Igishushanyo ca kazozaamabateri ya litiyumubitegerezwa kuba bishobora gushitsa ibisabwa n’ibikoresho bikoresha inguvu nyinshi-, nk’ibinyabiziga bikoresha umuyagankuba utagira agasembwa, ibinyabiziga bikoresha umuyagankuba uvanze, n’uburyo bwo kubika inguvu zihagaze. Ku bikoresho bishasha vy’anode biriko birategurwa, ubushobozi ni kimwe mu bimenyetso nyamukuru vy’ibikorwa. Hashingiwe ku buryo butandukanye bwo gusubiza, ibikoresho bimwebimwe bishobora gukoreshwa bifise ubushobozi bwinshi bw’ivyiyumviro birimwo silikoni (Si), germaniyumu (Ge), monoxide ya silikoni (SiO), tin (Sn), n’oxide yayo (SnOz), bifise ubushobozi busanzwe kuva kuri 783 mA·g (ku SnO·g/h1 (421). Naho ivyo bikoresho vy’ivyuma vyerekana ubushobozi bwihariye buhambaye cane ugereranije n’ivyuma vya kera vyitwa graphite (372 mA·bg) na litiyumu titanate (LTO, 175 mA·Ng), uguhinduka kw’uburemere n’ugutakaza ubushobozi budashobora gusubirwamwo mu ntango bishikako mu gihe c’ugushaja n’ugusohoka bigabanya igihe bimara. Kugira ngo abashakashatsi bashobore gutorera umuti izo ngorane, bararondeye ubuhinga butandukanye, nko kugabanya ubunini bw’ibihimba vy’umubiri ku rugero rwa nanoscale no kugerageza kwubaka ubuhinga bw’ibikoresho vy’ivyuma bikora canke bitakora vy’ivyuma bita litiyumu. Muri ubwo buryo, gufatanya inzahabu ya litiyumu ikora n’ibikoresho vy’ivyuma kugira ngo bibe ikintu co gukingira umuyagankuba, vyerekanye ko bifise ubushobozi bwo gutuma umuzingi ukora neza. Ikindi kandi, gukoresha uburyo butandukanye bw’imiterere y’ibintu bifise uburemere buke, nk’ivyuma bifise uburemere buke canke ivyuma bifise uburemere buke, na vyo nyene vyagaragaye ko ari uburyo bwiza bwo gushika ku bikoresho vyiza vy’ivyuma bifise ubushobozi bwinshi, ubushobozi bwiza bwo gukora neza, n’ubuzima buramba.
Si--Ibikoresho vy'ivyuma bishingiye kuri silikoni
Ibikoresho vy’anode bishingiye kuri silikoni- ahanini bigizwe na silikoni isukuye, silikoni oxide, n’ibintu bihurikiye hamwe vya silikoni/carbone. Kubera ubushobozi bwavyo buhambaye, ubugenzi bwavyo bw’ibidukikije, n’ububiko bwinshi bw’ibidukikije, bifatwa cane nk’ihitamwo ryiza ry’uruvyaro ruzokurikira-inguvu nyinshi -ama anode y’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion. Abanyabwenge b’Abashinwa ni bo ba mbere kw’isi bashizeho iciyumviro co gukoresha silikoni y’urugero rwa nanoscale ku mabati ya litiyumu-ion. Kubera ko Ubushinwa bufise ubutunzi bwinshi bwa silikoni n’ubushobozi buhambaye kw’isi bwo gukora silikoni y’ibintu, kwongerekana kw’ubushakashatsi n’inguvu zikorwa ku bikoresho vy’anode bishingiye kuri silikoni n’ugukoreshwa kwavyo mu mabati ya litiyumu -ion ni ikintu gihambaye cane mu kumenya neza ubuhinga buhambaye bwo muri kazoza. amabateri y’iyon ya litiyumu.
Ugereranije n’ibikoresho vya kera vy’amabuye y’agaciro, silikoni yerekana ubushobozi bwihariye bw’ivyiyumviro (4211 mA·h/g) n’ubushobozi bwo gukuraho ivyuma buke cane (0.5V). Ikizwi n’uko ubushobozi bwo gukoresha silikoni burengeye gatoyi ubw’i graphite. Igishushanyo 5-9 kirerekana ingene atome zitunganijwe mu buryo bwihariye mu gice c’umubiri citwa silikoni. Mu gihe co gushaja, gukoresha silikoni nk’anode birashobora kugabanya ivyuma vy’ivyuma bita litiyumu biri ku ruhande, gutyo bikaba bituma bateri zigira umutekano mwiza. Vyongeye, silikoni iragwiriye kandi ntizimvye. Ariko rero, gukoresha silikoni ku ma anode y’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion na vyo nyene birazana ingorane zimwe zimwe. Nk’ikintu gishobora gutwara umuriro, silikoni irafise ubushobozi buke bwo gutwara umuriro. Inyuma y'imirongo myinshi y'ugusohoka kw'amashanyarazi, amahinduka akomeye y'uburemere aterwa no kwinjiza no kurekura litiyumu -ion ashobora gutuma ibikoresho bimenagurika, bikagira ingaruka ku gushikama kw'imiterere kandi bishobora gutuma ibikoresho bikora bitandukana n'ivyo bikoresho, bikagira ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima bwa bateri. Ikindi kandi, ukwo kwaguka kw’umubare na kwo nyene kurabuza guhingura igice c’umubiri gikomeye kandi gikora neza (SED) ku ruhande rwa silikoni. Gushwiragiza mu buryo bumwe silikoni itagira agasembwa canke ibintu biyigize mu gitereko c’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba birashobora kugabanya izo ngorane ku rugero runaka: ku ruhande rumwe, biratuma ubuhinga bwo gutwara umuyagankuba muri rusangi bw’ivyo bikoresho vy’umuyagankuba butera imbere; ku rundi ruhande, kuba hariho carbone birafasha kugabanya umubabaro uterwa n’uguhinduka kw’uburemere bwa silikoni, bikagabanya ivyonona imiterere y’ivyuma; icarimwe, carbone irashobora gutuma habaho uguhingura gukomeye kw’ifilime ya SEI. Ku bw’ivyo, ibikoresho vy’ibihimba bihurikiye hamwe ivyiza vya silikoni na karboni bifatwa nk’imwe mu nzira nziza cane zo gukoresha mu gukoresha amabateri y’inguvu nyinshi y’uruvyaro rukurikira.
SiO
Uretse silikoni, silikoni monoxide (SiO) na yo nyene ifatwa nk’ikintu gishobora gukoreshwa mu gukoresha amabateri ya litiyumu-ion kubera ubushobozi bwayo burengeye 1600 mA·h/g. Ikindi kandi, uguhuza kwa litiyumu-umwuka w’ikirere bisobanura ko haba uguhinduka gutoyi kw’uburemere n’inguvu z’ugukora zigabanuka mu gihe c’ugushaja n’ugusohoka. Ivyiyumviro bishobora gushika mu gihe c’iyi nzira birimwo uguhindura SiO ngo ibe Si na LiO, hanyuma hakaba uguhingura ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. canke uguhingura ata guca ku ruhande kw’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Biragaragara ko SiO ikomeye isukuye idashobora guhagarara neza mu bushuhe bwose kandi rero ishobora gusenyuka ikaba Si na SiO2 mu bihe vyihariye biciye mu nzira y’uguhuza. Cokimwe na silikoni, SiO iragira ukwaguka kw’uburemere canke ugucika intege cane mu gihe co kwinjiza no gukura litiyumu. Ikindi, SiO irafise ubushobozi buke bwo gutwara umuyagankuba, ivyo bikaba bituma litiyumu-ion yinjira n’isohoka buhoro buhoro. Kugira ngo ivyo bibazo bishobore gutorwa umuti, ubushobozi bwo gusubira inyuma bube bwinshi, no gutuma inzinguzingu ziguma zidahungabana, abashakashatsi barasuzumye ingamba zitandukanye. Muri ivyo, ubuhinga bwo gupfuka carbone, kugabanya litiyumu muri SiO biciye ku buhinga bw’amashanyarazi, no kugabanya ubunini bw’ibice vya SiO ni vyo bibonwa ko ari uburyo bwiza cane. Cane cane iyo bifatanijwe n’utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto be n’ibintu bipfutse ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba, inzira y’ugukwiragira kw’iyon za litiyumu irashobora kugabanywa neza, mu gihe nyene ishobora gutuma elegitoroni n’iyon zishobora gutwara neza, gutyo bikaba bishobora gutsinda ingorane twavuze haruguru.
GE
Germanium yarakwegereye abantu benshi mu bushakashatsi bw’ibikoresho vy’amabateri ya litiyumu-ion kubera ubushobozi bwayo bwo kubika litiyumu (1623 mA·h/g) ku rugero rwa stoichiometric rwa Liz2Ge5 n’uburyo bwo kwinjiza no gukura litiyumu bushobora gusubirwamwo. Naho germanium izimvye kuruta silicon kandi ikaba ifise ubushobozi bukeyi, irafise ivyiza vyinshi, nk’ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuyagankuba incuro 10.000 ubw’i silicon be n’itandukaniro ry’umurongo ry’ibice 0,67 eV gusa. Ivyigwa vyerekanye ko urugero rw’ugukwiragira kw’iyon za litiyumu mu germanium rwihuta incuro 15 kuruta muri silicon ku bushuhe bwa degre 360, kandi rwihuta incuro 400 ku bushuhe bwo mu cumba. Ivyo bimenyetso bitanga germanium ubushobozi bwiza cane bwo gusohora umuriro n’ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuriro mwinshi. Ivyo bikoresho vy'inguvu nyinshi-ni ngirakamaro cane cane ku bikorwa bisaba ingufu nyinshi-, nk'ibinyabiziga bikoresha umuyagankuba. Ariko rero, cokimwe na silikoni, germanium na yo nyene irafise ingorane yo kwagura uburemere bushika ku bice 300%, ivyo bikaba vyacitse intambamyi ku gukoreshwa kwayo mu buryo bubereye mu mabati ya litiyumu-ion. Mu gukoresha imiterere y’ibintu bifise uburemere buke nk’ibintu bifise uburemere buke, ivyuma bifise uburemere buke, canke ivyuma bifise uburemere buke, ingaruka mbi z’uguhinduka kw’uburemere zirashobora kugabanywa neza, gutyo bigatuma ubushobozi bwa coulombic butera imbere. Ni vyiza kumenya ko gutegura ibihimba vy’umubiri bishobora gutuma umuyagankuba ukora neza hakoreshejwe uburyo bworoshe nk’ugutera umuyagankuba mu buryo bukomeye (solid-state pyrolysis) bishobora gutuma ivyuma bikora neza cane.
SnO2
Tin dioxide (SnO2), mu ntango yakozwe na Fujifilm, yarakwegereye abantu benshi nk’ikintu c’amashanyarazi kibi ku mabati ya litiyumu-ion kubera ubushobozi bwayo bwinshi bw’ivyiyumviro n’umuriro muto wo gukoresha (hafi 0.6 eV, ugereranije na LiLi). Mu nzira y’ugusubiranamo kw’amashanyarazi, ibanza guca mu ntambwe idashobora gusubira inyuma, aho SnO2 igabanywa ikaba ivyuma (Sn) n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (LiO); hanyuma, haca haba igice gishobora gusubira inyuma, kikaba kirimwo uguhingura no kubora kw’ivyuma vy’itini-litiyumu. Mu vy’impwemu, mole imwe yose ya SnO2 irashobora gukorana na 8,4 mol ya litiyumu, bikaba bihuye n’ubushobozi bw’impwemu bwa 1491 mA·h/g. Ariko rero, kubera ko ubushobozi bwo gusubira inyuma buke bw’inyishu y’intango yo kugabanya, mu bikorwa vy’ukuri, ubushobozi bwonyene bukora neza buterwa n’uburyo bwo gukora/gukuraho ivyuma bukurikira-hafi 783 mA·h/g{{13}n}ni bwo bufatwa nk’ubusanzwe, kandi ubwo bushobozi bukoreshwa nk’ubushobozi bw’ibikoresho vya SO2. Ikindi kandi, mu gihe c’ingendo z’ugusohoka-, ivyo bikoresho biragira ukwaguka gukomeye kw’uburemere (birenga 200%), bikaba bituma ubushobozi butakaza cane. Kugira ngo ivyo bishoboke, abashakashatsi bariyemeje gutuma SnO2 iguma igenda neza no kugabanya ubushobozi budashobora gusubirwamwo bitewe n’uguhinduka kw’uburemere biciye mu buryo butandukanye.