Kubera uguhinduka kw’imiterere y’inguvu kw’isi yose be n’ugutera imbere vyihuta kw’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo,ububiko bw'inguvuubuhinga buhoro buhoro buriko buraba infashanyo ihambaye mu guhindura inguvu no gutuma ubutunzi butera imbere muri kazoza.
Intangamarara y'ubuhinga bwo kubika inguvu
▲Guhindura ingufu, kubika no gukoresha
▲Gushira mu migwi no gukoresha ubuhinga bwo kubika inguvu
▲Incamake y'amabateri yo kubika inguvu
▲Ingingo ngenderwako y'imikorere n'imiterere y'amabateri y'ububiko bw'inguvu
▲Ibimenyetso vy'ubushobozi n'amajambo ajanye n'amabateri y'ububiko bw'inguvu
Inguvu ni zo nguvu z’ishimikiro zitwara isi kandi ni zo ntumbero nyamukuru umuryango w’abantu wizigira kugira ngo utere imbere. Kuva aho umuriro ukoreshwa mu ntango gushika ku muyagankuba wo muri iki gihe, uguteza imbere n’ugukoresha inguvu vyatumye ubutekerezi butera imbere kandi birahindura imibano yacu y’ubu.
Kubera iterambere ry’inguvu zikenewe kw’isi yose be n’iterambere ryihuta ry’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo, ubuhinga bwo kubika inguvu bwabaye inkingi y’ingenzi mu rwego rw’inguvu. Bateri zibika inguvu zirashobora kubika neza inguvu ziva mu bihe bimwe bimwe nk’inguvu z’umuyaga n’iz’izuba maze zikazirekura mu bihe vy’ugusaba cane, bikaba bituma inguvu ziguma zishikamye. Ubu buhinga ntibugabanya gusa kwizigira amakara y’ibisigazwa vy’ibintu vya kera ariko kandi buratanga n’ivyemezo bihambaye vyo gushika ku nzira z’inguvu zikoresha ivyuma bitari vyinshi-n’inguvu ziramvye.
Iterambere ry’ubuhinga bw’amabateri yo kubika inguvu, kuva ku mabateri ya kera y’aside y’amabuye y’agaciro gushika ku mabateri y’ubu y’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa litiyumu-ion, hanyuma bikaja ku mabateri y’amabuye y’agaciro akomeye n’amabateri y’iyon y’amabuye y’agaciro, riguma rica mu bibazo vy’ubuhinga. Mu gutuma ingufu zirushiriza kuba nyinshi, mu kwagura ubuzima, no mu kwongerera umutekano, amabateri yo kubika inguvu yerekanye ko yoshobora gukoreshwa cane mu bintu nk’ukubika inguvu mu rugo, gutwara abantu n’ibintu, no gutegeka uruja n’uruza rw’amazi. Bishobora kuvugwa ko ubuhinga bwa bateri yo kubika inguvu atari urufunguruzo gusa rwo guhindura imiterere y’inguvu ariko kandi ni rwo shingiro ry’imirongo y’inguvu y’ubuhinga bwo muri kazoza n’imirongo y’inguvu zikwiragizwa.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo kubika inguvu za bateri zishingiye kuri litiyumu-
▲Imiterere n'ingingo ngenderwako y'imikorere y'amabateri ya litiyumu
▲Ibikoresho vya katode ya bateri ya litiyumu
▲Ibikoresho vy'amabateri ya litiyumu
▲Litiyumu-iyon ya bateri y'umuyagankuba
▲Guhingura no gukora amabateri ya litiyumu-iyoni
Mu mwaka w’1970, MS Whittingham wo muri ExxonMobil yararemye ibateri ya mbere y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Yakoresheje titanium disulfide na litiyumu y’icuma nk’ivyuma vyiza n’ibibi, uko bikurikirana. Mu gihe co gucapura no gukuraho, litiyumu y’icuma iguma ifungurwa kandi igaterwa ku nzira y’umuyagankuba, mu gihe titanium disulfide iguma yinjiza no gukura ions za litiyumu ku nzira y’umuyagankuba nziza. Ivyo bikorwa bibiri birashobora gusubira inyuma mu kiringo cose c’ubuzima bwa bateri, gutyo bikaba bihingura bateri ya litiyumu-ion igira umuriro wa 2V. igihe yatangura, amabateri ya litiyumu-ion yaraciye mu nzira y’ubushakashatsi, iterambere, n’iterambere. Kubera ubushobozi bwazo bwiza kandi bubereye, ziriko zirarushiriza kwinjira mu bikorwa bitandukanye, kuva ku bikoresho vya 3C nk’amatelefone ngendanwa n’amatablette gushika ku bikorwa vy’inguvu nk’ibinyabiziga vy’amashanyarazi n’ibikorwa bininibinini vyo kubika inguvu nk’inguvu z’umuyagankuba n’inguvu z’umuyaga, bikaba bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima bw’abantu.
Bateri ni iki?
▲Amateka y'iterambere rya bateri
▲Intango y'amabateri ya Litiyumu-iyoni
▲Ibiranga amabateri ya litiyumu -iyoni
▲Ibikoresho nyamukuru mu mabati ya litiyumu -iyoni
Bateri ni ubwoko bw’inkomoko y’inguvu. Inkomoko z’inguvu muri rusangi zigabanywamwo inkomoko z’inguvu z’umubiri n’inkomoko z’inguvu z’imiti. Inkomoko z’inguvu z’umubiri zirimwo ibikoresho bikoreshwa n’izuba, ibikoresho bikoreshwa n’ubushuhe, ibikoresho bikoreshwa n’ubushuhe n’amazi, n’ibindi; mu gihe amasoko y’inguvu z’imiti yerekeza ku bikoresho bishobora guhindura ata guca ku ruhande inguvu z’imiti zikaba inguvu z’umuyagankuba, ni ukuvuga amabateri y’imiti mu buryo rusangi, canke amabateri gusa.
Uburyo bw’amabateri bwateye imbere mu mayaruka ane: amabateri y’aside y’amabuye y’agaciro, amabateri y’amabuye y’agaciro, amabateri y’amabuye y’agaciro, n’amabateri y’amabuye y’agaciro. Ivyo amabateri akora vyaguma bitera imbere, kandi ugutahura kw’abantu ku bijanye n’ingene amabateri akora kwarakomeye cane. Ubu, amabateri ya litiyumu-ion ni yo akora neza cane kandi akoresha inguvu nyinshi, agereranya urugero rwo hejuru rw’ubushakashatsi n’ubuhinga bw’amabateri y’abantu.
Amateka y'ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'ibikoresho vya litiyumu iron phosphate
▲Amateka y'iterambere ry'ibikoresho vya litiyumu iron phosphate
▲Ivyabaye vy'uburenganzira bwa litiyumu
▲Ivyigwa vyerekeye imiterere n'imikorere y'ibikoresho vya litiyumu iron phosphate
Icuma ca litiyumu (LiFeP, LFP, kizwi kandi nk’icuma ca litiyumu canke litiyumu y’icuma) ni ikintu gikoreshwa mu mabati ya litiyumu-ion. Irangwa n'ukubura ibintu vy'agaciro nka cobalt na nickel, ibiciro bito vy'ibikoresho vya mbere, n'ubwinshi bwa phosphorus, litiyumu, n'ubutunzi bw'icuma mu gice c'isi, bishobora gushitsa ivyo isoko risaba birenga toni miliyoni imwe ku mwaka. Nk’ikintu ca cathode, litiyumu iron phosphate ifise umuriro uringaniye (3.2V), ubushobozi bwinshi bwihariye (170mA·h/g), ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gusohora, ubushobozi bwo gucapura vyihuta, ubuzima buramba bw’ingendo, n’ugushikama neza mu bidukikije vy’ubushuhe bwinshi n’ubushuhe bwinshi.
Ibikoresho vyo guhingura bikoreshwa mu guhingura ibikoresho vy'icuma ca litiyumu
▲Ibikoresho bisabwa mu gukora:;Ibikoresho vyo kuvanga;Ibikoresho vyo kwumisha;Ibikoresho vyo gutera,;Ibikoresho vyo gumenagura; Ivyuma vyo gusuzuma; Generateri y'azote;Ibikoresho vyo gupfunyika.
Iyo ibikoresho vya katode vy’icuma ca litiyumu (LFP) bikoreshejwe mu guhingura amabateri ya litiyumu-ion, ibisabwa ku bijanye n’ubusuku bwavyo, inzira, n’ubuhumane bwavyo birakomeye cane. Nk’akarorero, iyo urugero rw’uguhinduka kw’ivyuma bifise uburemere bubiri muri LFP rushitse kuri 1%, ubushobozi bwihariye burashobora kugabanuka n’ibice birenga 30%. Ivyo ni kubera ko ico cuma gishasha gifise uburemere butatu gipfutse ku ruhande rwa LFP, kigatuma habaho igice gishobora gusubiza inyuma kikabuza ko habaho ibindi bisubizo vyo mu mutima. Iyo LFP imaze guhinduka oxidation, uburyo bwo kugabanya bukurikira ntibushobora gutanga LFP kubera ko ions za litiyumu ziri mu gikoresho ca mbere zamaze gutakara.
Gutegura ibikoresho vy'icuma ca litiyumu hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa ferrous oxalate
▲Ingingo ngenderwako
▲Ibikoresho nyamukuru vy'ubuhinga
▲Imigenderanire
▲Ibikorwa vy'ibikoresho vy'ubuhinga
Uburyo bwo gukora ivyuma vy’i litiyumu hakoreshejwe ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama nk’ikintu nyamukuru vyitwa uburyo bw’ibara ry’agahama (canke uburyo bw’ibara ry’agahama gusa). Ubu, uburyo bwa ferrous oxalate ni bwo bukoreshwa cane mu Bushinwa, aho abahinguzi barenga ica kabiri c’abahinguzi bo mu gihugu babukoresha. Inyungu zayo nyamukuru ni uko ibikoresho vya mbere bitazimvye, uburyo bworoshe bwo kubikora, n’ukugenzura vyoroshe imigereranyo y’ibirungo.
Gutegura ibikoresho vy'ivyuma vya litiyumu biciye mu kugabanya ubushuhe bwa carbothermal
▲Ingingo ngenderwako
▲Ibikoresho nyamukuru vy'ubuhinga
▲Imigenderanire
▲Ibikorwa vy'ibikoresho vy'ubuhinga
Mu bahinga bakora ibikoresho vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (LiFePO4), uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushuhe bw’ivyuma (carbothermal) ubu ni bwo bugira kabiri bukoreshwa cane inyuma y’uburyo bw’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (ferrous oxalate). Igikoresho caco nyamukuru ni icuma c’ivyuma (Fe2PO4), harimwo n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (Fe2PO4) n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (Fe2O3). Mu gihe c’ugusubiranamo, carbone (C) na monoxide de carbone (C2O3) bigabanya icuma c’icuma (Fe2PO4) kikagira icuma c’icuma (Fe2+), kigaca cinjira mu nzira y’icuma, kigahingura imiterere y’icuma c’icuma c’ivyuma (LiFePO4).
Inyungu y’uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushuhe bw’ibinyabuzima (carbothermal reduction) ni uko uguhinduka kw’ibinyabuzima (oxidation) kw’ibikoresho vya mbere bidakeneye kwiyumvirirwa mu gihe co kubitunganya; uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvanga burashobora gukoreshwa mu gutunganya ibikoresho vya mbere kugira ngo bishike ku ntumbero y’ugushwiragira yipfuzwa. Ku rwego rw’ubushuhe bwinshi ni ho gusa carbone igabanya icuma c’icuma kikagira icuma c’icuma, kigatuma habaho phosphate y’icuma ca litiyumu, ni co gituma yitwa uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushuhe bwa carbothermal. Uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushuhe bw’ibinyabuzima (carbothermal) burashika ku kugabanya intambwe imwe-, bugabanura gazi isohoka, kandi ni ngirakamaro mu gutuma umusaruro urushiriza kuba mwiza. Muri ico gihe nyene, uburyo bwo gukora ivyo bihimba burasanzwe kandi buraryoshe kugenzura, ivyo bikaba bituma amashirahamwe menshi akoresha uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushuhe bw’ibinyabuzima.
Gutegura ibikoresho vy'ivyuma vya litiyumu
▲Ingingo ngenderwako
▲Ibikoresho nyamukuru vy'ubuhinga
▲Imigenderanire
▲Ibikorwa vy'ibikoresho vy'ubuhinga
Uburyo bw’ubushuhe bw’amazi ni uburyo buteye imbere cane bwo gutegura ibikoresho vy’ivyuma vy’i litiyumu. Uburyo bwayo nyamukuru bukoresha uburyo bw’ubushuhe bw’amazi burengeye ubw’abandi, bugasenya sulfate y’ivyuma, litiyumu hydroxide, n’aside phosphorique mu mazi, bugashushanya umuti ku rugero rwo hejuru rwa degre 100 mu kibanza gipfutse kugira ngo haboneke umuti w’amazi ufise ubushuhe bwinshi, ufise umuvuduko mwinshi. Ivyo bica bigenda biciye mu gukwiragira kw’iyon, bikazana ibice vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vyitwa litiyumu. Ivyo bikoresho vy’icuma ca litiyumu gisukuye biraheza bikayungururwa, bikayumwa, bigashirwako carbone- kugira ngo bibe igihimba c’icuma ca litiyumu/carbone.
Uburyo busanzwe bwo kugerageza no gusuzuma ibikoresho vya litiyumu iron phosphate
▲Isesengura ry'imiti n'uburyo bwo kugerageza ibikoresho vya litiyumu iron phosphate
▲Uburyo bwo kugerageza umutungo w'umubiri ku bikoresho vya litiyumu iron phosphate
▲Uburyo bwo kugerageza ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi ku bikoresho vya litiyumu iron phosphate
▲Isuzuma ry'ibikorwa vy'ibikoresho vy'icuma ca litiyumu
Ku bikoresho vya litiyumu iron phosphate (LFP), ugupima ni ubuhinga nyamukuru, mbere buhambaye kuruta kugenzura uburyo bwo gukora. Ata makuru y’igerageza atomoye kandi atagiramwo uburyarya, ntashobora kuronka uburyo buhamye bwo gukora, kandi rero, ibintu vya LFP bibereye bihuye n’ibisabwa vyo gukoresha ntibishobora gukorwa. Gupima ibikoresho bikomeye ni ngombwa mu gihe cose c’uguhingura, kuva ku kugura ibikoresho vya mbere no kubikora gushika ku gusuzuma ibikoresho bimaze gukorwa. Rero, igice cose gikora ubushakashatsi no gukora LFP kigomba gushimika cane ku kwubaka uburyo bwaco bwo kugerageza. Gukoresha ibikoresho vy’igerageza bikomeye, uburyo bwo gupima bukomeye, n’abakozi bo gupima bamenyerejwe neza-ni ivy’ishimikiro kugira ngo ishirahamwe rigumye mu kibanza caryo muri iyo nganda.
Isesengura ry'ibindi biranga ibikoresho vya litiyumu iron phosphate
▲Isesengura ry'ubushobozi bw'umuyagankuba bw'ibikoresho vya litiyumu iron phosphate
▲Isesengura ry'imiterere y'ibikoresho vy'icuma ca litiyumu
▲Inguvu zo ku ruhande rw'ibikoresho vy'icuma ca litiyumu
▲Gupima ubushobozi bw'icuma mu bikoresho vy'icuma ca litiyumu
▲Ibirango vy'ibikoresho vy'icuma ca litiyumu
Mu gukoresha neza ibikoresho vy’icuma ca litiyumu, uretse ibipimo vy’ubushobozi bimenyerewe, birakenewe kandi gupima ibintu bimwebimwe vyihariye kugira ngo hatangwe urufatiro rwo gusuzuma ubushobozi bw’ibikoresho n’ingene bakora amabateri. Kubera ko ubuhinga bwa none bwateye imbere, hariho ibintu bimwebimwe mbere vyari gushobora gupimwa gusa hakoreshejwe utugingo ngengabuzima twuzuye, ubu birashobora kumenyekana hakoreshejwe uburyo bworoshe. Nk’akarorero, ubushobozi bw’ingendo bw’ibikoresho vy’icuma ca litiyumu, canecane ubushobozi bw’ingendo y’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba, ubu burashobora gusuzumwa hakoreshejwe utugingo ngengabuzima tw’ibiceri twakozwe mu buryo budasanzwe, ivyo bikaba bituma uburyo bwo gupima bworoha cane.
Ubuhinga bwo gukora amabateri hakoreshejwe ibikoresho vya litiyumu iron phosphate
▲Icuma ca litiyumu gifise ubusobanuro bw'imiterere y'amabateri
▲Ubuhinga bwo gutegura ibikoresho vy'icuma ca litiyumu
▲Gupfuka ivyuma vya litiyumu
▲Guzunguruka ama electrode y'icuma ca litiyumu
▲Ihinduka n'Icapura
▲Izindi ngero zo gukora amabateri
Ku bateri iyo ari yo yose ya litiyumu-ion, igishushanyo ca mbere ni co gikorwa nyamukuru. Ivyo bikorwa vyo guhingura birimwo kumenya ingene bateri ya litiyumu-ion ikorwa. Kubera ko ubushobozi bwa bateri bugenwa ahanini n’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi, uguhingura ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi ni ikintu nyamukuru mu bijanye no gukora amabateri. Ivyo ni ko biri no ku mabateri y’icuma citwa litiyumu.
Ibikoresho nyamukuru vy'amabateri y'ivyuma vya litiyumu
▲Ikoreshwa ry'amabateri ya litiyumu iron phosphate mu bikoresho vy'umuyagankuba
▲Ikoreshwa ry'amabateri ya litiyumu iron phosphate mu gutanga inguvu zo kubika
▲Ikoreshwa ry'amabateri y'icuma ca litiyumu mu bikoresho vy'amashanyarazi
▲Ikoreshwa ry'amabateri y'icuma ca litiyumu
Icuma ca litiyumu (LFP) ni co gikoresho co gukoresha amabateri ya litiyumu-ion, kandi akamaro kaco kanini ni umutekano waco mwinshi. Irafise kandi ivyiza ibikoresho vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Bateri za LFP zifise umuriro udahinduka, umuriro ukoreshwa uringaniye, zihuye neza n’imirongo y’amazi, nta -ubumara zigira, nta ngaruka zigira ku kwibuka, kandi ntizihumanya ibidukikije. Inguvu zavyo zidasanzwe zishobora gushika kuri 100–130 Wh/kg, ni ukuvuga incuro 0,3–5 z’amabateri y’amabuye y’agaciro-aside n’incuro 1,5 z’amabateri y’ivyuma vy’amabuye y’agaciro. Kubera ivyiza vyinshi ifise, ifatwa nk’ibateri nziza cane yo gukoresha mu modoka zikoresha umuyagankuba, mu kubika inguvu z’umuyaga n’iz’izuba, no mu kubateri nziza cane zo gukoresha mu rugo.
Ivyitezwe ku bindi bikoresho vya katode vy'amabateri ya litiyumu-ion
▲Ibikoresho vya katode vya litiyumu vanadiyumu -
▲Ibikoresho vya katode vya litiyumu mangane
▲Ibikoresho vya katode vy'icuma ca litiyumu
▲Ivyuma vy'ibara ry'umuhondo
▲Litiyumu-ibikoresho vy'ubuhinga bwa katode vy'ubutunzi
Kuza kw’ibikoresho vy’icuma ca litiyumu (LFP) kwashizeho umushinge w’ubuhinga bw’ibikoresho bwo gukoresha cane amabateri manini y’ivyuma vy’i litiyumu-ion.
Nk’uko bizwi neza, umutekano w’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion wama ari ikibazo nyamukuru kandi gihambaye kibuza iterambere ry’iyo nganda. Mbere no mu bihugu vyateye imbere bifise ibikoresho bikomeye be n’ibikoresho bikomeye vyo gutunganya, umutekano w’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion ntushobora gushingwa intahe bimwe bishitse. Kubera ko ubu ubuhinga bwo gukoresha amabateri ya litiyumu -ion mu gihugu canje buri hasi cane, LFP irahuye neza n’imibereho y’igihugu canje, igatuma amabateri agira umutekano mwiza cane.