Bateri y’umuriro mwinshi yo kubika inguvu iragabanya amahera amwamwe mu gihe yongera ibindi. Ivyo bikoresho bigabanya amahera biciye mu gukora neza, kugabanya ibisabwa vyo gukoresha amabarabara, no kumara igihe kirekire, ariko bisaba ko umuntu atanga amahera menshi imbere y’igihe kugira ngo akoreshe uburyo buteye imbere bwo gucunga amabateri be n’ibihimba vy’umutekano.
Inyungu y'ububiko bw'inguvu z'umuriro mwinshi
Imiterere y'umuriro mwinshi irahindura cane cane ingene inguvu zigenda biciye mu buryo bwo kubika. Isano hagati y’ububasha, umuriro n’umuriro bisigura ko gukubita kabiri umuriro bica umuriro mu bice bibiri ku nguvu zisohoka zimwe. Inguvu ziri hasi zihindura ataco zihinduye ku kugabanya ugutakaza kw’inguvu mu bikoresho bijana umuriro n’amahuza.
Ingero z’ubushobozi ziherutse gukorwa zirerekana ako karusho mu bikorwa. Ivyuma vy’umuriro mwinshi bikora hejuru ya 400V bishika ku bushobozi bwo gukora neza bw’urugendo rw’urugendo rw’ibice nka 90%, ugereranyije n’ibice 85% ku miterere isanzwe ya 48V. Ku bijanye n’uburyo bwo kubika inguvu mu nzu bukoresha 8 kWh ku musi, iyo 5% y’inyungu y’ubushobozi izigama hafi 146 kWh ku mwaka. Hagereranijwe n’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bikora amasaha ya megawatt-, izo ntandukaniro z’ijanisha zikorana n’amahera menshi yo kuzigama.
Inzira yo guhinduka ubwayo irarushiriza kugenda neza. Bateri z’umuriro muto zisaba inverters kugabanya umuriro wa DC uva ku bikoresho vy’izuba-mu bisanzwe 360-500V-kugira ngo bihure n’umuriro wa 48V. Ukwo guhindura umuriro gutakaza inguvu nk’ubushuhe. Bateri z’umuriro mwinshi zikora hafi y’urugero rw’umuriro w’inverter, zigabanya canke zigakuraho ugutakaza kw’uguhindura kw’intambwe.
Gugabanya igiciro c'ibikorwa remezo
Ubu -bitwara ibisabwa bihingura uburyo bwo gutanga ibiciro mu buryo butaboneka ubwo nyene. Bateri y’umuriro munini yo kubika inguvu ikoresha 400-600V ishobora gukoresha intsinga zifise uburebure butoyi bw’ibice 30-50% kuruta ibikoresho vy’umuriro muto bingana. Ku bijanye n’uburyo bwo kubamwo bufise ubushobozi bwa 10 kWh, ivyo bica bihinduka amadolari 200-400 mu kugabanya amafaranga y’umuringa. Ivyuma vy’ubudandaji birabona ko umuntu azigama amahera menshi.
Uretse abarongozi ubwabo, ibikorwa remezo bifasha biragabanuka. Ivyuma bica umuriro, ama fizi, n'ibica umuriro bigereranywa n'ubushobozi bw'ubu. Uburyo bwa 48V butanga 5 kW bukwega amps zirenga 100, busaba ibihimba bikomeye-. Izo nguvu nyene ku 400V zisaba gusa 12,5 amps, bikaba vyemerera ibikoresho vyo kwikingira vyoroshe kandi bitazimvye.
Ibikorwa vyo gushiramwo ibintu na vyo nyene biragabanuka. Intsinga zitoyi cane ziroroshe guca mu muyoboro kandi zisaba umwanya mutoyi mu bibanza vy’ibikoresho. Bamwe mu bashiramwo ibintu bavuga ko igihe co gushiramwo ibintu vyihuta 15-20% ku bikoresho vy’amashanyarazi menshi ugereranyije n’amabanki y’amashanyarazi make afise ubushobozi bungana.
Ivy'ukuri vy'ishoramari ry'imbere
Ivyo vyiza vy’ibikorwa biza n’ibiciro vyinshi vy’intango. Uburyo bwo gucunga amabateri y’umuriro munini butegerezwa gukurikirana no guhuza utugingo ngengabuzima mu mirongo y’urutonde, bigatuma habaho ugusobanuka kw’imiterere y’umuriro mutoyi. BMS y’umurongo wa 400V mu bisanzwe igura amadolari 800-1.200 kurusha iyo 48V.
Ibisabwa vyo kwirinda biraduga bishika hejuru ya 60V DC, ivyo amakode menshi y’amashanyarazi ashira mu rutonde rw’ibipimo vy’umuriro ushobora gutera akaga. Ivyumba vy’umuriro mwinshi birakeneye gukingira neza, uburyo bwiza bwo gutera hasi, n’ibikingira umutekano. Gushiramwo ibintu mu buryo bw’umwuga bica biba itegeko aho kuba ivy’uguhitamwo, bikongera amadolari 1.500-3.000 ku migambi y’amazu yo kubamwo.
Amabateri ubwayo ategeka igiciro c’agaciro. Amakuru y’isoko ry’ubu yerekana ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi menshi kuva ku madolari 450-600 ku kWh, mu gihe ibintu bikomeye vy’amashanyarazi 48V bigurishwa ku madolari 250-350 ku kWh. Ku bijanye n’ubuhinga bwa 10 kWh, ivyo bigereranya itandukaniro ry’igiciro ry’amadolari 2.000-2.500 iyo uguze.
Ubutunzi bw'ubuzima
Ugusenyuka kwa bateri gukunda imiterere y'umuriro mwinshi mu bihe birebire. Ivyuma vy’umuriro-ibisohoka bimeze neza biranga imiterere y’ingingo z’urutonde bigabanya umubabaro ku ngingo z’umuntu ku giti ciwe. Ubushuhe buragabanuka bivanye n’uko umuriro ugenda ugabanutse, kandi ugukura kwa bateri kwihuta iyo umuntu ashikiwe n’ubushuhe.
Amakuru yo mu mirima ava mu bibanza vy’uburaro yerekana ko bateri y’umuriro mwinshi yo kubika inguvu ikoresheje litiyumu iron phosphate iguma ifise ubushobozi bwa 80% inyuma y’imirongo 6.000-8.000, ugereranyije n’imirongo 4.000-5.000 ku migero y’umuriro muto ingana n’iyo. Ivyo bihinduwe mu buzima bw’ibikorwa, ubuhinga bw’umuriro munini bukora uruziga rumwe ku musi bukwiye gukora neza mu myaka 16-22 ugereranije n’imyaka 11-14 ku buryo bundi bukoreshwa n’umuriro muto.
Iryo tandukaniro ry’ubuzima buramba rihindura igiciro cose c’uguharura ubutunzi. Naho iyo nzira y’umuriro mwinshi igura amadolari 2.000-2.500 mu ntango, kwirinda gusubirira bateri imwe mu buzima bw’iyo nzira bizigama amadolari 4.000-6.000 mu vyo uzokoresha muri kazoza. Igihe c’ibikorwa cagutse na co nyene kirakuramwo agaciro kanini mu vyo gushora ibikorwa remezo vya mbere.
Ububiko bwa bateri y'umuriro mwinshi: Urugero rurahambaye cane
Ingano y’igiciro irahinduka cane bivanye n’ubunini bwa sisitemu. Ivyuma vy’uburaro vy’ama kWh 10{4}}15 bibona amafaranga makeyi azigama biva ku migero y’amashanyarazi menshi, akenshi bisaba imyaka 5-7 kugira ngo umuntu asubire kuronka amahera y’imbere biciye mu nyungu z’ubushobozi n’ubuzima buramba. Iciyumviro c’agaciro kirakomera cane mu bikorwa vy’ubudandaji no mu bikorwa vy’ubuhinga.
Igikoresho c’ubudandaji c’amashanyarazi 1 MWh gikoresheje ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi menshi kizigama amadolari 50.000-80.000 mu bikorwa remezo vy’amashanyarazi n’amashanyarazi ugereranyije n’imiterere y’amashanyarazi make. Ivyo bitera imbere mu bijanye n’ubushobozi bitanga 50-75 MWh z’inguvu zikoreshwa z’inyongera ku mwaka. Ku bipimo vy’amashanyarazi y’ubudandaji biri hagati y’amadolari 0,12-0,15 ku kWh, ivyo bigereranya amadolari 6.000-11.000 yo kuzigama ku mwaka.
Imigambi y'urugero rw'ubuhinga-ikoreshwa mu rwego rw'amamegawatt menshi -ibona mbere n'ivyiza bigaragara cane. Igikoresho co kubika amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi 100 MWh gikoresheje ubuhinga bwa 1.000V+ gishobora kugabanya uburinganire-bw’-ibiciro vy’ubuhinga n’ibice 20-25% ugereranyije n’imiterere ya 48V. Iyo imigambi y’urugero nk’urwo isohotse, itandukaniro ry’ijanisha rihinduka amamiliyoni y’amahera yo kuzigama.
Ibiciro vy'ibikorwa vyihishijwe
Ibisabwa vyo kwitaho bizana amafranga abandanya atandukanye bivanye n'ubwubatsi bw'umuriro. Ivyuma vy’umuriro mwinshi bitanga ubushuhe buke, bikagabanya igiciro co gukonjesha no kwagura ubuzima bw’ibihimba bishobora gushikirwa n’ubushuhe-. Ariko rero, abahinga bafise ubushobozi barategeka ibiciro vyinshi vy’ibikorwa ku bikoresho bikoresha umuriro mwinshi, kandi ibikoresho vyihariye vyo gupima indwara birongereza amahera yo kubibungabunga.
Porogaramu zo kugenzura no gucunga zitwara amadolari 300-800 ku mwaka ku bikoresho vy’amashanyarazi menshi, ugereranyije n’amadolari 100-300 ku bikoresho vy’amashanyarazi make vyoroshe. Amakuru y’urugero rw’ingingo z’umubiri yatanzwe arashingira intahe iyo nsiguro mu bikorwa aho gutuma ibikorwa bigenda neza ari ngirakamaro mu vy’amahera.
Ivyiyumviro vy’ubwishingizi rimwe na rimwe birakunda uburyo bw’amashanyarazi menshi kubera ubuhinga buteye imbere bwo gukingira no kugenzura, naho ivyo bitandukanye bivanye n’ububasha n’uwubishingira. Ivyuma bimwe bimwe vy’ubudandaji bivuga ko amafaranga y’ubwishingizi agabanuka ku rugero rwa 5-10% ku bikoresho bifise icemezo c’uko vyubahiriza umutekano w’amashanyarazi menshi.
Ubucuruzi bw'ibice-Buzimye
Amabateri y’umuriro muto araruta ayandi mu kwaguka. Kwongera ubushobozi bisaba gusa gufatanya uwundi murongo usa n’uwo, kenshi na kenshi ni uburyo bugororotse bene inzu bashobora gucungera. Uburyo bw’umuriro mwinshi busaba ubuhinga bwitondewe cane igihe bugenda buragwira, kuko kwongerako ubushobozi bw’urutonde bigira ico bikoze ku rugero rw’umuriro mu buryo bwose.
Ubu butandukaniro burahambaye ku bakoresha batazi neza ivyo bazokenera muri kazoza. Uwufise inzu atangura n’amashanyarazi 10 kWh yoshobora gushaka 20 kWh mu nyuma. Uburyo bw’umuriro muto burashobora kwakira ivyo biciye mu kwongerako ibice. Uburyo bw’umuriro mwinshi akenshi busaba guhingura ubushobozi burengeye ubw’abantu biteze kuva mu ntango, naho nyene ata bice vyose bigurishwa mu ntango.
Ku bikorwa vy'ubudandaji vyashinzwe bifise ibisabwa vy'inguvu vyasobanuwe neza-, iyo nzira ntaco imaze. Ububiko bufise imirongo y’umuzigo ishobora gutegekanirwa burashobora gupima neza ubuhinga bw’umuriro mwinshi kuva ku gushirwaho, kwirinda igiciro c’ubuhinga.
Isoko ry'ubu
Ibiciro vya bateri vyagabanutse cane mu myaka iheze, bihindura cane igiciro-co kugabanya. Amakuru ya BloombergNEF yerekana ko ibiciro vy’ububiko bw’inguvu vyagabanutse 40% kuva mu 2023 gushika mu 2024, bishika ku madolari 165 ku kWh ku buhinga bukoreshwa n’inguvu. Ivyo vyagabanutse cane vyabonetse mu masoko afise urugero runini rw’ubuhinga, cane cane mu Bushinwa, aho ibiciro vyagabanutse bishika munsi y’amadolari 100 ku kWh.
Ukwo kugabanya igiciro vyihuta gutera ingaruka cane ku mirongo y’amashanyarazi menshi kubera ko igiciro cabo ku mahitamwo y’amashanyarazi make kiguma ari kimwe mu gihe ikinogo c’ijanisha kigenda kiragwira. Igiciro c’amadolari 200 ku kWh cari kigereranya 50% vy’inyongera igihe amabateri yagurishwa ku madolari 400 ku kWh, ariko birenze 100% vy’inyongera ku bici- ro vy’ubu vy’amadolari 165 ku kWh.
Ivyiyumviro vy’inganda vyerekana ko ibiciro bizoguma bigabanuka gushika mu mwaka w’2030, aho ubuhinga bwa litiyumu-ion bushobora gushika ku madolari 80-100 ku kWh. Uko igiciro c’intango cegera igiciro c’imbere ku bikoresho vy’amashanyarazi menshi, itandukaniro ry’igiciro c’ijanisha ryoshobora guhagarara canke mbere rikagabanuka iyo uguhingura amashanyarazi menshi gushika ku bukungu busa n’ubwo.
Gusaba-Inyishu zidasanzwe
Izuba ryo mu nzu-plus-ububiko bugereranya ikibazo c'ikoreshwa kidasobanutse cane. Ubushobozi bwinshi n’ubuzima buramba bw’imirongo y’amashanyarazi menshi birahura n’igiciro gitoyi c’imbere n’uburyo bwo gukoresha 48V. Ku bafise inzu bategura kuguma mu nzu zabo imyaka 10+ no gukoresha cane izuba, bateri y’umuriro mwinshi yo kubika inguvu muri rusangi irakora neza. Abarondera igiciro gitoyi cane c’imbere canke ubushobozi bwo gushiramwo ibintu vyinshi akenshi bahitamwo umuriro mutoyi.
Ibikorwa vy’ubudandaji bifise amashanyarazi menshi birabona inyungu zitomoye. Ubucuruzi bwishura $0.15-0.25 ku kWh kandi bugakoresha 50+ kWh y’ububiko, mu bisanzwe busubirana amafaranga y’umuriro mu myaka 3-5 biciye mu nyungu z’ubushobozi no kugabanya amafaranga y’ugusaba. Ibisabwa vyo gushiramwo ibintu vy’umwuga ntibihambaye cane kuko imigambi y’ubudandaji idakunda gushiramwo ibintu vy’ubuhinga ata kuraba umuriro.
Imigambi y'urugero rw'ubuhinga n'uruzitiro-hafi kw'isi yose ikoresha ubuhinga bw'amashanyarazi menshi. Ku rugero rwa megawatt nyinshi-, ukuzigama amafaranga y’ibikorwa remezo ni kwo kuganza ingingo. Imigambi iri muri iki kiciro ikoresha amashanyarazi angana na 1.000V canke arenga, akenshi akaja ku amashanyarazi ari hagati (12-35 kV) kugira ngo ashobore gufatanya n’uruzitiro. Ivyo gutera imbere mu bijanye n’ubushobozi kuri uru rugero bishobora kurenga 5-7% ugereranyije n’ugushirwa mu ngiro kw’amashanyarazi make.
Ibintu vy'ubuhinga bushasha
Bateri zikomeye-ubu ziriko zirategurwa zisezerana uburemere bw'inguvu nyinshi n'umutekano mwiza, bishobora kugabanya igiciro c'umutekano-janye n'imirongo y'umuriro mwinshi. Izo bateri zikora ku nguvu nyinshi mu buryo busanzwe, ivyo bishobora gutuma umuriro mwinshi uba ubuhinga bwo kwubaka aho kuba ubuhinga bwo guhitamwo.
Uburyo bwo gucunga amabateri buteye imbere bukoresheje AI-burongowe n'ugutuma ibintu bigenda neza buriko buragabanya itandukaniro hagati y'imiterere y'umuriro. Ivyigwa vy’imashini birashobora gukura ubushobozi bwinshi n’ubuzima mu mabanki y’amashanyarazi make, naho inyungu z’ishimikiro z’amashanyarazi z’amashanyarazi menshi zigumaho.
Ihinduka ry’ubuhinga bwa nickel manganese cobalt rikaja ku buhinga bwa litiyumu iron phosphate mu kubika ibintu bihagaze biragira ico bikoze ku bijanye n’ingero y’umuriro. Utugingo ngengabuzima twa LFP dufise umuriro mutoyi (3.2V ugereranije na 3.7V), bisaba utugingo ngengabuzima twinshi mu rutonde ku nguvu z’umuriro zimwe zimwe. Ivyo birongereza uburemere bwa BMS gatoyi ariko bikongera umutekano n’ubuzima, ibintu bikorana neza n’inyubako zikoresha amashanyarazi menshi.
Ubwa kabiri-Ivyiyumviro vy'ubuzima
Gusubira gukoresha amabateri y’ibinyabiziga bikoreshwa n’umuyagankuba kugira ngo abike ahantu hadahinduka biratuma habaho inyigisho iryoshe cane. Bateri za EV zikozwe nk’amapaki y’umuriro mwinshi (mu bisanzwe 400-800V) kugira ngo zishitse ku bisabwa vy’ubushobozi bw’imodoka. Kuzikoresha mu bikorwa vy’ubuzima bwa kabiri bituma umuntu adakenera gusubira guhingura ubuhinga bwo kwubaka umuriro.
Redwood Materials n’izindi sosiyete zikoresha amabateri y’ubuzima bwa kabiri-ku rugero rw’uruzitiro rwungukira ku mabateri asanzwe afise uburyo bwo gukoresha umuriro mwinshi n’uburyo bwo kwirinda. Naho izo bateri zifise ubushobozi buke, ubuhinga bwazo bwo gukoresha umuriro mwinshi burabereye neza ibikorwa vyo kubika ibintu bihagaze. Inyungu y’igiciro iva ku kuronka amabateri ari munsi y’ibiciro bishasha vy’amabateri aho kuva ku gutunganya umuriro ubwawo.
Ibibazo bikunze kwibazwa
Mbega umuriro mwinshi wama usobanura ko umuntu akora neza?
Inguvu nyinshi zigabanya ugutakaza kw’uburemere, ariko ubushobozi buraronka urugero rwo hejuru y’ibipimo bimwebimwe. Sisitemu zikora kuri 400-800V zifata inyungu nyinshi ziboneka. Kurenga 1.000V bitanga inyungu zigabanuka ku bikorwa vyinshi, naho imigambi y'urugero rw'ubuhinga-ishobora kuronka inyungu ku nkomezi zishika ku kilovolts nyinshi iyo zikoranye n'amashanyarazi y'inkomezi ziringaniye.
Noshobora guhindura ubuhinga bw’umuriro muto ngo bube ubw’umuriro munini mu nyuma?
Gusubiramwo ubuhinga bwo gukoresha umuriro muri rusangi ntibitwara amahera-. Inverter, BMS, amawaya, n'uburyo bwo gukingira vyose ni ivy'umuriro-. Guhindura ibintu bishasha mu bisanzwe bitwara amahera menshi kuruta itandukaniro hagati y’ibikoresho vyaguzwe bishasha. Gutegura ubushobozi buzokenerwa imbere y’uko ushirwaho ubwa mbere birarinda ico kibazo.
Mbega ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi menshi ni bwo buteye akaga kuruta?
Ivyo bikoresho vyompi birashobora gutera akaga iyo bishizweho canke bibungabungwa nabi. Ivyuma vy’umuriro mwinshi biri hejuru ya 60V DC birafise ibisabwa n’amategeko bikomeye kandi bisaba ko bishirwaho n’abahinga mu bihugu vyinshi. Iyo zikozwe neza zifise ibikingira umutekano bikwiye, zikitandukanya n’izindi be n’ibizikingira hasi, ibikoresho vy’umuriro mwinshi birakora ata nkomanzi. Igisabwa co gushiramwo ibintu mu buryo bw’umwuga mu vy’ukuri kiragabanya ingorane mu kumenya ko umuntu yubahirije amategeko agenga amashanyarazi.
Ni ikibanza kingana iki ubuhinga butandukanye bw’amashanyarazi busaba?
Uburyo bw’umuriro mwinshi burakomeye cane ku bushobozi bungana. Ivyo bisabwa vy’ubu bigabanutse bituma habaho ama conducteurs matoyi n’ibihimba bitobito. Igikoresho c’umuriro munini c’amashanyarazi 50 kWh coshobora gutwara umwanya mutoyi 15-20% kuruta igikoresho c’amashanyarazi make kubera intsinga ntoyi n’imiterere y’ibihimba bikora neza. Ku bikorwa vyo mu nzu, vyose bishobora gushirwa mu garage canke mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka. Itandukaniro ry’ahantu rirushiriza kuba rihambaye mu bibanza vy’ubudandaji.
Igenzura ry'igiciro
Bateri y’umuriro mwinshi yo kubika inguvu igabanya ibiciro mu buryo butoranijwe aho kugabanya ibiciro vyose. Ubuhinga buratanga ubuzigama bufise insiguro mu bikorwa aho inyungu z’ubushobozi n’ugugabanya ibikorwa remezo biruta ishoramari ryinshi ry’imbere. Imigambi y'ubudandaji n'iy'ubuhinga-ifise ubushobozi bwinshi n'igihe kirekire co gukora, akenshi iravyungukirako cane. Ibisabwa vyo mu nzu vyerekana ubutunzi bwiza cane cane ku mirongo minini ikoreshwa mu bihe birebire.
Igiciro c’intango c’ububiko bw’amabateri kigabanuka ningoga kirahindura ingano ubudasiba. Ivyo vyari bifise insiguro y’ubutunzi ku madolari 400 ku kWh bishobora kutaba ku madolari 150 ku kWh. Uko inganda zigenda zikura kandi n’uguhingura amashanyarazi menshi bikaba vyiyongera, igiciro c’izo nzira gishobora kugabanuka, bikaba bituma zishobora guhangana n’abandi mu bikorwa vyinshi.
Ivyerekeye igiciro c’ubu bikunda bateri y’umuriro mwinshi yo kubika inguvu ziri hejuru y’ubushobozi bwa 20-30 kWh n’ubuzima bwitezwe bwo gukoresha burengeye imyaka 10. Uburyo buto n’ibikorwa bifise ibisabwa muri kazoza bitamenyekana akenshi biraronka agaciro keza mu buryo bundi bwo gukoresha umuriro muto. Iyo ngingo isaba gusuzuma uburyo bwihariye bwo gukoresha, igiciro c’amashanyarazi, inkurikizi ziriho, n’imigambi yo kwagura aho gukurikiza itegeko ry’isi yose.