Mbega hariho ingorane z’uburyo bwo kubika inguvu ku rugero rw’uruzitiro?
Iyo tuvuga ivy'inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo, hama hariho iyi nzovu mu cumba umuntu wese asa n'uwuvyina akikuje - ububiko. Ububiko bw’inguvu ku rugero rw’uruzitiro buvuga neza cane ku mpapuro, kandi ni ngombwa cane nimba tugiye gutuma umuyaga n’izuba bikora ku rugero. Ariko ingorane z’uburyo bwo kubika inguvu ku rugero rw’uruzitiro zirundanywa ningoga cane iyo umaze kwimba urenga udutabu two kwamamaza n’infashanyo za Leta.
Ikintu ca mbere kigutera ni igiciro. Si amafaranga y’imbere gusa, ariko amaso-atera amazi ahagije, ariko n’amafaranga y’ibikorwa aguma atanga amaraso umwaka ku wundi. Fata ikigo ca Hornsdale Power Reserve muri Australiya y’Epfo - umugambi munini w’amabateri wa Tesla wo mu 2017 umuntu wese akunda kuvuga nk’inkuru y’uguterimbere. Nkako, biratuma uruzitiro rudahinduka mu gihe c’ibintu vy’incuro, ariko uruzitiro rwa 150 MW / 194 MWh rutwara amadolari y’Amerika miliyoni 90 (www.abc.net.au). Ivyo bishika ku kintu nk’amadolari 600.000 ku megawatt-isaha y’ubushobozi bwo kubika. Kubera urutonde rusenyura inzinguzingu yose y’ugushaja.
Bateri za lithium-ion, ziganza isoko ry’ububiko bw’amazi ubu, zitakaza hafi 2-3% vy’ubushobozi bwazo buri mwaka kubera gusa gukura kw’ikirangamisi, naho woba utazikoresha cane. Hanyuma hariho ugusenyuka kw’ingendo hejuru y’ivyo. Ivyuma vyinshi vy’ubudandaji vy’amabateri birafise garanti y’ubushobozi bwa 80% inyuma y’imyaka 10, ivyo bisigura ko uriko uriha ububiko bugenda burahungabana. Ubutunzi burafise insiguro gusa mu bihe vy'ikoreshwa nk'itegeko ry'incuro aho uriko uraronka ibiciro vy'imbere ku bihe vy'inyishu vy'amamilisegonda.
Ivyerekeye umutekano navyo nyene ntivyitabwaho bihagije. Abantu bose baribuka igihe ikigo c’amabateri ca Moss Landing muri California cafatwa n’umuriro mu 2021. Ico cari ikigo c’amashanyarazi c’amashanyarazi 300 MW / 1.200 MWh - kimwe mu binini kw’isi ico gihe - kandi categerezwa guhagarara amezi menshi. Hanyuma irafata umuriro NONE muri 2022 (www.inguvu-ububiko.amakuru). Ivyo si umuriro mutoyi wo mu gikoni turiko turavuga. Ibintu bihunga vy’ubushuhe bwa litiyumu-ion biragoye cane kuzima no kurekura imyuka y’ubumara. Igisata c’umuriro mu bisanzwe gitegerezwa kureka kigatwika mu gihe ibindi vyose biguma bifata.
California yashizeho ububiko bw’amabateri nk’abasazi, ariko bariko barirukira muri iki kibazo c’ishimikiro aho amabateri ashobora gusa gusohoka amasaha nk’4 ku nguvu zitegekanijwe. Ivyo ni vyiza ku mugoroba wo gukaraba iyo izuba rigabanutse, ariko ntaco bimaze ku bihe vy'imisi myinshi- canke uguhinduka kw'ibihe. Uzokenera incuro 50-100 ubushobozi bwo kubika kugira ngo ushobore gukora ibihe vy'ibicu vy'indwi yose mu rushana, ivyo bikaba bituma ubutunzi busanzwe buteye amakenga buba ubupfu.
Reka ndabaterere imibare y’ubuhinga. Igikoresho gisanzwe c'amabateri ya litiyumu -ion gifise ubushobozi bwo gukora neza bugera kuri 85-90%, ivyo bikaba bimeze neza gushika ubonye ko ari 10-15% vy'inguvu zawe zigenda zizimangana mu bushuhe. Ku 100 MWh zose ubika, usubirana 85-90 MWh gusa. Gereranya ivyo n’ububiko bw’amazi bukoreshwa n’ipompa ku bushobozi bwa 70-80% - egome ni hasi, ariko amazi akoreshwa n’ipompa arashobora kubika inguvu amezi menshi ataco atakaza cane, mu gihe amabateri yikura ku rugero rwa 1-3% ku kwezi.
Uruhande rw’ibidukikije na rwo nyene ruratera umuvurungano. Gucukura amabuye y’agaciro yitwa litiyumu, kobalte, nikele - ivyo si inzira zisukuye. Hariho iyi raporo yo mu 2020 yerekana ko gukora amabateri bitanga CO2 nyinshi, ahantu hagati y’ibiro 60-150 vya CO2 ku kWh y’ubushobozi bwa bateri bivanye n’inguvu zikoreshwa mu gukora. Nimba uruzitiro rwawe rukiriko rurakoresha amakara mu gihe uriko urubaka ububiko bw’amabateri, mu bisanzwe uriko urahindura gusa ivyuka vy’umuyagankuba aho kubikuraho.
Hanyuma rero hariho ingorane y’ugutanga ibikoresho. Turamaze kubona ibiciro vya litiyumu biduga, kandi ivyo vyari imbere y'uko habaho iterambere rikomeye-mu guhingura EV. Ububiko bw’amazi n’ibinyabiziga bikoresha umuyagankuba biriko birahiganwa ku bikoresho bimwe vy’amabateri, kandi nta bushobozi bwo gukora buhagije bwo guhazwa n’amasoko yompi ku rugero ruriko ruraganirwako. Bamwe mu baserukira ibikoresho bariko baravuga ko litiyumu izobura mu mwaka w’2025 canke 2026. Ugire amahirwe yo kwubaka amasaha y’ububiko bwa terawatt-igihe udashobora kuronka ibikoresho.
Amabateri y'amazi aguma atera imbere nk'umuti, ariko amaze imyaka mirongo "ari hafi y'imfuruka". Inguvu zikoreshwa ni nyinshi cane - amabateri y’umuvuduko wa vanadium ashobora gukoresha nk’ibice 20{3}}30 Wh/kg ugereranyije n’ivyo litiyumu 200+ Wh/kg. Ivyo bisigura ibidengeri binini cane vy’amazi y’umuyagankuba, amazi menshi ashobora gusohoka, amapompa akoresha amashanyarazi kandi asaba gutunganirizwa. Kandi naho hariho amasezerano yose, igitigiri c’amabateri y’amazi akoreshwa kw’isi yose kiracari gitoyi cane ugereranije n’aya litiyumu-ion. Kumbure hariho imvo y'ivyo.
Pumped hydro igize nk’ibice 95% vy’ubushobozi bwo kubika amazi kw’isi yose ubu, ariko ntushobora gusa kuyakora ahantu hose. Ukeneye ubutaka bubereye - ibidengeri bibiri binini biri ku burebure butandukanye, vyiza ni hafi y'ibikorwa remezo vy'ugutanga amakuru. Ivyo kwemerera ibidukikije vyonyene bifata imyaka. Igihe Pacific Gas & Electric yasaba ko haba ikibanza co gukoresha amazi akoreshwa n’amazi muri California vuba, bariko bararaba imyaka 8-10 gusa kugira ngo baronke uruhusha n’inyigisho z’ibidukikije imbere y’uko batangura gukora. Kandi ivyo ni ukuvuga ko ata manza zivuye mu migwi y’abajejwe ibidukikije ihagaritse umutima ku bijanye n’aho amafi aba.
Ingorane zo gushiramwo uruja n’uruza rw’amazi zikwiye gushikirizwa ubwazo. Kwongera ububiko bwinshi bisaba guhindura ama transformateur, uburyo bwo kurinda, ibikorwa remezo vyo kugenzura. Si ugushiramwo-na-ugukina. Iyo amabateri asohotse vuba, arashobora gutuma haba ibibazo vy’uburyo bw’amashanyarazi - uguhinduka kw’umuriro, uguhinduka kw’amajwi. Iryo joro ntiryari ryagenewe ibihumbi vy'ibikoresho vy'amabateri vyose bicapura no gukuraho igice -mu buryo butari bwo bishingiye ku guhingura izuba n'igihe-co -gukoresha ibimenyetso vy'ibiciro.
Ishirahamwe ry’ubuhinga bwa CAISO ryo muri California ryabwirijwe gutegura amategeko mashasha yose y’isoko n’uburyo bwo gutanga amasoko kugira ngo rishobore gushiramwo ububiko, kandi baracariko barabimenya. Ububiko burashobora kugira uruhara mu masoko y’inguvu, amasoko y’ubushobozi, amasoko y’ibikorwa vy’inyongera - ariko amategeko aratandukanye muri buri ntara kandi aguma ahinduka. Ukwo kudakeka kw’amategeko gutuma bigorana gufasha imigambi kubera ko abashoramari batazi amahera bashobora kwizigira.
Hariho kandi iki kibazo c'inkoko-n'amagi -mu bijanye no kubika no gukoresha inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo. Ukeneye ububiko bwinshi kugira ngo ushobore gukoresha ibintu vyinshi bishobora gusubirwamwo, ariko ububiko burazimvye, ivyo bikaba bituma uburyo buhuriweko buzimvye cane, ivyo bikaba bigabanya ugukoresha ibintu bishobora gusubirwamwo. Ubudage bwabonye ivyo mu buryo bugoye - bashizeho izuba n’umuyaga vyinshi cane ariko ntibafise ububiko buhagije, rero baheza bagagabanya amashanyarazi ashobora gusubirwamwo iyo umusaruro urengeye ivyo basaba, canke bagaca batera amazu akoresha amakara y’ibisigazwa iyo umuyaga utariko urahuhuta.
Ikibazo c’ubuzima kirambabaza kuruta ibindi bintu vyinshi. Uruganda rw’amashanyarazi rukoreshwa na gaze kavukire rushobora gukora imyaka 30-40 iyo rudasiba gutunganirizwa. Ivyuma vy’amazi bipompa bimara imyaka 50-100. Amabateri y’iyon? Urabona imyaka 10-15 imbere yo gusubirizwa, kumbure 20 iyo ubavyaye kandi ntuba charge/discharge yuzuye. Ivyo bisigura gusubirira amabateri yose incuro nyinshi mu buzima bw’amatara y’izuba canke amatara y’umuyaga akwiye gufasha. Ivyo bihembo vy’ubuzima ntivyongera neza.
Kandi nta n’ivyo nshobora kwinjira mu bisabwa vyo gukoresha ubutaka. Gushiramwo amabateri bikeneye ikibanza kinini, inyubakwa zigenzurwa n’ikirere-, uburyo bwo kuzimya umuriro, uruzitiro rwo gucungera umutekano. Igikoresho co gukoresha amabateri y’amashanyarazi 100 MWh coshobora gutwara amahegitare menshi. Gukubitisha ivyo n'amajana canke ibihumbi vy'ivyo bikoresho bikenewe kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kubika ibintu vyinshi ku rugero rw'uruzitiro-uca uvuga ubutaka bwinshi. Mu bibanza nk’Ubuyapani canke Singapore aho ubutaka buri ku giciro kinini, ivyo bica bihinduka ikintu gikomeye co gutuma umuntu agira ingorane.
None hariho ingorane z’uburyo bwo kubika inguvu ku rugero rw’uruzitiro? Ego cane, barabigira ata gukeka. Ivyo ntibisigura ko ububiko butakenewe canke ko tutakwiye kububaka. Ariko kwigira nk’aho ingorane zitariho canke ngo zizokwitorera umuti mu buryo bw’amageza n’infashanyo zihagije n’icizigiro ni ubupfu. Ivyo ni ingorane nyazo z’ubuhinga, ubutunzi n’ubuhinga bw’ibintu zikeneye umuti nyawo, atari ugutera intege gusa.