikorwa co gucungera incuro, ico Hornsdale ikora ubudasiba, caratumye ico kigo kizigama amadolari imiliyoni 116 mu myaka ibiri ya mbere.
Izuba-Ukwongerako-Ububikouburyo bwo kubamwo bukoresha amabanki y'amabateri 48V-ugusenyera ku mugozi umwe hagati y'umutekano n'ubushobozi. Bateri zine z’amashanyarazi 12V zikurikirana zituma haba iyo nkomezi, ihuye n’ivyo inverter y’izuba isanzwe ikoresha. Abafise inzu barashobora gutangura n’ibateri imwe bongerako ibindi bikoresho bihuye kugira ngo bongere ubushobozi uko bikenewe, ivyo bikaba bituma iyo sisitemu igira ibice bimwebimwe kandi ishobora guhindurwa.
Ivyumba vy’uburaro birahura n’ingorane zitandukanye n’ivy’amazi. Bitegerezwa gukorera mu bibanza bitagira ivyuma (amagaraje, ibibanza vyo hanze) mu bibanza vyinshi vy’ubushuhe. Ivyo bisaba ko habaho ubuhinga bukomeye bwo gukingira ibihe be n’ugucungera ubushuhe naho nyene hari umwanya muto wo gukoreramwo uburyo bwo gukonjesha.
Inguvu zo gusubiza inyumaibikorwa nk'ibibanza vy'amakuru bikoresha amabateri atunganijwe neza kugira ngo bishobore gutanga inyishu aho gukoresha igihe kirekire. Izo nzira ziguma zifise umuriro wose, ziteguye gukora igihe umuriro w’uruzitiro uzimvye. UPS y'ikigo c'amakuru isanzwe ikoresha imirongo myinshi ya bateri mu buryo bumwe kugira ngo ibone ko hariho ivy'ugusubira inyuma-iyo umurongo umwe unaniwe, uwundi uguma ukora mu gihe igice gifise amakosa gisubirizwa.
Fizike y'inguvu zigenda
Ni igiki mu vy’ukuri kiba imbere mu nzira y’amabateri iyo ububasha bugenda? Gutahura uburyo ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi n’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi bukora birahishura ukuntu ubuhinga buteye igomwe be n’aho bugarukira.
Mu gihegusohora, ions za litiyumu ziva ku anode (electrode négative) zica mu electrolyte zija ku cathode (electrode positif). Uwo muvuduko w’iyon urema itandukaniro ry’umuriro ritwara ama elegitoroni biciye mu nzira y’inyuma-umuriro w’ingirakamaro. Mu rutonde rw’ibintu, iyo nguvu iratera imbere mu ngingo zose. Mu mirongo ihuye, umuriro uva muri buri kazu urahungabana.
Inguvu zisohoka zivana n’inguvu n’inguvu: Inguvu (W)=Inguvu (V) × Inguvu (A). Igikoresho ca 400V gitanga 100A gitanga ubushobozi bwa 40kW. Iyo itunganijwe mu buryo butandukanye nka 200V × 200A, iracatanga 40kW-ariko umuriro munini usaba intsinga zikomeye kandi zituma habaho ugutakaza kw’uburemere bwinshi.
Uguhangana n'imberebiragira ico bikoze ku bushobozi. Utugingo ngengabuzima twose turafise ubushobozi bwo kurwanya buhindura inguvu zimwezimwe zikaba ubushuhe aho kuba igikorwa c’ingirakamaro. Mu miterere y’urutonde, ubushobozi bwo guhangana bwongera mu buryo bw’umurongo, ariko kubera ko umuriro uguma ari umwe, ugutakaza ubushobozi bwo guhangana kwose kungana na I2R aho I ari umuriro kandi R ari ubushobozi bwo guhangana bwose. Ivyiyumviro bihuye bituma umuriro udahinduka ariko ugacapura umuriro hagati y’amashami, bikagabanya ukubura kw’uburemere bw’umuriro ku ishami.
Ibi bisigura igituma imiterere y'inguvu nyinshi-ikora neza cane ku bikorwa vy'inguvu nyinshi-. Sisitemu ya 400V itanga 40kW ikura 100A. Ubuhinga bwa 100V butanga ubushobozi bumwe bukwega 400A-butera incuro zine umuriro kandi bugatuma n’ugutakaza kw’ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’amashanyarazi kwongerekana incuro 16.
Gushajaihindura uruja n’uruza rw’iyon. Inguvu zo hanze zituma ions za litiyumu zisubira mu anode, zigabika inguvu mu buryo bw’imiti. Gucapura vyihuta bisunika amashanyarazi menshi biciye mu nzira, bikazana ubushuhe n’ingingo zitera umubabaro. Ni co gituma imirongo y’ugushaja vyihuta DC igabanya ibiciro vy’ugushaja ku 150-350kW aho gushaja vyihuta uko bishoboka kwose-kuramba ubuzima bwa bateri bisaba gucungera neza ubushuhe.
Amabateri aratakaza ubushobozi ku bipimo vy'ugushaja vyinshi cane. Igikoresho gisanzwe gishobora gushika ku 95% y'ubushobozi bwo gukikuza-urugendo (gushaja hanyuma gusohoka) ku bipimo biringaniye, ariko ivyo bigabanuka kugera kuri 85-90% mu gihe co gushaja vyihuta kubera ukwiyongera kw'ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'imbere n'ugushuha.
Amakuru y'Ibikorwa vy'Isi vy'ukuri-
Gutahura ivy’inyigisho birahambaye cane kuruta ivyiza biva mu bikorwa. Ehe ivyo amabateri ashikako mu vy’ukuri mu bikorwa.
Ishirahamwe ry’ububiko bw’amashanyarazi ry’i Hornsdale ryerekanye ubushobozi butagira uko bungana bwo gufasha uruja n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi. Mu gihe c’ugusenyuka kw’umuyagankuba ku kibanza c’amashanyarazi ca Loy Yang mu kwezi kwa kigarama 2017, iyo array yarabonye ko incuro z’amashanyarazi zagabanutse mu masegonda 0,14 maze itera 7,3MW kugira ngo uruja n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi ruhagarare. Amageneratore asanzwe y’ugusubiza inyuma yafata amasegonda 6 kugira ngo yishure-incuro 42 buhoro. Uwo muvuduko warabujije ibibazo vy’ugusenyuka vyari gushobora gutuma ako karere kazima.
Ibikorwa vy'ivy'amahera vyahuye n'uguterimbere mu vy'ubuhinga. Hornsdale yaronse amadolari y’Amerika agera ku miriyoni 18 mu mwaka wayo wa mbere biciye mu bikorwa vyo gutegeka incuro. Ico kigo caragabanyije igiciro co guhagarika uruja n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi muri Australiya y’Epfo kuva ku madolari 470 y’Amerika/MWh gushika ku madolari 40 y’Amerika/MWh-igabanya 91%. Mu mwaka wa kabiri, amahera yari yarazigamye yarashitse ku madolari y’Amerika 116 miliyoni.
Ivyo biharuro vyerekana agaciro k’ubutunzi k’amabateri arenga ububiko bw’inguvu bworoshe. Igihe co kwishura vyihuta gituma bashobora guhangana n’amageneratore ya kera ku bikorwa vy’inyongera bibungabunga incuro n’umuriro w’uruzitiro. Ivyo bikoresho bikora canecane nk’ikintu gikingira umuriro, bikagabanya uguhinduka kw’ibintu vyihuta cane ku buryo amahinguriro asanzwe y’amashanyarazi adashobora kubitorera umuti.
Igitigiri c'ugusenyukakuva ku makuru y'isi nyayo-yerekana ubuzima buramba bw'urutonde. Amabateri yo mu nzu ya Tesla yitwa Powerwall araguma afise ubushobozi bugera kuri 80% inyuma y’imyaka 10 akoresha amagare ku musi. Utility-scale arrays ikoresheje ubuhinga bwa LFP yerekana mbere n'ubuzima buramba bwiza-ibikoresho vyinshi vyashizweho vyarengeye inzinguzingu 8.000 n'ubushobozi butari munsi ya 10%.
Gukura kw'ikirangamisi (ugusenyuka mu gihe ataco bimaze gukoreshwa) bigira ingaruka ku mabati yose ya litiyumu-ion. Amabara akenshi atakaza 2-3% y'ubushobozi ku mwaka n'igihe ataco akora. Ivyo bifatanijwe n’ugusenyuka kw’ingendo, ama arrays menshi arafise garanti y’imyaka 10-15 canke umubare wihariye w’ingendo-ico ari co cose kiza imbere.
Bateri nini ya Victoria muri Australiya, ifise ubushobozi bwa 300MW/450MWh, irashaja kandi igasohora incuro zibiri ku musi kugira ngo ibone inyungu nyinshi zivuye mu gucungera inguvu (kugura inguvu zidahenda -inguvu ziri ku rwego rwo hejuru no kugurisha mu gihe abantu bakeneye cane). Inyuma y’imyaka ibiri ikora, igerageza ry’ubushobozi ryerekanye gusa 4% vy’ugusenyuka-birenze ivyo garanti yari yaravuze.
Uburyo bwo gucungera umutekano n'ugucungera ukunanirwa
Ubuhinga bwa bateri bubika inguvu nyinshi cane, bigatuma habaho umutekano ukomeye. Igikoresho gifise ubushobozi bwa 100MWh gifise inguvu zingana na litiro 2.000 za peteroli. Uburyo buteye imbere bwo kwirinda burabuza izo nguvu gusohoka ata co zishobora gukora.
Ubushuhe bwahunzeni co kintu nyamukuru gitera akaga. Iyo urugingo rumwe rushushe cane rukarenga ubushuhe buhambaye (mu bisanzwe 130-150 degrees ku litiyumu-ion), imirongo miremire yo mu mutima iratuma haba uruhererekane. Uwo mubiri urasohora imyuka ishobora kwaka, ugasha, kandi urashobora gukwiragiza ubushuhe ku mubiri utundi. Mu rutonde rwuzuye cane, ivyo birashobora guca mu ngingo amajana n’amajana.
Ivyuma vy’ubu bikoresha ibice vyinshi vyo kwikingira. Urugero rw’umubiri hagati y’ibice rugabanya ubushuhe. Intambamyi zishobora guhangana n'umuriro-zirimwo ukunanirwa kw'ibice vy'umuntu ku giti ciwe. Uburyo bwo gukonjesha bukora burabungabunga ubushuhe butekanye. Uburyo bwo kumenya gazi buramenya ibimenyetso vya mbere vy’ibintu bishika mu gihe c’ubushuhe-ugutera imbere kw’ivyuma vy’ihydrogène canke monoxide de carbone bimenyesha ko ingingo zisohoka imbere y’uko imbeya ziboneka.
Umuriro wo muri Ndamukiza 2019 ku kibanza co kubikamwo inguvu ca McMicken muri Arizona warahishuye ubugoyagoye mu migero ya mbere y’amabateri. Ugushiramwo uburinganire butari bwo bw’ingingo ngenderwako vyatuma haba ahantu h’umuriro, kandi ukuzimya umuriro kudakwiriye kwatumye ivyo bintu bikomeza gukomera. Abazimya umuriro babiri barakomeretse muri iyo nturika yatumye haba. Kuva ico gihe, ingingo ngenderwako zo kugerageza UL 9540A zisaba ko habaho igerageza ry’ugukwiragira kw’ubushuhe ku mirongo yose y’urugero rw’uruzitiro-.
Gukurikirana urugero rw'akazu-ni yo itanga umurongo wa mbere wo kwikingira. Iyo BMS ibonye urugingo rurenze ubushuhe canke umuriro, iraca iyo module ku rutonde. I Hornsdale, kimwe cose mu bice 2.300 gishobora kwitandukanya n’ibindi. Ivyo bituma ukunanirwa kw’agace kamwe kudashobora gutuma 194MWh yose ihungabana.
Guzimya umuriromu mirongo y’amabateri bitandukanye n’imirongo isanzwe. Amazi arashobora gutuma umuriro w’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion utera cane, kandi CO2 nta bushobozi ifise bwo kurwanya ibikorwa vy’imiti bifise inguvu. Ahubwo, amabarabara yo muri iki gihe akoresha ibintu bigabanya umuyagankuba canke ibintu bigabanya umuyaga w’amazi bikonjesha ata ngorane z’ugutwara umuyagankuba. Hariho ibikorwa bikoresha uburyo bwo gusesa amazi ku rugero rw'ibikoresho -bitera urutonde rwose mu gazi idakora.
Amategeko yo gusanasana arahambaye nk’uko nyene ibikoresho bihambaye. Ivyuma bihora bifata amashusho y’ubushuhe biragaragaza ahantu hateye imbere imbere y’uko bishika. Igerageza ry’ubushobozi ryerekana utugingo ngengabuzima twasenyutse dukeneye gusubirwamwo. Guringaniza umuriro birabuza ingingo zigoyagoya kuba inzitizi.
Ubutunzi bwo gupima imirongo
Kubaka amabateri birimwo ubudandaji bw'ubutunzi bushimishije-. Igikomeye sico cama ari ciza-ubunini bwiza buvana n'ibikorwa vyihariye n'imibereho y'isoko.
Ibiciro vy'itungavyagabanutse cane. Mu mwaka w’2010, amabateri ya litiyumu -iyon yagura amadolari 1.200/kWh. Mu mwaka w’2024, ibiciro vyagabanutse bishika hafi ku madolari 130/kWh ku bikoresho vy’ubuhinga-. Imigambi ya BloombergNEF izoshika ku madolari 80/kWh mu mwaka w’2026, ivyo bikaba bizotuma ububiko bw’amabateri bushobora guhangana n’ibikoresho bikora gaze kavukire.
Ivyo bigabanya igiciro biva ku rugero rw’uguhingura, ku gutera imbere kw’ubuhinga bwa shimi, no ku gukura kw’uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho. Ubushinwa ni bwo buhambaye mu guhingura, bukora 77% vy’amabateri kw’isi yose. Ukwo kwibanda ku bintu bitera ingorane mu bijanye n’ugutanga ibikoresho ariko kandi bituma habaho uguhiganwa gukomeye kw’ibiciro.
Ubutunzi bw'urugerobigira ingaruka ku bikoresho no ku mikorere. Igikoresho c’amashanyarazi 100MWh kigura make kuri kWh kuruta ivyuma cumi vy’amashanyarazi 10MWh kubera ibikorwa remezo bihurikiyeko-uburyo bwo kugenzura, ama transformateur, amahuzu y’uruzitiro. Ariko rero, iyo umuntu arengeje nk’amaMWh 200, inyungu z’igiciro c’inyuma ziragabanuka mu gihe uburemere bw’umugambi bugenda buragwira.
Bateri nini ya Victoria yatwaye amadolari y’Amerika agera ku miliyoni 160 ku bushobozi bwa 300MW/450MWh-hafi amadolari y’Amerika 350.000/MWh. Bateri ntoyi zo mu nzu zigura amadolari 500-800/kWh-izirenga incuro zibiri ku giciro c’ubushobozi. Gugura vyinshi, gushiramwo ibintu vyoroshe, n’uburyo buhuriweko ni vyo bisigura ico kinogo.
Ivyitegererezo vy'inyungubihinduka bivanye n’isoko. Muri Australiya na California, ama arrays aronka amahera biciye mu bikorwa vyo gutegeka incuro (vyishyurwa ku MW iriho), ubucuti bw’inguvu (gugura bike, kugurisha vyinshi), no kwishura ubushobozi (kubaho ku bihe vyihutirwa). Ivyuma bitandukanye Hornsdale ironka bituma ironka inyungu naho ibika inguvu amasaha 1,3 gusa iyo ikoresheje ububasha bwose.
Hariho amabara akora ku masezerano y'ibikoresho bihagije-ahembwa gusa kubera ko ariho, yaba yoherejwe canke atariyo. Iyi nzira ikunda ubushobozi bwinshi-, buringaniye-igihe c'imirongo (amasaha 4-8) ishobora gukora nk'ibisigazwa vy'ukwizigirwa.
Imiterere y'amaheran’ugufata amabateri nk’itunga ry’ibikorwa remezo. Amafaranga y’umugambi ku nyungu ya 4-6% atuma ububiko bw’ibikoresho-bushobora guhangana n’uguhingura ibisigazwa vy’ibintu vya kera. Uko ama arrays menshi yerekana ibikorwa vy’umwaka 15+ vyizewe, umwenda w’igihe kirekire uragenda uhenda, bigatuma ubutunzi butera imbere.
Iterambere ry'akazoza mu buhinga bwa Array
Ubuhinga bwo gukoresha amabateri buratera imbere ningoga uko ubuhinga bushasha bwo kuyacungera, uburyo bwo kuburongora n’ugukoresha bugenda buraza.
Bateri zikomeye-n’isezerano ry’inguvu nyinshi n’umutekano mwiza mu gusubirira amazi y’umuyagankuba n’ibikoresho bikomeye. Toyota na QuantumScape bariko barategura ama arrays bakoresheje umuyagankuba ukomeye ushobora gushika ku 500 Wh/kg-hafi incuro zibiri z’uburemere bw’umuyagankuba w’ubu. Ivyo vyotuma habaho ububiko buto, buremereye bw'ibinyabiziga canke ububiko bumara igihe kirekire-bw'ibikorwa vy'uruzitiro.
Ariko rero, gukora amabateri akomeye-ku rugero rwo hejuru biracari urugamba. Iryo koraniro risaba ibikoresho bitandukanye vyo gukora kandi rirashobora kwihanganira utunenge kuruta utugingo ngengabuzima tw’amazi. Amabateri akomeye-yashobora kutaboneka gushika muri 2026-2028.
Icuma-ikirere n'isodiyumu-iyoniubuhinga bwa shimi bushingiye ku bibanza bitandukanye. Amabateri y'icuma-y'umuyaga atanga igiciro gito cane ($20/kWh) ku bikorwa bikeneye amasaha 24-100, naho nyene afise ubushobozi buke. Ishirahamwe ry’inguvu ririko rirungika amabarabara y’indege muri Minnesota na Maine. Ivyo bikoresho bita sodium-ion arrays birakuraho ukuntu umuntu yizigira litiyumu kandi bikaba bikora neza mu bihe vy’ubukonje, ivyo bikaba bituma bikwegera abantu mu bihe vyo mu buraruko.
Amahinguriro y'amashanyarazin'ibihumbi vy'amabateri mato y'uburaro mu bikoresho vy'urugero rw'uruzitiro-. Igikoresho ca Tesla co muri Australiya y’Epfo gifatanya amabateri 4.000 yo mu nzu yitwa Powerwall, kigatuma habaho amashanyarazi atanga 50MW. Ubu buryo bwongera ukwihangana kw'uruzitiro-nta n'aho n'imwe ishobora kunanirwa-kandi itanga inyungu ku bafise inzu mu gusangira amabateri yabo.
Gurungika abantu biriko birihuta. Ivyo guhindura uruja n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi muri Porto Rico birimwo 1.000 MW z’ububiko bw’amabateri mu mwaka w’2028-birengeye ivyo ubu bikenewe cane ni 900 MW. California itegeka ko haba ububiko bwa 11.500 MW mu mwaka w’2030.Ubushinwa bwongeyeko 22 GW z’ububiko bw’amabateri mu mwaka w’2024 gusa.
Gusubira gukoresha ibikorwa remezobitegerezwa gukura hamwe n’ugurungikwa. Bateri isanzwe ya EV igumya ubushobozi bwa 70-80% inyuma y'ikoreshwa ry'imodoka-iracari n'agaciro ku bikorwa vyo kubika ibintu bihagaze. Amabateri y’ubuzima bwa kabiri ashobora kwongereza ubuzima bw’ingirakamaro iyindi myaka 10-15 imbere y’uko gusubira gukoresha biba ngombwa. Amashirahamwe nka Redwood Materials ariko arakora ibibanza vyo gusubiza 95% vy’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa litiyumu, cobalt, na nickel mu mabati ya kera, ivyo bikaba bigabanya ukuntu umuntu yizigira ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro.
Ibibazo bikunze kwibazwa
Ni itandukaniro irihe riri hagati ya bateri n’ibarabara ry’amabateri?
Bateri imwe ni igice c’umuntu ku giti ciwe canke agapaki gatoyi gafise umuriro n’ubushobozi bihoraho. Ivyuma vy’amabateri ni uburyo bwo guhindura amabateri menshi ahujwe hamwe kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kuronka umuriro mwinshi, ubushobozi bwinshi canke vyose bibiri. Ivyuma bishobora kuva ku bice umunani vyo mu gikoresho c’umuyagankuba gushika ku bice ibihumbi vyo mu bibanza vyo kubikamwo amakuru.
Amabateri amara igihe kingana iki?
Ivyuma-ibipimo vy'ubuhinga bimara imyaka 10-15 imbere y'uko ubushobozi bugabanuka munsi ya 80%. Iyo umuntu ayicungera neza kandi akayikoresha mu buryo buringaniye, ama array amwamwe arashika ku myaka 20. Ugusenyuka bivana n’ubushuhe bwo gukora, igitigiri c’ugushaja/gusohoka, n’uburebure bw’ugusohoka. Ivyuma bigendagenda ku musi ku musi kugeza ku 90% vy’uburebure birasenyuka ningoga kuruta ivyo bigendagenda kugera kuri 50%.
Woba ushobora kuvanga ubwoko butandukanye bw’amabateri mu rutonde?
Oya, kuvanga ubwoko bwa bateri, imyaka canke ubushobozi mu rutonde bituma habaho ukudahukana kugabanya ubushobozi kandi bikazana ingorane z’umutekano. Bateri zose ziri mu rutonde zikwiye kuba zisa-mu buhinga bumwe, ubushobozi, umuriro, kandi vyiza ni uko zivuye mu rutonde rumwe. Ivyuma bitandukanye vy’ubuhinga bwa shimi birafise ibiranga umuriro bitandukanye be n’ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’umuriro imbere, ivyo bikaba bituma gukora mu buryo buringaniye bidashoboka.
None bigenda gute iyo bateri imwe ipfuye mu rutonde?
Mu miterere y'urutonde, akazu kananiwe gashobora guhagarika uruja n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi muri iyo nzira, bikagabanya ubushobozi bwose bw'urutonde. Mu miterere ihuye, izindi nsinga zirabandanya gukora ku bushobozi bugabanutse. Ivyuma vy’ubu bikoresha imiterere y’ibice aho BMS ishobora gutandukanya ibice vyananiwe. Ivyo bisigura ko ukunanirwa kw'agace kamwe kutazibira urutonde rwose-gusa kugabanya ubushobozi gatoyi gushika igice gifise amakosa gisubirijwe.
Gutuma Arrays zikora ku gikorwa cawe
Ivyuma vy’amabateri biraroranirwa iyo bigenewe ibisabwa vyihariye aho gukoreshwa mu buryo rusangi. Igikoresho co gukoresha izuba mu nzu gikeneye ibiranga urutonde bitandukanye n’ivyo imodoka ikoresha umuyagankuba canke ikibanza co kubikamwo amashanyarazi.
Tangura mu gusobanura ibipimo bitatu: umuriro usabwa, ubushobozi busabwa, n'imirongo y'ugusohoka. Igikoresho c’izuba c’amashanyarazi 48V gikeneye amabateri atunganijwe kugira ngo asohore amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi 48V. Niba ukeneye 10 kWh z’ububiko, ugabanye n’inguvu: 10.000 Wh ÷ 48V=208 Ah ubushobozi busabwa.
Inyuma y’aho, nuhitemwo ibisobanuro vy’ingingo bikwiye. Bateri za litiyumu zisanzwe zifise ubushobozi bwo kuva kuri 50Ah gushika kuri 200Ah. Bateri zine z’amashanyarazi 12V 52Ah zikurikirana zituma haba amashanyarazi 48V 52Ah (2,5 kWh). Kugira ngo ushikire 10 kWh, ukeneye imirongo ine ihuye y’amabateri ane y’urutonde-16 yose hamwe mu buryo bwa 4s4p.
Rimbura igitigiri c’abasohoka. Niba igikorwa cawe gisaba ubushobozi bwo hejuru bwa 5 kW, iyo nzira itegerezwa gutanga 5000W ÷ 48V=104A. Buri 4s string itanga igipimo c’ubu c’ibati rimwe. Nimba bateri yose ifise ubushobozi bwo gusohora 50A, ukeneye gusa imirongo itatu ihuye, atari ine. Ivyo rero vyoba ari 4s3p bifise amabateri 12.
Ugucungera ubushuhe kenshi ni vyo bigena ukuroranirwa canke ukunanirwa. Bateri zikora nabi iyo ziri munsi ya degre 0 kandi zica zisenyuka ningoga iyo ziri hejuru ya degre 40 . Ibikoresho bikoreshwa hanze bikeneye gushushwa mu bihe bikanye no gukonjeshwa mu bihe bishushe. Mbere n'ibikorwa biringaniye vyungukira ku bibanza bikingiye n'impwemu igumya ubushuhe bwa degre 15-25 .
Gukurikirana neza ubuhinga mu gihe c’ibikorwa vya mbere. Uguhinduka kw'umuriro w'amaseli mu ndwi zambere kwerekana ukudahuza mu guhingura. Gutorera umuti ubusumbasumbane hakiri kare biciye mu gusubirira utugingo ngengabuzima canke gukoresha uburinganire bukora aho kureka utugingo ngengabuzima dugoyagoya tugatuma ubushobozi bw’urutonde buhungabana.
Uguhinduka kw’amabateri ni co gikomeye kuruta ibindi vyose. Ushobora gutangura muto maze ukagwiza, ukongerako imirongo ihuye kugira ngo ubone ubushobozi bwinshi canke imirongo y’urutonde kugira ngo ubone umuriro mwinshi. Ukwo guhindura bituma ama arrays ashobora gushikwako mu buryo bw'ubutunzi mbere no ku bikorwa bishobora gukura uko igihe kigenda kirarenga.
Inkomoko
Ubuyobozi bw'amakuru y'inguvu za Amerika - Amakuru y'ubushobozi bwo kubika amabateri (2024-2025)
Ikigo Mpuzamakungu c'Inguvu - Ivyiyumviro vy'Isi yose vy'Inguvu 2024: Ivyiyumviro mu Mabateri y'Imodoka y'Umuyagankuba
Ubushakashatsi bwa Grand View - Ubunini bw'Isoko rya Bateri, Umugabane & Raporo y'Iterambere (2024-2030)
Kaminuza ya Leta ya Pennsylvania EME 812 - Gushirwa mu ngiro ububiko bw'urugero rw'ibikoresho: Ivyuma vy'amabateri
Kaminuza ya Bateri - BU-302: Urutonde n'Imiterere ya Bateri Ihuye
Amakuru y'ibikorwa vy'ububiko bw'inguvu z'i Hornsdale - Neoen/Tesla (2017-2023)
Ibikoresho vy'inguvu ziteye imbere - Ingorane nyamukuru ku ruzitiro-Urugero rwa litiyumu-Ububiko bw'inguvu za bateri y'iyon (2022)
Ivy'itumanaho ry'ibidukikije - Ivyuma bishobora gucapwa vyose vy'amabateri ya litiyumu-Ion (2025)
Inguvu za MDPI - Uburyo bwo gucunga amabateri: Ingorane n'imiti (2020)
Ishirahamwe ry'abakozi ry'umuyaga usukuye - Ubutunzi bwo kubika amabateri n'isesengura ry'ubufatanye bw'uruzitiro
Ingingo zifitaniye isano
Uburyo bwo gucunga amabateri (BMS)
Litiyumu-iyon n'amabuye y'agaciro-aside bateri kugereranya
Uruzitiro-urugero rw'ububiko bw'inguvu
Igikoresho c'amabateri y'imodoka y'umuyagankuba
Izuba-wongeyeko-Imiterere y'ububiko
Ugusenyuka kwa bateri n'ugucungera ubuzima
